3D-Modelling of an Aperture Illuminated

by a HF Electromagnetic Source
For EMC Application

Mohamed Djennah*, Zakia Abidi**and Franoise Rioux-Damidau**
* Laboratory Signal and Image Polytechnic School of Algiers - Algeria
**IR4M, University Paris XI, UMR CNRS 8081, Bat 220, 91405 Orsay France
zakia.abidi@u-psud.com


Abstract : In this paper, we present a numerical
method for determining the penetration of
electromagnetic fields through a small aperture in a
metal enclosure having inside it a conducting
component. To solve the problem of coupling between
the radiated electromagnetic field and the metallic
enclosure, we develop a variational formulation in the
interior region and an integral formulation in the
exterior region by using the equivalent electric
current on the exterior surface of the enclosure. The
numerical results obtained with this method show the
influence of the characteristic parameters (,c,) and
of the thickness of enclosure on the penetration of
electromagnetic field inside the enclosure.

I. INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, more and more of electronics is
embarked on board of terrestrial or air vehicles with
electronic components functioning at frequencies
higher and higher. The multiplication of the
feasibility of electromagnetic sources and of their
increasing power thus generates new types of bad
function of the electrical appliance and problems of
incompatibility inter-equipment, which can go until
their destruction. Electromagnetic compatibility,
according to its "fundamental principles", is thus
analyzed in terms of emission (to not disturb the
environment) and of immunity (to not be
disturbed). The two aspects occur at the same time
in conduction (currents and parasite tensions) and
in radiation (electric and/or magnetic fields).
Consequently, in the scenario of an EMC problem,
one will find three actors: a source of disturbance
(for example the equipment itself in the case of a
problem of emission, or its environment in the case
of immunity), a connection (for example by
conduction, radiation, cross talk) and a victim of
the coupled disturbances (for example the
equipment itself in the case of problem of
immunity).
In our study we are interested in the
radiated electromagnetic field. On figure 1 we
present a configuration of a problem model related
to the EMC, The metal enclosure with a small
rectangular opening lit by the electromagnetic
radiation of a source located in the exterior region,
considered as harmonic in time.














Fig.1.Physical model


This problem was the subject of some
works by using various numerical models [1][2][3]
[4]. In our study, we first apply the finite element
method inside and on enclosure and next we
express the external field by an integral
representation. This one is a function of the
equivalent electrical currents K carried by the
external surface of the enclosure. These surface
currents represent the jump of the tangential
component of the magnetic field:


K h n =
I
] [
(1)
We realize the coupling of the two regions
by computing an integral-differential operator R
binding the traces of tangential component of the
electric field and that of its rotational [5]:

) ( ) ( e curl n e n R = (2)
This term represents the border term in the
variational formulation of the problem. We
compute the operator R by using K as an
intermediate unknown factor between the interior
problem and the exterior problem.

II. FORMULATION

The physical system is defined by the following
equations:


Radiant Source
Aperture
Conducting wire

EHE2011 - 4th International Conference on Electromagnetic Fields, Health and Environment, Coimbra-Portugal, 26th-28th May 2011 EHE2011 - abid

- in the enclosure without the conducting wire :
0 ) (
0
= + e curl h i e (3)
0 ) (
0
= + h curl e i c e (4)
- in conducting wire:
0 ) ( = + e curl h
c
i e (5)
0 ) ( ) ( = + + h curl e i
c
c e o (6)
- in the exterior region without source:
0 ) (
0
= + e curl h i e (7)
0 ) (
0
= + h curl e i c e (8)
and moreover we take in all system:
0 = h div ; 0 = e divc (9)
With these equations, we take into account
the conditions at infinite:
) / 1 ( 0 r e = (10)
) / 1 ( 0 r h = (11)
We take ) , , ( o c as constant scalar
functions in each different region, where h and e are
respectively the magnetic and electric fields
intensities, is the electric conductivity, c is the
electric permittivity and is the magnetic
permeability.

III. VARIATIONAL PROBLEM

With the object of evaluating the
electromagnetic field inside the enclosure and in
particular of calculating the induced voltage in the
conducting wire, we formulate our problem in
electric field:

0 ) ( ) (
1
= + + e i i e curl curl ec o e

(12)
Multiplying equation (13) by a test function e and
integrating it on the volume of the domain occupied
by the enclosure p, we have:

} }
O I
I + O d e e curl n d e curl e curl ' )) ( ( ) ' ( ) (

}
O
= O + + 0 ' ) ( d e e i i o c e e
(13)
where I is the border of O and n is the unit outward
normal to I.

The total electric field e is composed theoretically
of two parts, one of reaction e
r
and the other of
source e
s
:

r s
e e e + = (14)

With this decomposition, we can write (13) as an
integral equation where e
r
is the unknown in the
first term and where second member is function of
e
s
.


In another way, the conducting wire intervenes as
an integral term in the problem formulation. We
suppose that the ray of the wire is very small
compared with the dimensions of the enclosure and
as the length is small we can take it as one or two
edges as a sequence of mesh edges. We can write
the wire term in the variational formulation as :

} }
I

c
c
= I V =
S
Wire
S d e h n
t
e d e n T ' ) ( ' ) ( (15)
n h n e n = ) ( (16)
where S is the surface enclosing the wire and is
the surface impedance of the wire.

Equation (14) becomes:


}

c
c
=
w
l k j i
w
Wire
l d e e
Z t
T
'
1
(17)
with

o
e
t 2 2
1

+
=
a
j
Z
w
(18)
where a is the wire radius, and Z is the wire
impedance per unit length in ( O /m )

IV. CALCULATION THE BORDER TERM

The integral term on I in the integral
equation (15) is called border term. At this stage, it
should be noted on the first hand that we cannot
solve the problem without identifying the jump of
the tangential component of the magnetic field on
I. On the other hand, the solution of the interior
problem could not be the solution of the problem
set in the open space R
3
. Only the border term
enables us to take account of the behavior of the
field in the exterior region. To treat the border
term, we first of all will formulate the external
problem and will express its solution according to
the traces of the field on the border I. The system
of equations (7)-(10) governs the behavior of the
magnetic field in the exterior region. We indicate
by e
0
the trace of the tangential component of
electric field on I. the solution of exterior problem
can be written in the following integral form:
where K represents the jump of the tangential
component of the magnetic field:

| | K h n = . (20)
The equivalent surface current K, introduced on I,
is fictitious. It is also an intermediate unknown
used to couple the exterior and the interior
problems. To keep the electric field e like only
) 19 ( ) , ( ) ( ) (
0
}
I
= dy y x G y K x e
EHE2011 - 4th International Conference on Electromagnetic Fields, Health and Environment, Coimbra-Portugal, 26th-28th May 2011 EHE2011 - abid
unknown actor on I, we will have to express K
according to e:

| | ) (e R h n = . . (21)
Our aim now is to calculate R. This computation is
based on a variational formulation:
(21)
V. NUMERICAL IMPLEMENTATION

In order to numerically solve the problem, the
volume of study is cut in tetrahedral elements and
the electric field vector E is described in terms of
basic functions W
ij
associated to the edges of these
elements.

=
=
N
i
i ij
e W e
1
(22)

a b b a ij
W V V = (23)

where N is the total number of edges of the mesh,
W
ij
is the vector basis function associated with edge
( ij ) and e
ij
is the problem unknown which
represents the circulation of the electric field along
the edge (ij).
i
is the barycentric coordinate of
tetrahedra associated with the node i.

We have developed the currents K on the basic
function:

i i
grad x n x e = ) ( ) ( (24)

and we have:

=
i
i i
x P x K ) ( ) ( e (25)
where:
i : described the vertex of I.
P
i
: the value of K in vertex i.

i
: the barycentric coordinate.
n(x): normal vector on I.

Our variational formulation can be rewriten like the
following linear forms:


V V GR
S e M = (26)

C C GC
S e M = (27)
where:
2 1
M j R M M
V G
+ + = o e
R M M
GC
+ =
1

R : is a full matrix with dimension (nbat nbat); it
represents the edge term of the approached
variational problem.
M
1
and M
2
. are two matrices; their dimensions are
(nbat nbat); an element of these matrices is zero
only if (ij) and (kl) do not belong to the same
tetrahedron.

VI. NUMERICAL RESULTS :

A. Representation of a grid mesh

Fig.2. Tetrahedral grid of the enclosure











B. Representation of the fields:

Fig.3. Magnetic field h, f = 1 MHz








Fig.4. Electric field e f = 1 MHz






Number of internal nodes 489
Number of frontier nodes 302
Number of internal edges 3190
Number of frontier edges 900
Number of faces 600
Number of tetrahedral 3000
}
I
= = dy y x G y K n x e n e ) , ( ) ( ) (
0 0

}
I
V = V dy y x G y K x e ) , ( ) ( ) (
0

}}
I I

'
= ' = ' dy dx
y x
x K y K
K e K e
r
e
) ( ) (
4
1
, ,
0
t
EHE2011 - 4th International Conference on Electromagnetic Fields, Health and Environment, Coimbra-Portugal, 26th-28th May 2011 EHE2011 - abid
C. ISO-VALUE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
ACCORDING TO PLAN (YOZ) (REAL PART):












Fig.5. f =1

GHz, DD=0.7, RHO=1.667210
-8

Js = 100, R=0.2 , VN1= -1, VN2= 0, VN3=0

The real part of the electric field according to plan
(YOZ) X=0.1










Fig.6. f =1

GHz, DD=0.7, RHO=1.667210
-8

Js = 100, R=0.2 , VN1= -1, VN2= 0, VN3=0

Fig.7. Representation of total magnetic field
in f =50 MHz

Fig.19. Variation of induced voltage in conducting wire
according to distance DD between source and aperture

CONCLUSION
In this article we have some numerical
results to evaluate the penetration of the
electromagnetic field in a metal enclosure. We
considered a radiant electromagnetic source in front
of an aperture of the enclosure at a limited distance
DD. We realize a coupling between the boundary
integral method outside and the finite element
method inside the enclosure to solve our problem.
The numerical results show the contribution of each
parameter of the problem in the evaluation of the
electromagnetic energy penetrating in the
enclosure, On the one hand, according to the
electromagnetic parameters: (electric conductivity
and permittivity (o,c) and magnetic permeability
() of the enclosure) and in addition, according to
the density of the current source, the geometrical
position and the frequency of the radiant source.
The numerical results show the variation in the
values and the form of electromagnetic energy in
each point inside the enclosure while varying at
each time only one parameter. Considering the
number of parameters we cannot expose all the
results in this paper.

REFERENCES

[1] W.P.Carpes, L. Pichon, Razek Analysis of the
Coupling of an Incident Wave with a Wire inside a
Cavity using an FEM in Frequency and Times
Domains IEEE Transaction on Electromagnetic
Compatibility.Vol 44, N
o
3 August 2002.

[2] F.Paladian, P.Bonnet, M.Klingler A frequency-
domain prediction model using measured scattering
parameters of electrically short lines to determine
the per unit length parameters matrices of
multiconductor transmission lines 14
th

International Zurich Symposium & Technical
Exhibition on Electromagnetic Compatibility,
Zrich (Suisse), February 2001, Actes du Colloque,
pp.293-298.

[3] D. Lecointe, W. Tabbara, J. Lasserre Aperture
Coupling of Electromagnetic Energy to a Wire
inside a Rectangular Metallic Cavity IEEE AP-S
Antennas Propagation Soc. Int. Symp, Vol. 3,
pp.1571-1574, 1992.

[4] T. Yang, J. L. Volakis Coupling to Wires in
Cavity Enclosure Using Iterative Algorithm
Radiation Laboratory, EECS, Dept. The University
of Michigan, ElectroScience Labo. The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH43212, 2004.

[5] M. Djennah, F. Rioux-Damidau, B. Bandelier
Computation of electric charges and eddy currents
with an e formulation Journal IEEE Transaction
Magnetic 1997, Vol 32, pp 1322-25

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EHE2011 - 4th International Conference on Electromagnetic Fields, Health and Environment, Coimbra-Portugal, 26th-28th May 2011 EHE2011 - abid