= = = 1 ) ( ; 0 , 0 ) ( dt t t t o o 0
0
, 0
, 1
{ ) (
=
=
=
n
n
n o
0
0
, 1
, 0
{ ) (
>
<
=
t
t
t u
0
0
, 1
, 0
{ ) (
>
<
=
n
n
n u
0
0
,
, 0
{ ) (
>
<
=
t
t
t
t r
0
0
,
, 0
{ ) (
>
<
=
n
n
n
n r
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = H
2
1
2
1
) ( t u t u t
Figures from Digital
Signal Processing,
S.Salivahanan,
Vallavaraj,
C.Gnanapriya
Lecture 1 DSP
28
Classification even/odd
Even signal
Signal exhibit symmetry
in the time domain
x(t)=x(-t) or x(n)=x(-n)
Odd signal
Signal exhibit anti-
symmetry in the time
domain
x(t)=-x(-t) or x(n)=-x(-n)
A signal can be expressed as a sum of its even
and odd components
x(t)=x
even
(t)+x
odd
(t)
where x
even
(t)=1/2[x(t)+x(-t)], x
odd
(t)=1/2[x(t)-x(-t)]
Lecture 1 DSP
29 29
Classification conjugate symmetry
A sequence x[n] is called a conjugate-symmetric sequence
if x[n]=x*[-n]
Similarly, sequence x[n] is called conjugate-antisymmetric
sequence if x[n]=-x*[-n]
Any complex sequence can be expressed as a sum of its
conjugate symmetric part and conjugate anti-symmetric
part
where
Lecture 1 DSP
30 30 30
Classification conjugate symmetry, an example
Consider a length-7 sequence for -3 s n s 3:
Its conjugate sequence is then given by
Time reversed version:
Lecture 1 DSP
31 31 31 31
Classification conjugate symmetry, an example (cont.)
Therefore
Similarly
You can verify that
Lecture 1 DSP
32
Filtering
In DSP, we normally consider filtering in
terms of frequency
A filter
Passes certain frequency components with
minimal distortion and blocks nearly all other
frequency components
Passband range of allowed frequencies
Stopband range of blocked frequencies
Lecture 1 DSP
33
What is frequency?
Frequency measures the
periodicity (i.e.
repetitiveness)
No of cycles per second
It is measured in Hz
= 1/fundamental period (s)
In the figure, there are 4
fundamental cycles in 0.5 s
1 cycle per 0.125 s
So, Freq=1/0.125 = 8 Hz
y
t (s)
0.5
Lecture 1 DSP
34
Filtering (cont.)
Low-pass filter (LPF)
Passes all low-
frequency components
below the cut-off
frequency, f
c
and
blocks all higher
frequency components
above f
c
Eg.: Consider a
combination of 3
sinusoidal signals, 2
Hz, 5 Hz and 11 Hz.
The final output
signals after LPF at
f
c
=8 Hz and f
c
=3 Hz
are shown.
%MATLAB codes
f=2, fs=256;
for i=1:1000,
y(i)=sin(2*pi*i*(f/fs));
end
plot(y);
axis([0 1000 -1.5 1.5]);
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
+
+
=
Combined signal
LPF, f
c
=8 Hz
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
LPF, f
c
=3 Hz
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Only 2 Hz signal
remains
Only 2 Hz and 5 Hz
signals remain
Lecture 1 DSP
35
Filtering (cont.)
High-pass filter (HPF)
Passes all high-frequency
components above the
cut-off frequency, f
c
and
blocks all lower
frequency components
below f
c
Eg.: Consider the same
combination of 3
sinusoidal signals, 2 Hz,
5 Hz and 11 Hz.
The final output signals
after HPF at fc=3 Hz and
fc=8 Hz are shown.
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
+
+
=
Combined signal
HPF, f
c
=8 Hz HPF, f
c
=3 Hz
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Only 5 Hz and 11 Hz
signals remain
Only 11 Hz signal
remains
Lecture 1 DSP
36
Filtering (cont.)
Band-pass filter (HPF)
Passes all frequency
components between edge
passband frequencies,
f
p1
<freq
(allow)
<f
p2
and blocks
all frequencies below and
above edge stopband
frequencies, freq
(block)
<f
s1
;
freq
(block)>
f
s2
Eg.: Consider the same
combination of 3 sinusoidal
signals, 2 Hz, 5 Hz and 11
Hz.
The final output signal after
BPF at f
p1
=4 Hz, f
p2
=6 Hz,
f
s1
=3 Hz, f
s2
=7 Hz is shown
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
+
+
=
Combined signal
BPF
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Only 5 Hz signal
remains
Lecture 1 DSP
37
Filtering (cont.)
Band-stop filter (BSF)
Passes all frequency
components lower and higher
than edge passband
frequencies, freq
(allow)
<f
p1
;
freq
(allow)>
f
p2
and blocks all
frequencies between
f
s1
<freq
(block)
<f
s2
Eg.: Consider the same
combination of 3 sinusoidal
signals, 2 Hz, 5 Hz and 11
Hz.
The final output signal after
BSF at f
p1
=4 Hz, f
p2
=6 Hz,
f
s1
=3 Hz, f
s2
=7 Hz is shown
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
+
+
=
Combined signal
BPF
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
5 Hz signal is
filtered out, only
2 Hz and 11 Hz
signals remain
Lecture 1 DSP
38
Study guide (Lecture 1)
From this weeks lecture, you should
know
The common types of signals
The different classifications of signals
Basic concepts of filtering
Computation of period, frequency
End of lecture 1
Lecture 1 DSP