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Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1GENERAL Dam:Damisabarrierbuiltacrossarivertoholdbackriverwaterforsaferetentionand storageofwaterorcontrolthewaterflow.Damsallowtodiverttheriverflowintoapipeline, acanalorchannel(Fig1.1).Damsresultsinsubstantiallyraisingwaterlevelsintheriver overalargearea,thuscreateastoragespace.Damsmaybeoftemporaryorpermanent nature.Damsmaybebuiltbyconstructinganembankmentacrosstheriveratsomesuitable location.Naturalprocessesaslandslideandrockfallingintotherivermayobstructtheriver flowsforsometimeandcreateadamlikecondition.Theearthquakeof2005resultedina debrisembankmentofmorethan200mwidthand70mheightacrossKarli/TangNullahnear HattianBallainAJK(Fig.1.2);andafterascertainingthestabilityofthedebrisfillthewater impoundmentisbeingconvertedintoatouristpoint.Howeverdamsarebuiltbyhumansto obtainsomeeconomicbenefits.Thewaterbodycreatedbehindaconstructedembankmentor damiscalledamanmadelakeorreservoir.Wildlife(Beaver)mayalsocreatepondsorsmall damsfortheirhabitatpurposes.

Figure1.1a:WaterreservoircreatedbyTarbelaDam.

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Figure1.1b:TarbelaDamaerialview(Source:Earth-Google).
X-SECTION KARLINULLAHLAKE

INLET

2.2KM

DISCHARGE

4 150 M 60m 202 189 171 149 137 122 110 95 77 57 100 M 100 M 100 M 100 M 100 M 100 M 100 M 100 M 100 M 100 M 100 M 30 44

LengthofLake AverageWidth AverageDepth

=2000Mtr =350Mtr =50Mtr

BEDOFNULLAH

Figure1.2:NaturaldamacrossKalriNullahAJKformedbylandslideduetoearthquake. Reservoir:Reservoirisdefinedtheasaman-madelakeorfreshwaterbodycreatedor enlargedbythebuildingofembankment,dams,barriers,orexcavationandonwhichman exertsmajorcontroloverthestorageanduseofthewater(Golze1977,P-619).The embankmentmaybeconstructedononeormoreorallfoursidesofthereservoir. Need: (1) Riversupplyusuallydoesnotmatchwiththedemandatalltimes/months.Dams storagereservoiriscreatedtomatchreleaseswiththewaterdemand. (2) Damcreatedtosubstantiallyraisewaterlevelandthusworkingheadfor hydropowerproductionortodirectwaterintoofftakingcanals(e.g.irrigation canal,feedertoonoff-channeldam).

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Purposes Damsandreservoirsarebuilttoraisewaterlevelforstorageandsaferetentionof largequantityofwater.Waterissubsequentlyreleasedtoachievevariouspurposes.Dams maybeconstructedtomeetoneormorepurposesas(USBR2001,P:1-3): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Irrigation Hydropowerdevelopment Domestic,municipal,industrialwatersupply(Hubdam,Simlydam) Stockwatering Floodcontrol Recreation(picnic,camping,fishing,swimming,kayaking,whitewater rafting) 7. Fishandwildlifeprotectionanddevelopment,andimprovementofriver ecology 8. 9. 10. Riverwaterquality/pollutioncontrolandmanagement Streamflowregulationforvariouspurposes Navigation

Multipurposedams: Mostdamsaremulti-purpose,servingmorethanonepurpose.Mostlytheseadditional purposesareachievedasbyproductoutcome,e.g.,hydropower,recreation,etc.For multipurposedams,thestorageisallocatedandprioritizedfordifferentpurposesandcost allocation(Fig.1.4). 1.2DAMANDRESERVOIRDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGY Reservoirdesigncanbeconsideredinabroadersense.Itisreallyselectedwithsuch

improvementsorremedialworkasmaybeconsiderednecessarytoassuresafeand satisfactoryperformanceofitsintendedpurpose.Developmentofareservoirmustassure structuralintegrityandadequacyofthereservoirs.Thereservoirsiteisevaluatedintermsof geology,rimstabilityagainstslides,watertightnessandwaterholdingcapability,seismicity, bankstorage,evaporation,sedimentation,landuseandmineralresources,right-of-wayand propertyownership,relocationofthepopulace,utilities,andtransportationfacilities, historical-culturalandreligiousmonumentsetc. Thewaterstoredbehindthedamexertsalrgewaterpressureonthedam.Adammustbeable towithstandsuchhighpressures.Inadditiondammustbesafeagainstfailuredueto overtopping,foundationthrustfailures,destructionofdambodyduetointernalerosionand materialfailure,foundationuplift,andretainstoragecontentspracticallynolossofwater duetoseepage.

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Figure1.3:UpperReservoirofTaumSauk450MWpumpedpowerplant(Reynolds County,Missouri,ontheEastForkoftheBlackRiver)madeofridgetop6562ftlong 84fthighCFRDdikewith10ftparapetwall.Thereservoirdikeconstructedin 1960sfailedonDec14,2005duetointernalleakageandslopefailure.Plant remainedoutofuseasofJan2007.[http://www.ferc.gov/industries/ hydropower/safety/projects/taum-sauk/consult-rpt/sec-2-summ.pdf].

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Figure1.4:Multipurposedam. Deadstorage Deadstoragelevel Riverprofile Irrigationstorage Normalconservationlevel Freeboard Floodsurcharge Floodstorage

Damcrest Maxspillway crestlevel t l tle / ou unne e tion a r ow r nt P ir e t iga r pl opow ydr H

Naturalorman-madewaterbodies,albeitlargeones,hashighaestheticalappealand

thusattracthugenumberofvisitorsforrecreation.Thereservoirdesignmustinclude provisionsofrecreationfacilitiesasparkingarea,picnicarea,campingarea,hikingand bikingtrails,naturewalktrails,horsetrails,rockclimbing,enjoyingsurroundingscenery, watersports,motel,publicservices,restrooms,emergencyservices,indoorshelterareas, projectguidedtours,etc.Theseshouldbeevaluatedintermsofneedvsluxuryandsecurity concernsforthestructureandpublic. Reservoirarearequiresclearingofbrush/shrubs/treesfrombelowmaximumreservoir

levelsforsafeuseofreservoirsurface.Suchclearingmaybedonebycutting/pullingorby protectedfires.Inflatsidereservoirslargesurfaceareaisexposedorreservoirlowering. Suitablealternativesmaybeevaluatedtomakeeconomicuseofthisareaforshorttime activities,asfarming,sandminingetc. 1.3CLASSIFICATIONOFDAMS 1.3.1ClassificationofDamsAccordingToLocation On-Channel:Damisconstructedacrossthemainwaterfeedingriver.ExamplesTarbela, Mangla,Simly,Hubdam.Toincreasethewateravailabilitywaterfromotherrivers maybedivertedtothedamthroughfeederchannelse.g.KurramTangidam. Off-Channel:Damisconstructedonachannelhavingmuchsmallerflow.Majorstorage wateristransferredfromadifferentnearbyriver.Thisisdoneduetonon-availability ofsuitable/economicdamsiteonthemajorflowriver.ExampleAkhoridam, ReplacementdamsforManglaandTarbela.

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1.3.2ClassificationofDamsAccordingtoReleasePattern Storagedam:Waterisstoredandlaterreleasedthroughanoutletforconsumptiveornonconsumptivepurposesasperrequirements. Rechargingdam.Thereisnooutletprovidedtoreleasewaterandallincomingwateris retained.Thewaterinfiltratesthroughthefoundationand/ordambody.Themain purposeofthedamistoinducerechargetogroundwatersysteminthearea.Small releaseind/schanneltoallowseepageinthechannelbed. Delayactiondam/retardingdam.Thesedamsareusedtoretardthepeakflowofflash floods.Theremayormaynotbeanycontrolovertheoutflow.Fornocontroloverthe outflowtheoutflowratevariesasfunctionofstoragevolume/waterdepthinthe dam.Thefloodpeakisthusconsiderablyattenuated.Theoutletcapacityissetthat maximumoutflowdischargedonotexceedthesafecapacityofthedownstreamriver duringhighestflood.Thereservoiremptiesfullyaftertheflood.Forcontrolon outflowbygates(detentiondam),theflowisreleasedinsuchapatterntoretainthe waterforlongtimebutthereisenoughstorageavailabletostorenextfloodevent. Thesedamsareusuallymeanttoreduceflooddamagesaswellastoinducemaximum rechargeinthearea.Onetypeofsuchdamisaporousdambuiltofaporous embankment,e.g.stonegabions. TailingsdamThesedamsareconstructedawayfromanyriveralongatopographicslopeby constructingsmalldikesonthreeorallfoursidestostoreslurry/wasteofmineral miningandprocessingfacilities.Thewaterevaporatesorisevacuatedandthesolid contentsdryupfillingupthestoragecapacity. DiversiondamThesearehydraulicstructureswithamainpurposetoraisewaterlevelto divertflowintotheofftakingchannels/canals/hydropowerpressuretunnelsand penstock.Thesearepreferablycalledasbarrageorcanalheadworks.Thestorage createdbytheseisminimal.E.g.PatrindWeir. Cofferdam:Thesearesmalltemporarydamsbuiltacrosstheriveronupstreamand downstreamsideofthemaindaminordertokeeptheflowawayandtheworking areadry.Theu/scofferdamcausestheflowthroughthediversionsystemandd/s cofferdampreventsthefloodingoftheworkingfrombackwatereffects.After completionofthemaindamtheu/scofferisusuallyabandonedanddrownsinthe reservoirwhiled/scofferdamisdismantledandremoved. 1.3.3ClassificationofdamsaccordingtoHydraulicDesign Non-Overflowdam:Flowisnotallowedovertheembankmentcrestforreasonsofdam safety.(earth,rock)dams. OverflowdamThedambodyismadeofstrongmaterialasconcreteandflowisallowed overthedamcrestConcretedams

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1.32.4ClassificationofdamsaccordingtoSize Damsmaybeclassifiedassmall,mediumorlargeasunder: Small.USBRdefinedsmalldamasonehavingmaximumheight<15m(50ft). Medium:Intermediatesizes40-70ft Large:ICOLDdefinedlargedamas:adamthatfollowsoneormoreoffollowing conditions.(Thomas1976P-0) Damheight>15m(50ft)measuredfromlowestportionofthegeneralfoundation areatothecrest Adamheight10-15mbutitcompileswithatleastoneofthefollowingcondition: a. b. c. d. e. crestofdamlongerthan500m capacityoftheresultingreservoirmorethan1millionm maximumflooddischargemorethan2000m damhasspeciallydifficultfoundationproblems damisofunusualdesign
3 3

/s(70,000cfs)

Unique:Damsexceeding100mareconsideredasunique.Everyaspectofitsdesignand constructionmustbetreatedasaproblemspecificallyrelatedtothatparticular site. 1.3.5ClassificationofDamsAccordingtoFillingandEmptyingMode Thestorageofadammaybefilledandemptiedinshorttime(oneseason)orlong

time(severalseasons).Thedamsaredefinedas: Seasonal:Seasonaldamsarefilledandthenemptiedwithinthesamewateryear(September toAugust).ExampleTarbeladam.Thuswaterlevelinthedamvariesfrommaximum (normalconservationlevel)tominimum(deadstoragelevel)inmostyears.Such damshaveannualreleasesusuallyequalorlittlemorethantheminimumannualflow. Forverywetorverydryyearsthereservoirmaynotreachtheextremelevels.The seasonaldamsspreadthewaterstoredinwetmonthsovertodrymonthsinthesame year. Carryover:Fillingandemptyingofacarry-overdamreservoircontinuesovermorethan oneyear(e.g.4to5years).Example.HubDam,KurramTangiDam.Thuswater storedinwetyearsmaybereleasedduringsubsequentdryyearsTheannualreleases areusuallymorethanminimumannualflowbutequaltolongtermaverageannual flow.Applicablewherewidevariationsinannualflows.Carryoverdamsspread storageduringwetyears/monthsovertodryyearsandmonths.

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1.3.6Classificationaccordingtolocationofservicearea Local:Theserviceareaofthedamislimitedtoasinglecontiguouslocalizedgeographicarea locatedverynearthedam.Farlocatedareasandgeographicregionsdonotbenefit. E.g.KurramTangi,Simly,Khanpurdams. Regional:Theserviceareaofthedamextendstomanywidelyapartgeographicregions locatedanydistancefromthedam.Thusallnearandfarlocatedareasandgeographic regionsgetthebenefit.Thewatersupplytoallareasispossiblethroughanetworkof riverandcanalsystems.ExampleasareTarbela,Diamir-Basha,Kalabagh,Mangla dams. 1.3.7Classificationaccordingtotypeofmaterial Adamcanbemadeofearth,rock,concreteorwood.Damsareclassifiedaccordingto thematerialsusedasunder:(NavakP:11-18,33) A. EmbankmentDams(Figs.1.6,1.7) 1. EarthfillDam:Theseareconstructedofselectedsoils(0.001 compacteduniformlyandintensivelyinrelativelythinlayers(20to60 ofthefillMaterial.Damsmaybedesignedas:Homogeneous,Zonedorwith impermeablecore(Figs.1.5-1.7).Zonedpartismadeofrelativelyfinermaterialthat reducesseepageflow,e.g.clay.Thefillmaterialisplacedasrolled,hydraulicfillor semi-hydraulicfill. d100mm) cm)andat

controlledoptimummoisturecontent.Compactednaturalsoilsformmorethan50%

Figure1.5:Earthfilldam.Left-homogeneous,right-zoneddam. 2. Rockfilldam:Over50%offillmaterialbeofclassrockusuallyagradedrockfill (0.1 d1000mm)isfilledinbulkorcompactedinthinlayersbyheavyplant. Someimperviousmembranes/materialsareplacedintheinteriororonu/sfaceofthe embankmenttostop/reduceseepagethroughthedamembankment.Damssectionmay behomogeneous,zoned,withimpermeablecore,orwithasphaltorcementconcrete face.Zonedpartismadeofrelativelyfinermaterialthatreducesseepageflow,e.g. clay.Coreismadeofclay,concrete,asphaltconcreteetc. 3. Earthfill-rockfillorEarth-rockdamsThesedamsaremadeofmixoflarge proportionsofearthfillandrockfillmaterials.

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B.

ConcreteDams

Concretedamsareformedofcement-concreteplacedinthedambody(Figs.1.8,1.9). Concretedamsectiondesignedsuchthattheloadingproducescompressionstressonlyand notensionisinducedanywhere.Thereinforcementisminimummainlyastemperature control.Concreteisplacedintwoways:Reinforcedconcretedam(RCdam)orRoller compactedconcrete(RCC)dams.Thevariationsofconcretedaminclude: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Concretegravitydam, Concretearchdamandarch-gravitydam Multiplearchdam Doublecurvatureordome/cupoladam Buttressdam(headasdiamond,roundhead,massive,deckedetc) Hollowgravitydam Brickorrockmasonrygravitydam

Rubble/random/stonemasonrytofilldamsection.Concrete/massconcreteasbulkmaterial indamsectionwithsteepersideslope.RCCsectiontotakeloadings,thusdecreasesection. 1 Gravitydam:Stabilityduetoitsmass.Damstraightorslightlycurvedu/sinplan(no archaction).Theu/sfaceisverticalornearlyvertical,d/ssloping. 2. Buttressdam:Itconsistsofcontinuousu/sfacesupportedatregularintervalsbyd/s buttress(massivebuttress/diamondhead,roundhead)witheachsectionseparate. Ambursen/flatslabbuttress/deckedbuttress. 3. Archdam:Archdamhasconsiderableu/splancurvature.U/sandd/sfacesare nearlystraight/vertical.Waterloadsaretransferredontotheabutmentsorvalley sidesbyarchaction.Archdamisstructurallymoreefficientthanconcretegravity dams(requiresonly10-20%concrete).Howeverabutmentstrengthandgeologic stabilityiscriticaltothestructuralintegrityandsafetyofthedam.Multiplearch dams. 4. Cupola/Dome/Doublecurvaturedam:.U/s&d/sfacescurvedinplanandprofile section,curvedinplanaswell/asarch(Partofadomeorshellstructure). 5. Hollowgravitysectionmadehollowtoreduceupliftpressureatd/ssideandsmaller totalconstructionmaterials.(betweengravityandbuttressdams) C. Timber/steeldam Thebulkofthedamismadeoftimberbraceswithtimberboardfacings.Suchdamswere mostlyconstructedbyearlygoldminersinCaliforniaUSAforobtainingriverwaterfor separatinggolddustandgettingwaterpower;suchdamsarenotpracticallyusedany longer.Thefaceofearthfillorrockfilldamsmaybealsofittedwithtimberboardfor seepagecontrol.

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Figure1.6:Earthfillembankmentdams.

Figure1.7:Rockfillembankmentdams.

DocumentOutline

DRE-08Ch-1DamIntroduction9-2-09

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Need: Purposes 1.3CLASSIFICATIONOFDAMS 1.3.1ClassificationofDamsAccordingToLocation 1.3.2ClassificationofDamsAccordingtoReleasePattern 1.3.3ClassificationofdamsaccordingtoHydraulicDesign 1.32.4ClassificationofdamsaccordingtoSize 1.3.5ClassificationofDamsAccordingtoFillingandEmptyingMode A.EmbankmentDams(Figs.1.6,1.7) B.ConcreteDams Concretedamsareformedofcement-concreteplacedinthedambody(Figs.1.8,1.9).Concretedamsectiondesignedsuchthattheloading producescompressionstressonlyandnotensionisinducedanywhere.Thereinforcementisminimummainlyastempe... Timber/steeldam 1.4.3ThePlanning/DesignTeam 1.6DAMCOMPONENTS 1.6.1MainDam 1.6.4DiversionChannel/Tunnel 1.6.6Spillway 1.6.7OutletWorks (c)LowLevelOutlet:Alowoutlettunnelmaybeprovidedtoflushsediments,drawwaterfrombelowdeadstoragelevelunderverydrought condition,emptyingofreservoirinemergencies,drawwaterduringrepairofoutlettunnel/gates,etc.Theintak... 1.6.8DrainageSystem 1.6.8PreliminaryWorks 1.6.9HydropowerDevelopment 1.6.10Slopeprotection/Riprap 1.6.11DamInstrumentation 1.6.12StillingBasin 1.7MERITSANDDEMERITSOFDAMS 1.7.1EmbankmentDam aMerits(NovakP-14) bDemerits 1.7.2Concrete/MasonryDams aConcreteDamMerits(NovakP-17) bDemerits 1.8DamFocusPoints(NovakP10-11) 1.9:ELEVATION-AREA-VOLUMERELATIONSHIP Crestlength,LongitudinalSectionandCrosssection DRE-08Ch-2DamHydrologyandsedimentation9-2-09 2.3ASSESSMENTOFWATERYIELD/AVAILABILITY 2.3.2StochasticDataGenerationfromShortData: Stochasticprinciplemaybeusedtogeneratelongtimedataonthebasisofshort-termdatastatistics(mean,variance,skewness,kurtosis).Variousmodels usedtoextenddataincludeAuto-correlation(AR)models,MovingAverage(MA)models,ARMAmode... 2.3.3FlowsDivertedFromOtherRiver 2.3.4DataProcessing 2.3.5DependableYield 2.6DIVERSIONFLOODS SelectionofSpillwayDesignFlood 2.9RESERVOIROPERATION FreeboardDesign DRE-08Ch-3DamGeologyandGeotechnicalstudies9-2-09 3.2.3Shapes 3.3ROCKFEATURESFORCLASSIFICATION 3.4ROCKFORMINGMINERALS 3.5.2SedimentaryRocks 3.5.3MetamorphicRocks 3.6.1DisintegrationandDecompositionofrocks 3.6.3Fracturesinrocks 3.7ENGINEERINGPROPERTIESOFROCKS 3.8GEOLOGICALREQUIREMENTSOFDAMS 3.9DAMSITEINVESTIGATIONS 3.9.2DamSiteInvestigations/ExplorationsInclude 3.9.3SurfaceExplorations 3.9.4GeophysicalSurveys 3.12FOUNDATIONFAILURE(Wahlstromp-165) 3.13IMPROVEMENTSOFFOUNDATIONANDRESERVOIRAREA 3.13.1Stripping 3.13.3Grouting 3.14GROUTING 3.14.1CurtainGrouting 3.14.2BlanketGrouting 3.14.3PatternGrouting 3.14.4Groutingpressure 3.15ROCKSLOPESTABILITY 3.16EARTHQUAKEHAZARDS 3.19SOILCLASSIFICATION Permeability Stability CompressionandShrinkage PipingandWashingofFines 3.23TESTEMBANKMENTS 3.25CONCRETEAGGREGATES GeologyofKurramTangiDam DRE-08Ch-4EarthRockDams12-2-09 4.1DEFINITION Semi-Hydraulicfill.Thematerialinsuspensionistransportedbyhaulingunitsanddumpedattheedgeoftheembankment.Itisthenwashedinitsfinal positionbywaterjets. 4.4TYPEOFEARTHFILLDAMS VerticalCore Advantagesofverticalcore Criteria InclinedCore

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Theinclinedcoreisorientedatananglewiththebaseofthedam.Thecoreislocatedclosertotheu/sfaceofthedamwithtopofcorealignedwiththedam crest(Fig.4.8). Advantages Disadvantages LocationofImperviousCore/Diaphragm DimensionsofFilterLayer DimensionsandPermeabilityofToe/Blanket/ChimneyDrains 4.12ENGINEERINGCHARACTERISTICSOFSOILS[Novaketal.1998,p-36-45] Theshearstrengthofasoilisdefinedasthemaximumresistancetoshearingstresswhichcanbemobilized;whenthisisexceededfailureoccursusually alongidentifiableslipsurfaces.TheshearstrengthofanymaterialisdescribedbyMohr-Coulomb... 4.12SEEPAGEANALYSIS PhreaticLineinearthdamswithdrainageblanket:GraphicalMethod(Fig.4.28) Seepagerate SeepageThroughDamFoundation SeepageAnalysisbyComputerSoftware PermissibleSeepage 4.13STABILITYANALYSIS MethodofSlices/SweadishCircleMethod Procedure MethodofSlidingblock StabilityofD/sslopeforsteadyseepage StabilityofU/SslopeDuringSuddenDrawdown U/s+d/sfaceduringandatendofconstruction NOTE:DAVIS.HAHP.18-38 STABILITYOFFOUNDTIONAGAINSTSHEAR IntersliceForce 4.22CONDITIONSFAVORINGCHOICEOFROCKFILLDAM 4.23EMBANKMENTDETAILS U/sFacemembrane Internalmembrane 4.23.2TraditionalvsPresentDesign Traditionaldesign(Dumpedrockfill) Presentdesign(Compactedrockfill) 4.23.3U/sandd/sFaceSlopes 4.23.4RockQuality 4.23.5RockSources 4.23.6RockSize Presentdesignwithcompactedlayers 4.23.7RockfillDam:OverflowandthroughFlow 4.23.8TestEmbankment 4.24.3Grouting 4.25SEEPAGEMEMBRANE AdvantagesofInternalmembranes DisadvantagesofInternalmembrane Advantagesofu/smembrane 4.25.2MembraneDesignInternalCore ImperviousCentralCoreofEarth SlopingEarthCores ModerateSlopingearthcore 2OtherMaterialsforCentralCore ReinforcedConcrete SteelDiaphragm BituminousMaterial ConcreteFacedRockfillDam(CFRD) AsphalticConcrete SteelFace 4.26SEISMICDESIGN DRE-08Ch-4EarthRockDams6-2-10 4.1DEFINITION Semi-Hydraulicfill.Thematerialinsuspensionistransportedbyhaulingunitsanddumpedattheedgeoftheembankment.Itisthenwashedinitsfinal positionbywaterjets. 4.4TYPEOFEARTHFILLDAMS VerticalCore Advantagesofverticalcore Criteria InclinedCore Theinclinedcoreisorientedatananglewiththebaseofthedam.Thecoreislocatedclosertotheu/sfaceofthedamwithtopofcorealignedwiththedam crest(Fig.4.8). Advantages Disadvantages LocationofImperviousCore/Diaphragm DimensionsofFilterLayer DimensionsandPermeabilityofToe/Blanket/ChimneyDrains 4.12ENGINEERINGCHARACTERISTICSOFSOILS[Novaketal.1998,p-36-45] Theshearstrengthofasoilisdefinedasthemaximumresistancetoshearingstresswhichcanbemobilized;whenthisisexceededfailureoccursusually alongidentifiableslipsurfaces.TheshearstrengthofanymaterialisdescribedbyMohr-Coulomb... 4.12SEEPAGEANALYSIS PhreaticLineinearthdamswithdrainageblanket:GraphicalMethod(Fig.4.28) Seepagerate SeepageThroughDamFoundation SeepageAnalysisbyComputerSoftware PermissibleSeepage 4.13STABILITYANALYSIS MethodofSlices/SweadishCircleMethod Procedure MethodofSlidingblock StabilityofD/sslopeforsteadyseepage StabilityofU/SslopeDuringSuddenDrawdown U/s+d/sfaceduringandatendofconstruction NOTE:DAVIS.HAHP.18-38 STABILITYOFFOUNDTIONAGAINSTSHEAR IntersliceForce

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4.22CONDITIONSFAVORINGCHOICEOFROCKFILLDAM 4.23EMBANKMENTDETAILS U/sFacemembrane Internalmembrane 4.23.2TraditionalvsPresentDesign Traditionaldesign(Dumpedrockfill) Presentdesign(Compactedrockfill) 4.23.3U/sandd/sFaceSlopes 4.23.4RockQuality 4.23.5RockSources 4.23.6RockSize Presentdesignwithcompactedlayers 4.23.7RockfillDam:OverflowandthroughFlow 4.23.8TestEmbankment 4.24.3Grouting 4.25SEEPAGEMEMBRANE AdvantagesofInternalmembranes DisadvantagesofInternalmembrane Advantagesofu/smembrane 4.25.2MembraneDesignInternalCore ImperviousCentralCoreofEarth SlopingEarthCores ModerateSlopingearthcore 2OtherMaterialsforCentralCore ReinforcedConcrete SteelDiaphragm BituminousMaterial ConcreteFacedRockfillDam(CFRD) AsphalticConcrete SteelFace 4.26SEISMICDESIGN DRE-08Ch-4EarthRockDams6-4-10 4.1DEFINITION Semi-Hydraulicfill.Thematerialinsuspensionistransportedbyhaulingunitsanddumpedattheedgeoftheembankment.Itisthenwashedinitsfinal positionbywaterjets. 4.4TYPEOFEARTHFILLDAMS VerticalCore Advantagesofverticalcore Criteria InclinedCore Theinclinedcoreisorientedatananglewiththebaseofthedam.Thecoreislocatedclosertotheu/sfaceofthedamwithtopofcorealignedwiththedam crest(Fig.4.8). Advantages Disadvantages LocationofImperviousCore/Diaphragm DimensionsofFilterLayer DimensionsandPermeabilityofToe/Blanket/ChimneyDrains 4.12ENGINEERINGCHARACTERISTICSOFSOILS[Novaketal.1998,p-36-45] Theshearstrengthofasoilisdefinedasthemaximumresistancetoshearingstresswhichcanbemobilized;whenthisisexceededfailureoccursusually alongidentifiableslipsurfaces.TheshearstrengthofanymaterialisdescribedbyMohr-Coulomb... 4.12SEEPAGEANALYSIS PhreaticLineinearthdamswithdrainageblanket:GraphicalMethod(Fig.4.28) Seepagerate SeepageThroughDamFoundation SeepageAnalysisbyComputerSoftware PermissibleSeepage 4.13STABILITYANALYSIS MethodofSlices/SweadishCircleMethod Procedure MethodofSlidingblock StabilityofD/sslopeforsteadyseepage StabilityofU/SslopeDuringSuddenDrawdown U/s+d/sfaceduringandatendofconstruction NOTE:DAVIS.HAHP.18-38 STABILITYOFFOUNDTIONAGAINSTSHEAR IntersliceForce 4.22CONDITIONSFAVORINGCHOICEOFROCKFILLDAM 4.23EMBANKMENTDETAILS U/sFacemembrane Internalmembrane 4.23.2TraditionalvsPresentDesign Traditionaldesign(Dumpedrockfill) Presentdesign(Compactedrockfill) 4.23.3U/sandd/sFaceSlopes 4.23.4RockQuality 4.23.5RockSources 4.23.6RockSize Presentdesignwithcompactedlayers 4.23.7RockfillDam:OverflowandthroughFlow 4.23.8TestEmbankment 4.24.3Grouting 4.25SEEPAGEMEMBRANE AdvantagesofInternalmembranes DisadvantagesofInternalmembrane Advantagesofu/smembrane 4.25.2MembraneDesignInternalCore ImperviousCentralCoreofEarth SlopingEarthCores ModerateSlopingearthcore 2OtherMaterialsforCentralCore ReinforcedConcrete SteelDiaphragm

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BituminousMaterial ConcreteFacedRockfillDam(CFRD) AsphalticConcrete SteelFace 4.26SEISMICDESIGN DRE-08Ch-4EarthRockDamsPics11-4-09 DRE-08Ch-5ConcreteDams13-2-09 DRE-08Ch-6DamSpillways16-2-09 6.2Layout/location 6.3.3DesignInflowFlood 6.3.4SpillwayDesignDischarge Figure6.7:Designinflow,outflowfloodhydrographsandreservoirwaterlevels. 6.4CLASSIFICATION 6.5SPILLWAYCOMPONENTS 6.6DESIGNAPPROACH 6.7SPILLWAYTYPES 6.8OVERFALL STRAIGHTDROPSPILLWAY 6.9OGEEOVERFLOWSPILLWAY 6.9.3EffectiveLengthofspillway 6.9.4CoefficientofDischargeforfreeflowconditions Effectofu/sfaceslope Effectofvariedflowdepth Figure6.14:Coefficientofdischargefordifferentratiosofeffectiveheadtodesignhead. EconomyofDesign B:SpillwayDischargeForCrestLevel=NCL 6.9.5GatedOgeeSpillway Example6.3 Solution TurbulentBoundaryLayer 6.10SYPHONSPILLWAYSFrom:Novakp-170. 6.11STEPPED/CASCADESPILLWAY 6.12BAFFLEAPRONDROPSPILLWAY 6.13SPECIALSPILLWAYS 6.15BOX-CULVERT-CHANNELSPILLWAY 6.17.1Flashboard,Stoplog,Needle 6.17.2VerticalLiftGates 6.17.3DrumGate[Novakp-204,5,6,7] 6.17.5Flap/TiltingHingedLeafGates 6.17.6RollerGate 6.18.5ChannelFreeBoard 6.18.6ForcesonSpillwayChannels 6.18.7ChannelLoss(USBRp-401-557 6.19ENERGYDISSIPATION 6.19.1StillingBasin BasinDesign F<1.7 F1.7to2.5(Fig.6.66A) F2.5to4.5Transitionflowstage(Fig.6.66B) F4.5to9(Fig.6.66C,D) StillingBasinFreeBoard JumpDepthvsTailWaterDepth StillingBasinDesign 6.19.2RollerBucket/Submergedbucketdissipater Solid Slotted 6.20CAVITATION DRE-08Ch-7Damoutlets16-2-09 7.5LAYOUT 7.6OUTLETCONTROLWORKS 7.6.1ControlonU/Send 7.6.2ControlatIntermediatePoint 7.6.3Controlatd/sEnd 7.7WATERWAYS 7.7.1OpenChannel 7.7.2Tunnels 7.7.3Cut-and-Coverconduit Figure7.2:Schematicoftypicaloutletarrangements. 7.8TUNNELDESIGN 7.8.1OpenChannelFlow 7.8.2FullFlowH>Dia(pipeflow) 7.8.3HeadLossforFlowLessthanMaximumFlow 7.9THEOUTLETSYSTEM 7.9.1IntakeLayoutDavisHAHp:22.6-7 ImpactBasin USBRTypeIIandTypeIIIStillingBasins 7.10.1Nomenclature 7.10.2GATETYPES 7.10.3VALVES 10.8Bell-mouthEntrance(Davisp:22-68) 10.13AIRVENTS 10.14TunnelLining 10.15SYSTEMLOSSES 10.15.3Bendlosses 10.15.5GateandValveLosses 10.15.6ExitLosses 10.16OUTLETENERGYDISSIPATION ImpactBasinhttp://www.dnr.state.oh.us/water/pubs/fs_div/fctsht51.htm BaffledChute PlungePool DRE-08Ch-8Damsafety&instrumentation16-2-09 8.1GENERAL

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DAM INTRODUCTION

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8.6.2ReasonsforInstrumentation 8.9FREQUENCYOFMONITORING

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