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1.INTRODUCTION
Human brain, the most valuable creation of God. The man is called intelligent because of the brain .Today we are developed because we can think, that other animals can not do .But we loss the knowledge of a brain when the body is destroyed after the death of man. That knowledge might have been used for the development of the human society. What happen if we create a brain and up load the contents of natural brain into it.

1.1Blue Brain:

Blue brain The name of the worlds first virtual brain. That means a machine

that can

function as human brain. Today scientists are in research to create an artificial brain that can think, response, take decision, and keep anything in memory. The main aim is to upload human brain into machine. So that man can think, take decision without any effort. After the death of the body, the virtual brain will act as the man .So, even after the death of a person we will not loose the knowledge, intelligence, personalities, feelings and memories of that man that can be used for the development of the human society. No one has ever understood the complexity of human Department of IT 1

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brain. It is complex than any circuitry in the world. So, question may arise Is it really possible to create a human brain? The answer is Yes. Because what ever man has created today always he has followed the nature. When man does not have a device called computer, it was a big question for all .But today it is possible due to the technology. Technology is growing faster than every thing. IBM is now in research to create a virtual brain. It is called Blue brain .If possible, this would be the first virtual brain of the world.

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2.Virtual Brain
We can say Virtual brain is an artificial brain, which does not actually the natural brain, but can act as the brain .It can think like brain, take decisions based on the past experience, and response as the natural brain can. It is possible by using a super computer, with a huge amount of storage capacity, processing power and an interface between the human brain and this artificial one .Through this interface the data stored in the natural brain can be up loaded into the computer .So the brain and the knowledge, intelligence of anyone can be kept and used for ever, even after the death of the person.

2.1.Building of Virtual Brain

The goal, Dr. McIntosh says, it to reate a machine that helps doctor treat patients. Say someone has a stroke that leaves him unable to speak. A physician could scan the patients brain and then input his unique neural architecture into the virtual brain. Doctors could then identify the networks that need to targeted for the therapy. They might even be able to model the impacts of various treatments. The project was funded $7.5 million(U.S) over five years from the American James S.McDonnell Foundation, Dr. McIntosh says and now is the third year of that grant. To get the virtual brain into clinical settings could take an additional $10 million, he estimates. He and his colleagues are collecting data from different people- infants, adults, elderly, patients with a number of brain imaging methods. They also have to develop the necessary structure to archive and access the data and the algorithms to analyze and synthesize into virtual brain.

A team in Switzerland is also working of virtual brain with the support of IBM. Henry Markram, director of Blue Brain Project at the Ecole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne, says he has already stimulated elements of rat brain. That work is focused atleast initially, on the cortical columns,the building blocks of neocortex, the outermost portion of the brain involved in sensory perception and complex cognitive functions.

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Dr. McIntosh and his colleagues are looking more at the brain as a whole. If you are trying to build a model car, you really want to do the whole car, not just the sparkplug, he says.

The next step is to get their virtual fetal brain to mature. Babies have less specialized brains than adults, but as they get older, different parts of their brains take on more specific functions, such as processing information collected by the eyes and ears. Dr.McIntosh is hoping to mimic that process and eventually build a virtual brainthat can replicate the neural circuitry of the adult organ. The widely ambitious project is limited, however, by how little scientists really understand how the brain works. Brain scans at the best an brain activity. We are getting a very little about what is actually going on.

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2.2Need Virtual Brain

Today we are developed because of our intelligence. Intelligence is the inborn quality that can not be created .Some people have this quality ,so that they can think up to such an extent where other can not reach .Human society is always need of such intelligence and such an intelligent brain to have with. But the intelligence is lost along with the body after the death. The virtual brain is a solution to it. The brain and intelligence will alive even after the death.

We often face difficulties in remembering things such as people's names, their birthdays, and the spellings of words, proper grammar, important dates, history facts, and etcetera. In the busy life every one want to be relaxed .Can not we use any machine to assist for all these? Virtual brain may be the solution to it. What if we upload ourselves into computer, we were simply aware of a computer, or maybe, what if we lived in a computer as a program?

2.3How it is possible?
First, it is helpful to describe the basic manners in which a person may be uploaded into a computer. Raymond Kurzweil recently provided an interesting paper on this topic. In it, he describes both invasive and noninvasive techniques. The most promising is the use of very small robots, or nanobots. These robots will be small enough to travel throughout our circulatory systems. Traveling into the spine and brain, they will be able to monitor the activity and structure of our central nervous system. They will be able to provide an interface with computers that is as close as our mind can be while we still reside in our biological form. Nanobots could also carefully scan the structure of our brain, providing a complete readout of the connections between each neuron. They would also record the current state of the brain. This information, when entered into a computer, could then continue to function as us. All that is required is a computer with large enough storage space and processing power. Is the pattern and state of neuron connections in our brain truly all that makes up our conscious selves? Many people believe firmly those we posses a soul, while some very technical people believe that quantum forces contribute to our

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awareness. But we have to now think technically. Note, however, that we need not know how the brain actually functions, to transfer it to a computer. We need only know the media and contents. The actual mystery of how we achieved consciousness in the first place, or how we maintain it, is a separate discussion. Really this concept appears to be very difficult and complex to us. For this we have to first know how the human brain actually works.

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3.Working of Natural Brain

The human ability to feel, interpret and even see is controlled, in computer like calculations, by the magical nervous system. Yes, the nervous system is quite like magic because we can't see it, but its working through electric impulses through your body. One of the worlds most "intricately organized" electron mechanisms is the nervous system. Not even engineers have come close to making circuit boards and computers as delicate and precise as the nervous system. To understand this system, one has to know the three simple functions that it puts into action: sensory input, integration, motor output. Sensory input: When our eyes see something or our hands touch a warm surface, the sensory cells, also known as Neurons, send a message straight to your brain. This action of getting information from your surrounding environment is called sensory input because we are putting things in your brain by way of your senses.

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Technical Seminar Report 2012 Integration:

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Integration is best known as the interpretation of things we have felt, tasted, and touched with our sensory cells, also known as neurons, into responses that the body recognizes. This process is all accomplished in the brain where many, many neurons work together to understand the environment. Motor Output: Once our brain has interpreted all that we have learned, either by touching, tasting, or using any other sense, then our brain sends a message through neurons to effecter cells, muscle or gland cells, which actually work to perform our requests and act upon our environment. The word motor output is easily remembered if one should think that our putting something out into the environment through the use of a motor, like a muscle which does the work for our body. How we see, hear, feel, smell, and take decision: Nose Once the smell of food has reached your nose, which is lined with hairs, it travels to an olfactory bulb, a set of sensory nerves. The nerve impulses travel through the olfactory tract, around, in a circular way, the thalamus, and finally to the smell sensory cortex of our brain, located between our eye and ear, where it is interpreted to be understood and memorized by the body. Eye Seeing is one of the most pleasing senses of the nervous system. This cherished action primarily conducted by the lens, which magnifies a seen image, vitreous disc, which bends and rotates an image against the retina, which translates the image and light by a set of cells. The retina is at the back of the eye ball where rods and cones structure along with other cells and tissues covert the image into nerve impulses which are transmitted along the optic nerve to the brain where it is kept for memory.

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Technical Seminar Report 2012 Tongue

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A set of microscopic buds on the tongue divide everything we eat and drink into four kinds of taste: bitter, sour, salty, and sweet. These buds have taste pores, which convert the taste into a nerve impulse and send the impulse to the brain by a sensory nerve fiber. Upon receiving the message, our brain classifies the different kinds of taste. This is how we can refer the taste of one kind of food to another. Ear Once the sound or sound wave has entered the drum, it goes to a large structure called the cochlea. In this snail like structure, the sound waves are divided into pitches. The vibrations of the pitches in the cochlea are measured by the Corti. This organ transmits the vibration information to a nerve, which sends it to the brain for interpretation and memory.

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4.BRAIN SIMULATION
Now the question is how to implement this entire natural thing by using artificial things.Here is a comparative discussion.

Natural Brain
1. INPUT 1.INPUT

Simulated Brain

In the nervous system in our body the neurons are responsible for the message passing. The body receives the input by the sensory cells. These sensory cells produces electric impulses which are received by the neurons .The neurons transfer these electric impulses to the brain.

In a similar way the artificial nervous system can be created. The scientist has already created artificial neurons by replacing them with the silicon chip. It has also been tested that these neurons can receive the input from the sensory cells .So, the electric impulses from the sensory cells can be received through these artificial neurons and send to a super computer for the interpretation.
2.INTERPRETATION

2. INTERPRETATION

The electric impulses received by the brain from the neurons are interpreted in the brain .The interpretation in the brain is accomplished by the means of certain states of many many neurons.

The interpretation of the electric impulses received by the artificial neuron can be done by means of a set of register .The different values in these register will represent different states of the brain.
3. OUTPUT

3. OUTPUT

Based on the states of the neurons the brain sends the electric impulses representing the responses which are further received by the sensory cell of our body to respond. The sensory cells of which part of our body is going to receive that, it depends upon the state o f the neurons in the brain at that time.
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Similarly based on the states of the register the output signal can be given to the artificial neurons in the body which will be received by the sensory cell.

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Natural Brain

Simulated Brain

4. MEMORY.

4. MEMORY

There are certain neurons in our brain which represent certain states permanently. When required these state is interpreted by our brain and we can remember the past things. To remember thing we force the neurons to represent certain states of the brain permanently or for any interesting or serious matter this is happened implicitly.

It is not impossible to store the data permanently by using the secondary memory .In the similar way the required states of the registers can be stored permanently. And when required these information can be retrieved and used.

5. PROCESSING

5. PROCESSING

When we take decision, think about something, or make any computation, Logical and arithmetic calculations are done in our neural circuitry .The past experience stored and the current input received are used and the states of certain neurons are changed to give the output .

In a similar way the decision making can be done by the computer by using some stored states and the received input and by performing some arithmetic and logical calculations .

Detailed, biologically accurate brain simulations offer the opportunity to answer some fundamental questions about the brain that cannot be addressed with any current experimental or theoretical approaches. These include, Dening functions of the basic elements Despite a century of experimental and theoretical research, we are unable to provide a comprehensive denition of the computational function of different ion channels, receptors, neurons or synaptic pathways in the brain. A detailed model will allow ne control of any of

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these elements and allow a systematic investigation of their contribution to the emergent behaviour. Understanding complexity At present, detailed, accurate brain simulations are the only approach that could allow us to explain why the brain needs to use many different ion channels, neurons and synapses, a spectrum of receptors, and complex dendritic and axonal arborizations, rather than the simplied, uniform types found in many models. Exploring the role of dendrites. This is the only current approach to explore the dendritic object theory, which proposes that three-dimensional voltage objects are generated continuously across dendritic segments regardless of the origin of the neurons, and that spikes are used to maintain such dendritic objects Revealing functional diversity Most models engineer a specic function, whereas a spectrum of functions might be possible with a biologically based design. Understanding memory storage and retrieval. This approach offers the possibility of determining the manner in which representations of information are imprinted in the circuit for storage and retrieval, and could reveal the part that different types of neuron play in these crucial functions. Tracking the emergence of intelligence This approach offers the possibility to re-trace the steps taken by a network of neurons in the emergence of electrical states used to embody representations of the organism and its world. Identifying points of vulnerability Although the neocortex confers immense computational power to mammals, defects are common, with catastrophic cognitive effects. At present, a detailed model is the only approach that could produce a list of the most vulnerable circuit parameters, revealing likely candidates for dysfunction and targets for treatment. Simulating disease and developing treatments Such simulations could be used to test hypotheses for the pathogenesis of neurological and psychiatric diseases, and to develop and test new treatment strategies. Providing a circuit design platform Detailed models could reveal powerful circuit designs that could be implemented into silicone chips for use as intelligence devices in industry. Department of IT 12

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Now there is no question how the virtual brain will work .But the question is how the human brain will be up loaded into it . This is also possible due to the first growing technology. Uploading human brain: The uploading is possible by the use of small robots known as the Nanobots .These robots are small enough to travel through out our circulatory system. Traveling into the spine and brain, they will be able to monitor the activity and structure of our central nervous system. They will be able to provide an interface with computers that is as close as our mind can be while we still reside in our biological form. Nanobots could also carefully scan the structure of our brain, providing a complete readout of the connections. This information, when entered into a computer, could then continue to function as us. Thus the data stored in the entire brain will be uploaded into the computer. Simulating the Microcircuit: Once the microcircuit is built, the exciting work of making the circuit function can begin. All the 8192 processors of the Blue Gene are pressed into service, in a massively parallel computation solving the complex mathematical equations that govern the electrical activity in each neuron when a stimulus is applied. As the electrical impulse travels from neuron to neuron, the results are communicated via inter- processor communication (MPI). Currently, the time required to simulate the circuit is about two orders of magnitude larger than the actual biological time simulated .The Blue Brain team is working to streamline the computation so that the circuit can function in real time - meaning that 1 second of activity can be modeled in one second. Interpreting the Results: Running the Blue Brain simulation generates huge amounts of data. Analyses of individual neurons must be repeated thousands of times. And analyses dealing with the network activity must deal with data that easily reaches hundreds of gigabytes per second of simulation. Using massively parallel computers the data can be analyzed where it is created (server-side analysis for experimental data, online analysis during simulation).

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5.CURRENT RESEARCH WORK

1. IBM, in partnership with scientists at Switzerland's Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne's (EPFL) Brain and Mind Institute will begin simulating the brain's biological systems and output the data as a working 3-dimensional model that will recreate the high-speed electrochemical interactions that take place within the brain's interior. These include cognitive functions such as language, learning, perception and memory in addition to brain malfunction such as psychiatric disorders like depression and autism. From there, the modeling will expand to other regions of the brain and, if successful, shed light on the relationships between genetic, molecular and cognitive functions of the brain. NEWS: The EPFL Blue Gene was the 8th fastest supercomputer in the world

2. Researchers at Microsoft's Media Presence Lab are developing a "virtual brain," a PC-based database that holds a record of an individual's complete life experience. Called MyLifeBits, the project aims to make this database of human memories searchable in the manner of a conventional search engine. "By 2047, almost all information will be in cyberspace including all knowledge and creative works, said one of the project's leaders, Gordon Bell. 3. According to the new scientist Magazine report Rodrigo Laje and Gabriel Mindlin of the University of Buenos Aires in Argentina have devised a computer model of a region of the brain

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Technical Seminar Report 2012 called the RA nucleus which controls muscles in the lungs and

BLUE BRAIN vocal folds.

The model brain can accurately echo the song of a South American sparrow. The bird sing by forcing air from their lungs past folds of tissue in the voice box. The electric impulses from the brain that force the lungs had been recorded and when the equivalent impulses were passed to the computer model of the lungs of the bird it begins to sing like the bird. Mr. Mindlin told the weekly science magazine he was surprised that simple instructions from the brain change a constant signal into a complex series of bursts to produce the intricacies of birdsong.

He plans to add more brain power to his model which might reveal how birds improve their songs and learn them from other birds. He hopes it might one day be possible to use similar models to map the neural [brain] circuitry of animals without distressing lab experiments - just by recording their calls and movements, the magazine said.

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6.APPLICATION OF BLUE BRAIN PROJECT:

Gathering and Testing 100 Years of Data The most immediate benet is to provide a working model into which the past100 years knowledge about the microstructure and workings of the neocortical column can be gathered and tested. The Blue Column will therefore also produce a virtual library to explore in 3D the micro architecture of the neo cortex and access all key research relating to its structure and function. Cracking the Neural Code The Neural Code refers to how the brain builds objects using electrical patterns .In the same way that the neuron is the elementary cell for computing in the brain, the NCC is the elementary network for computing in the neo cortex. Creating an accurate replica of the NCC which faithfully reproduces the emergent electrical dynamics of the real microcircuit, is an absolute requirement to revealing how the neo cortex processes, stores and retrieves information. Understanding Neocortical Information Processing The power of an accurate simulation lies in the predictions that can be generated about the neocortex. Indeed, iterations between simulations and experiments are essential to build an accurate copy of the NCC. These iterations are therefore expected to reveal the function of individual elements (neurons, synapses, ion channels, receptors), pathways (mono-synaptic, disynaptic, multi synaptic loops) and physiological processes (functional properties, learning, reward, goal- oreinted behavior). A Novel Tool for Drug Discovery for Brain Disorders Understanding the functions of different elements and pathways of the NCC will provide a concrete foundation to explore the cellular and synaptic bases of a wide spectrum of neurological and psychiatric diseases. The impact of receptor, ion channel, cellular and synaptic decits could be tested in simulations and the optimal experimental tests can be determined.

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Technical Seminar Report 2012 A Global Facility

BLUE BRAIN

A software replica of a NCC will allow researchers to explore hypotheses of brain function and dysfunction accelerating research. Simulation runs could determine which parameters should be used and measured in the experiments. An advanced 2D, 3D and 3D immersive visualization system will allow imaging of many aspects of neural dynamics during processing, storage and retrieval of information. Such imaging experiments may be impossible in reality or may be prohibitively expensive to perform. A Foundation for Whole Brain Simulations With current and envisage able future computer technology it seems unlikely that a mammalian brain can be simulated with full cellular and synaptic complexity (above the molecular level). An accurate replica of an NCC is therefore required in order to generate reduced models that retain critical functions and computational capabilities, which can be duplicated and interconnected to form neocortical brain regions. Knowledge of the NCC architecture can be transferred to facilitate reconstruction of sub cortical brain regions. A Foundation for Molecular Modeling of Brain Function An accurate cellular replica of the neocortical column will provide the rst and essential step to a gradual increase in model complexity moving towards a molecular level description of the neocortex with biochemical pathways being simulated. A molecular level model of the NCC will provide the substrate for interfacing gene expression with the network structure and function. The NCC lies at the interface between the genes and complex cognitive functions. Establishing this link will allow predictions of the cognitive consequences of genetic disorders and allow reverse engineering of cognitive decits to determine the genetic and molecular causes. This level of simulation will become a reality with the most advanced phase of Blue Gene development.23

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7.ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATION

Advantages:
1. We can remember things without any effort. 2. Decision can be made without the presence of a person. 3. Even after the death of a man his intelligence can be used. 4. The activity of different animals can be understood. That means by interpretation of the electric impulses from the brain of the animals, their thinking can be understood easily. 5. It would allow the deaf to hear via direct nerve stimulation, and also be helpful for many psychological diseases. By down loading the contents of the brain that was uploaded into the computer, the man can get rid from the mad ness.

Disadvantages:
Further, there are many new dangers these technologies will open. We will be susceptible to new forms of harm.

1. We become dependent upon the computer systems.

2. Others may use technical knowledge against us.

3. Computer viruses will pose an increasingly critical threat.

4. The real threat, however, is the fear that people will have of new technologies. That fear may culminate in a large resistance. Clear evidence of this type of fear is found today with respect to human cloning.

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8.HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIRMENT

1. A super computer. 2. Memory with a very large storing capacity. 3. Processor with a very high processing power. 4. A very wide network. 5. A program to convert the electric impulses from the brain to input signal, which is to be received by the computer, and vice versa. 6. Very powerful Nanobots to act as the interface between the natural brain and the computer

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9.FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
The synthesis era in neuroscience started with the launch of the Human Brain Project and is an inevitable phase triggered by a critical amount of fundamental data. The data set does not need to be complete before such a phase can begin. Indeed, it is essential to guide reductionist research into the deeper facets of brain structure and function. As a complement to experimental research, it offers rapid assessment of the probable effect of a new nding on preexisting knowledge, which can no longer be managed completely by any one researcher. Detailed models will probably become the nal form of databases that are used to organize all knowledge of the brain and allow hypothesis testing, rapid diagnoses of brain malfunction, as well as development of treatments for neurological disorders. In short, we can hope to learn a great deal about brain function and disfunction from accurate models of the brain .The time taken to build detailed models of the brain depends on the level of detail that is captured. Indeed, the rst version of the Blue Column, which has 10,000 neurons, has already been built and simulated; it is the renement of the detailed properties and calibration of the circuit that takes time. A model of the entire brain at the cellular level will probably take the next decade. There is no fundamental obstacle to modeling the brain and it is therefore likely that we will have detailed models of mammalian brains, Including that of man, in the near future. Even if overestimated by a decade or two, this is still just a blink of an eye in relation to the evolution of human civilization. As with Deep Blue, Blue Brain will allow us to challenge the foundations of our understanding of intelligence and generate new theories of consciousness.

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10.CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we will be able to transfer ourselves into computers at some point. Most arguments against this outcome are seemingly easy to circumvent. They are either simple minded, or simply require further time for technology to increase. The only serious threats raised are also overcome as we note the combination of biological and digital technologies.

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11.Bibliography
e-journal. http://Google.com tons of stuff, including a bunch of online papers http://www.wikipedia.com http://www.Blue brain.com http://www.bbrws.org Lots of references related to Blue brain, including a link to an interesting

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