Review questions: 1. Dynamic, refresh cycles 2. Data Transfer 3. Compact disc read only (CD-ROM), DVD 4.

DVA-RAM, DVD-RW, DVD+RW 5. Read/write head 6. Magnetic leakage, Magnetic decay 7. Hard disk drive 8. Little, least significant, big, least significant 9. Volatile 10. EEPROM, Flash memory 11. Wait states 12. Offset register 13. Addressable memory 14. Access time 15. Head-to-head switching time, track-tn-track seek time, and rotational delay 16. Secondary 17. Access arm 18. Random or direct, parallel 19. Helical scanning 20. AIT and LTO 21. Absolute addressing, indirect or relative addressing 22. Magneto-optical disk drive 23. Track 24. Sector size 25. DVD-ROM, CD-ROM, and DVD-RAM 26. Serial access, Disk drives 27. Defragmenting 28. Single inline memory modules (SIMMs), double inline memory modules (DIMMs) 29. Recording density 30. Block or Sector 31. Firmware. 32. Quarter Inch Committee (QIC) Review Questions 1. Device size and distance the electrical signal has to travel. 2. Static RAM is 5 to 10 times faster and around 10 times more expensive than Dynamic RAM. Also, Static RAM is composed of transistors. Dynamic RAM is composed of transistors and capacitors. Capacitors require frequent recharging which slows access time.

3. Both activate circuitry required to read the next sequential world immediately after the previous word is read, before a subsequent read request is received. EDO RAM accesses the word and stores it in a buffer that can be accessed quickly. 4. RAM wears out after a certain amount of cycles so if it were used mainly for primary storage then it would have to be replaced frequently. This in turn would be very expensive. 5. Serial access devices read or write data units in sequential order. Random access devices can jump directly between two non-contigous data units. Parallel devices read or write portions of a data item in parallel on separate storage devices/media. 6. Direct addressing is when memory references by software correspond directly with physical memory locations. Relative addressing means that memory references by software are offsets into a predefined segment of memory. 7. Indirect addressing brings flexibility in the placement of programs within memory. Multiple programs can be executed simultaneously and programs can be moved within memory during execution. The cost is more complexity but possible reduction in execution speed. 8. For writing, current is routed through a read/write head, which generates a magnetic charge at its tip. A bit area of magnetic recording surface is placed in close proximity to the read/write head and a charge is induced in the surface material. The direction of the current flow through the read/write head determines the polarity of the stored charge. For, reading, a bit area of the recording surface is placed in close proximity to the read/write head. The stored charge induced current to flow through the read write/head. A switch connected to the read/write head detects the direction of current flow to interpret it as a bit value. 9. Disk average access time is a combination of rotational delay, track-to rack seek time (head movement), and head-to-head switching time. Track-to-track seek time is reduced if recording density is increased since the tracks are packed closer together. 10. Magnetic decay and magnetic leakage effect tapes. Magnetic leakage is compounded by winding the tape on reel. Loss of chargeable material can occur due to friction between the read/write head and the tape. The tensions required to wind and rewind the tape leads to stretching of the medium, which can weaken it and/or its chargeable coating. Stretching also alters the size of bit areas thus distorting their data content. Magnetic disks are subject to data loss due to magnetic leakage and decay but not friction and stretching. 11. The advantage that comes from helical scanning can pack more data into the same tape area than linear recording. A disadvantage is that it has slow tape motor speeds which are subject to wear due to friction as the tape passes over the read/write head. 12. A laser can be tightly focused to a narrow beam. Magnetic charge cannot be easily focused and an attempt to charge a very small area overwrites surrounding areas. Optical

bit size is limited by the wavelength of the read laser and the amount of reflected light required to activate the read mechanism. 13. A magneto-optical disk is written by heating a bit area with a laser and applying a magnetic charge when the bit area reaches a sufficient temperature. Reading is achieved by bouncing a laser beam off a bit area and interpreting the polarity shift of the reflected light as a bit value. The storage density of magneto-optical disks is comparable to purely optical disks. Write time is slower due to the need for multiple passes of the surface under the write laser to heat bit area to sufficient temperature.