Advanced Digital Signal Processing Spring 2012 Lecture 2

Signal Representation and Time Domain Analysis

Dr. Tahir Zaidi

Multidimensional Digital Signals

Digital Speech

Digital Photography

x1 x2
Digital Video

x2

x1

x (time)

Basic Types of Digital Signals

B a s ic T ypes of D igita l S igna ls

2-D Signals

2-D Unit Impulse Sequence

2-D Line Impulse Sequence

2-D Unit Step Sequence

Basic Types of Digital Signals

Sine and Exp Using Matlab

n = 0: 1: 50; % amplitude A = 0.87; % phase theta = 0.4; % frequency omega = 2*pi / 20; % sin generation xn1 = A*sin(omega*n+theta); % exp generation xn2 = A.^n;

Basic Operations

Operations in Matlab
xn1 = [1 0 3 2 -1 0 0 0 0 0];

xn2 = [1 3 -1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0];

yn = xn1 + xn2;

x[n] via impulse functions

I n pu t: s u m of weigh ted s h ifted im pu ls es

x[n1,n2] via impulse functions

Time Domain Analysis

Linear Time-Invariant Systems

Linear

LineareaTime-Invariant System L in r T im e-I n va r ia n t S ys tem s

Linear Time-Invariant System

I n pu t: s u m of weigh ted s h ifted im pu ls es

Us in g L in ea r ity a n d T im e-I n va r ia n ce for th e im pu ls es

S u m of wt. S hifted im pu ls es s u m of wt. S h ifted im pu ls e r es pon s es

LTI System

Two ways
As the representation of the output as a sum of delayed and scaled impulse responses. As a computational formula for computing y[n] (y at time n) from the entire sequences x and h.
Form x[k]h[n-k] for -<k<+ for a fixed n Sum over all k to produce y[n]

2-D Linear Shift Invariant (LSI) System

2-D Linear Shift Invariant (LSI) System

Convolution in the time domain: y[n] =

k=

x[k ] h[n k ]

y[n] = 2 3 3 3 6 0 1 0 0

Example-Convolution of Two Rectangles

Example..(Continued)

Example-Convolution Of Two Sequences

Stability

Causality

Causality & Stability- Example

Properties of Convolution

Properties of Convolution 2-D

Difference Equation
For all computationally realizable LTI systems, the input and output satisfy a difference equation of the form

This leads to the recurrence formula

which can be used to compute the present output from the present and M past values of the input and N past values of the output

Linear Constant-Coefficient Diff Equations (LCCD)

First-Order Example
Consider the difference equation We can represent this system by the following block diagram:
y[n] =ay[n1] +x[n]

Linear Constant-Coefficient Diff Equations (LCCD)

Digital Filter
Y = FILTER(B,A,X) filters the data in vector X with the filter described by vectors A and B to create the filtered data Y. The filter is a "Direct Form II Transposed" implementation of the standard difference equation: a(1)*y(n) = b(1)*x(n) + b(2)*x(n-1) + ... + b(nb+1)*x(n-nb) - a(2)*y(n-1) - ... - a(na+1)*y(n-na) [Y,Zf] = FILTER(B,A,X,Zi) gives access to initial and final conditions, Zi and Zf, of the delays.

LTI summary

Complex Exp Input Signal