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Conjugated points in afocal systems

F O1 , R Di Capua2,3 and F Fontana4


1

CNISM and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit` Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale a 84, I-00146 Rome, Italy 2 Dipartimento S.pe.S., Universit` degli Studi del Molise, Via De Sanctis, I-86100 a Campobasso, Italy 3 CNR-SPIN, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy 4 Facolt` di Scienze MM.FF.NN., Universit` degli Studi del Molise, Contrada Fonte a a Lappone, I-86090 Pesche (IS), Italy E-mail: fontana@fis.uniroma3.it, fontana@unimol.it Abstract.

Submitted to: Eur. J. Phys.

Conjugated points in afocal systems 1. Introduction

The primary property of a lens is its focal distance, measured in length units, or its reciprocal, the optical power, measured in diopters, and in a didactic laboratory several classic experiences are used to determine these quantities [1]. The degree of complexity of the experiences typically increases when two or more lenses are coupled together at a certain distance. The focal length f of such a lens system, in the simplest case of two thin lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 , respectively, is determined trough the so called Gullstrands equation [2] f1 f2 (1) f= f1 + f2 t being t the lens distance. In terms of optic power this relation reads P = P 1 + P2 P 1 P2 t (2)

where P1 and P2 are the optic powers of the two lenses and P is the total, or equivalent, optic power. The distances are measured from the principal planes and the Gullstrands equation can actually be applied also to thick lenses. A particular case of Equation (2) is encountered when the optical powers of the two lenses and the lens distance are such that P = 0, which means that the focal length f is innite. Such a system, without focal length, is referred to as afocal lens system, and presents several aspects that are very interesting and instructive from a didactic point of view [3]. In fact afocal lens systems oer unique focal and magnication properties and give the possibility to investigate the relation between objects and images spaces for what concern the problem of conjugated points. Moreover, it is worth point out that afocal systems have nice examples of applications, for example as telescopes, periscopes, and relay trains, to name just a few. An afocal lens system can be made up of two focusing lenses, acting as objective and eyepiece, respectively. The system is constructed such that the rear focal point of the objective coincides with the front focal point of the eyepiece. If both lenses are positive the system is referred to as Keplerian, from Johannes Kepler who rst described such a system in its Dioptrice in 1611 [4]. Afocal lens systems containing a negative eyepiece would be called Galilean. Topic of the present article will be the simplest model for an afocal Keplerian lens system, namely one consisting of two thin lenses. In particular, we want here to show a simple and rather inexpensive experimental setup, to be proposed as exercise to students at the University level, in which afocal systems are investigated in term of focusing and magnication properties. The theoretical relation between distances in images and objects spaces is nicely reproduced by the experiment, elucidating the unexpected role of conjugated points even for afocal systems, characterized by a null vergence. 2. Theoretical background In the Gaussian approximation of the geometrical optics refraction and reection from surfaces of revolution can be thought as the result of a projective relation between the

Conjugated points in afocal systems

Figure 1. Relation between object and image with a single refractive surface.

objects and images spaces. From a mathematical point of view subsequent applications of projective relations is equivalent to a single transformation, thus the construction of images in an centered optic system can be obtained by using such a transformation. In other terms whatever is the numbers of diopters of a generic centered optic system, the result of crossing the dierent elements can be discussed through the subsequent application of simple equations [5]. If we consider to have a single refractive surface, the relation between the geometrical properties of the diopter and the position of object and images can be directly obtained from the sketch of Figure 1. In particular, the following relations can be written y u= (3) s u = y s (4)

since tan u u and tan u u in paraxial approximation. It can be demonstrated [5] that the following relation holds nyu = n y u (5)

where n and n are the refractive indexes of the rst (left) and the second (right) medium in Figure 1. nyU is thus a xed quantity and covers the role of optic invariant. The important aspect of Equation (5) is that such relation is indeed an invariant, that is when one has to do with a complex system, that is several refractive and reective co-axial surfaces, it is enough to take into account what happen to the rst and the last surfaces. In other words, the member at the right hand side of the equation, here introduced with reference to the second medium of Figure 1, may be equivalently referred to the last medium of a whatever complex optic system. A simple and at rst glance surprising application of Equation (5) is in the case of afocal systems. Since the system is afocal one would not expect to be able to determine

Conjugated points in afocal systems

Figure 2. A simple Keplerian afocal system.

a relation between objects and images spaces, because the vergence is null and the focal distance is innite. However, as we verify in this work, Equation (5) still holds in case of afocal systems. Equation (5) can be written as [6] ny u = u (6) ny that, substituted in Equation (4), gives s = ny2 nyu (7)

and using Equation (3) becomes ny2 s ny 2 Recalling the denition of linear magnication s = m= we nally obtain s = m2 s (10) y y (8)

(9)

since we will consider a situation where the refractive index of the rst and the last medium are the same. Thus Equation (10) becomes a relation where a distance in the images space (s ) is expressed in terms of the conjugated distance in the object space (s). A simple Keplerian afocal system is sketched, not to scale, in Figure 2. It consist

Conjugated points in afocal systems

of two lenses of focal distances f1 and f2 , respectively, at a distance t such to satisfy P = 0 is Equation (2) that corresponds to t = f1 + f2 . The properties of the systems are summarized by the ray coming from innite distance parallel to the the optical axis: it is refracted to the focal point of the rst lens, which actually coincides with the focal point of the second lens and is thus refracted from the second lens to innite. An interesting properties of afocal system is easily deduced from Figure 2. The linear magnication can be actually written in terms of the ratio between the focal distances of the two lenses f2 y = (11) m= y f1 In other terms m is the ratio between the optic power of the objective over the optic power of the eyepiece. Note that the linear magnication is thus invariant with object distance. It has to be noted that the distance s and s appearing in Equation (10) are typically computed from the principal planes of the optic system. In an afocal system reference points in the objects and the images spaces are conjugate points and can be chosen for convenience such to lye at the focal distances of the rst and the second lens of Figure 2. It follows that distance s is computed from the object to the focal point of the objectives and distance s is computed from the image to the focal point of the eyepiece. 3. Experimental setup The experiment was conducted with a basic commercial optical bench [7]. The light from a Philips Focusline 7724 lamp (Gy 6.35 tting, 100 W emission power and 3100 K emission temperature) was positioned at 5 cm from a 5 cm focal distance lens, such to have a plane wave at the exit, as veried by projecting the light along a black paper and checking that parallel rays were visible. A diaphragm with an arrow play the role of object. The experiment was conducted on dierent examples of Keplerian afocal systems by using lenses of focal distances between 5 cm and 30 cm at appropriate distances t such to obtain an null optic power according to Equation (2). Object (s) and image (s ) distances were measured by xing s and searching for a a sharp image by moving the holder of the object with its clamp rider. Image height was also measured in order to verify the invariance of linear magnication. 4. Results and Discussion Figure 3 shows the results of measurements taken with an objective with focal lens 50 mm and and eyepiece with focal lens 10 mm at a distance t = 150 mm ensuring that the system is afocal. Errors supplied with the experimental points are statistical errors (ordinate axis) and experimental errors (abscissa axis) from the instrument used to measure the distances. Superimposed to the experimental points is a linear t where

Conjugated points in afocal systems

6 0 4 0 2 0 0 -2 0

s (m m )

slope 3.8 0.1 Intercept (3 2) mm

-4 0 -6 0 -8 0 -1 0 0 -1 2 0 -3 0 -2 0

s (mm)

-1 0

1 0

Figure 3. Measurements taken with an objective with focal distance 50 mm and and eyepiece with focal distance 100 mm at a distance t = 150 mm.

the slope is indeed close to the value of 4, square of the linear magnication of the chosen system, and the intercept is indeed zero. 5. Conclusions Acknowledgments References
[1] Johnson B K 1960 Optics and optical instruments (New York: Dover Publications Inc.). [2] Emsley H H 1977 Visual Optics (London: Butterworths). [3] Wetherell W B 2010 Afocal Systems Geometrical and Physical Optics, Polarized Light, Components and Instruments (Handbook of Optics vol I) ed M Bass and V M Mahajan (New York: McGrawHill) [4] Ronchi V 1970 The Nature of Light: An Historical Survey (Cambridge: Harvard University Press). [5] Born M and Wolf E 2005 Principles of Optics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). [6] Mahajan V 1988 Optical Imaging and Aberrations vol I(Bellingham: SPIE). [7] LD Didactic GmbH.

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