185A HW2 Solutions

1.5.2) Determine the sets on which the following functions are analytic, and compute their derivatives: a) 3z 2 + 7z + 5 is analytic on C and its derivative is 6z + 7. b) (2z + 3)4 is analytic on C and its derivative is 8(2z + 3)3 . c) 3z 1 8 is analytic on C {3} and its derivative is . 3z (3 z)2

1.5.10) Prove f (z) = |z| is not analytic. Solution: |z| R, so using the typical notation, u = x2 + y 2 and v = 0. Thus x y 2 2 x2 +y 2 Df = x +y 0 0 So the CR equations hold nowhere on C {0} and at (x, y) = (0, 0), u is not realdierentiable. 1.5.30) Consider the function f (z) = 1/z. Draw the contours u = Ref = constant and v = Imf = constant. How do they intersect? Is it always true that grad(u) is parallel to the curve v = constant? Solution: These contours are quadratic curves of the form cy 2 = x cx2 and cy 2 + y = cx2 and they intersect perpendicularly. Let (x(t), y(t)) be one of these contours such that v(x(t), y(t)) = c, then 0 =
d v(x(t), y(t)) dt

= grad(v) ( dx(t) , dy(t) ), so grad(v) is always dt dt

perpendicular to the curve v = c (this is true for all real smooth curves). Since f is analytic on C {0}, the CR equations tell us grad(v) grad(u) = 0, so for any analytic function f = u + iv, we have that grad(u) is parallel to the curve v = c, which is perpendicular to any intersecting curve u = d (there is exactly one such intersection at every point).

1.6.6) Solve sin(z) = w and show how to choose a domain and thus how to pick a particular branch of sin1 (z) so that it is analytic on the domain. Give the derivative of this branch of sin1 (z). Solution: First lets nd an appropriate domain for sin1 . sin(z) = sin(w) 0 = sin(z)sin(w) = 2sin( zw )cos( z+w ) (apply prop. 1.3.4 twice, once as double angle formula) z w = 2k 2 2 or z + w = + 2k. Thus, choosing our domain to be /2 + k < Re(z) < /2 + k, we can solve sin(z) = w. So lets do it! sin(z) =
d sin(z) dz 1 (eiz 2i

eiz ) is analytic on C and

2

= cos(z) =

1 iz (e 2

+ eiz ) = 0 eiz = eiz e2iz = 1 z =

+ k,

d so the inverse function theorem tells us, near sin(z0 ) for z0 = + k, dz sin1 (z) = 2 1 . Noting, sin2 (z) + cos2 (z) = 1 cos(z) = 1 sin2 (z), we then have cos(sin1 (z)) 1 dz z d that dz sin1 (z) = and thus sin1 (z) = sin(z0) + z0 , where the is 1 z2 1 z2 determined by cos(z) per the formula above. As multiple values of z0 go to the same value

sin(z0 ), our choice of z0 determines our branch of sin1 . For example, for the principle branch sin(z), < Re(z) < , we could use any value of z0 in this domain. 2 2 1.6.14) Dene a branch of 1+ z and show that it is analytic. rei = rei/2 , where r

Solution: First note that despite the branch we pick, well always dene

is nonnegative. This way, the image (or branch) is completely determined by the domain. Lets choose A = C {x + iy|y = 0 & x 0} (i.e. C minus the nonpositive real axis) as the domain (branch) of z, then the image of 1 + z over A is the complex numbers with real part > 1, which is still in A (where is analytic by our choice of branch). Thus A denes a branch of 1 + z over which it is analytic (as it is the composition of analytic functions). 1.R.18) Let f : A CC be analytic on an open set A. Let A = {z|z A}. a) Describe A geometrically. Solution: A is the reection of A over the real axis. 2

b) Dene g : A C by g(z) = [f (z)]2 . Show that g is analytic. Solution: Let f (x + iy) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), u = u(x, y) = u(z) and v = v(x, y) = v(z). Then g(x + iy) = [ + i]2 = u2 v 2 + 2iv = [2 v 2 ] + i[2v ]. u v u u u Let (x, y) = u2 v 2 = u(x, y)2 v(x, y)2 and (x, y) = 2v = 2u(x, y)v(x, y). u Now you can check (using the CR eqns for f ) that g(x+iy) = y)+i(x, y) satises the (x,

2uux 2vvx 2uuy + 2vvy Cauchy-Riemann equations and is thus analytic on A . Dg = = 2ux v 2uvx 2uy v + 2uvy 2uux 2vvx 2uuy + 2vvy 2uuy 2vvy 2uux 2vvx