CO2 matris | Carburants diversifis | Vhicules conomes | Raffinage propre | Rserves prolonges

Modeling at different length scales of the wormholing phenomenon

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PhD Student : Charles Edouard COHEN IMFT : Michel QUINTARD IFP : Didier DING
Modlisation et simulation de la stimulation acide des puits carbonats Charles Edouard COHEN - 03/12/2007

Outline

Introduction Non-equilibrium core-scale model Dual-porosity modeling at the section-scale Conclusion

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Introduction
Application of wormholing : matrix acidizing

Stimulation of a well when it is damaged after the drilling or a long period of production

Formation damage

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Introduction
Application of wormholing : matrix acidizing

Stimulation of a well when it is damaged after the drilling or a long period of production Injection of acid in the well to dissolve the formation and create wormholes (instabilities) that go beyond the damaged zone and reconnect the well to the reservoir Dissolution instabilities wormholes

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wormholes

Introduction
Dissolution Length-scales
Pore-scale (m)
phase phase

Core-scale (mm-cm)

Section-scale (cm-m)

Reservoir-scale (m-Km)

phase : water + acid (HCl) phase : rock Porous medium

Wormhole

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Introduction
Example of experimental studies

Different systems :

Water-plaster (Daccord, 1987) Water-salt (Golfier et al., 2001) HCl-dolomite (Schechter et al., 1969, Daccord et al., 1993, ) Emulsion-dolomite (Hoefner et al., 1988, Bazin et al., 1999)

Different Methods of visualisation :

Melting metal (Hoefner et al., 1988) Melting metal + radiography (Fredd et al., 1997) Scanner (Bazin et al., 1999) NMR (Ziauddin et al., 2007) Injection of mercury (Ziauddin et al., 2007)
CT scanner (Ziauddin et al., 2007)

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Introduction
Dissolution Patterns
compact conical dominant ramified uniform dissolution wormholes wormhole wormhole dissolution

V0l Pe = D
with

l Da = V0

V0 = injection velocity D = diffusion coefficient

= dissolution coefficient
l = characteristic length injection velocity number of Pclet Pe
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(Fredd & Miller, 2000)

Number of Damkhler Da

Introduction
Modeling of wormholing

Several models :

Small scale :

Pore network (Fredd et al., 1998, Daccord, 1989) Stochastic model (DLA) (Daccord, 1987, Pichler, 1992) Capillary tube (Hung et al., 1987, Huang et al, 1999, ) Local non-equilibrium model (Golfier et al., 2001, Panga et al., 2004, ) Equations of transport (Chen et al., 1997, Fan et al., 1997) Wormhole density model + capillary tube (Huang et al., 1999, Gdanski, 1999) Fractal dimension (Daccord et al., 1989, Frick et al., 1994, ) Pe-Da diagram (Gong et al., 1999) Correlations: volume for breakthrough (Buisje et al., 2005, Tardy et al., 2007) Dual porosity model (Golfier et al., 2004)

Large scale :

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Wormholing at the core-scale

Local non-equilibrium core-scale model
Model of Golfier et al. (2001) Acid transport equation

C A t

+ V . C A .( D * C A ) = C A
Dissolution compacte V0 = 9.2710-8 m/s Wormholes coniques V0 = 4.6410-6 m/s

Darcy equation

r p g + K 1.V = 0
Fluid mass balance

.V = 0
Solid mass balance

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C A
Wormholes dominants V0 = 9.2710-5 m/s Wormholes ramifis V0 = 9.2710-3 m/s

Introduction
Dissolution Patterns

10 number of Damkhler Da
-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

10-4 10-3 compact dissolution conical wormhole 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103

uniform dissolution ramified wormhole

dominant wormhole

number of Pclet Pe
(Golfier et al., 2001)

Transitions between compact dissolution, conical and dominant wormholes regimes depend on the Pclet number Transitions between dominant wormholes regime, ramified wormholes and uniform dissolution depend on the Damkhler number

10

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Introduction
Dissolution Patterns
10 Damkhler number, Da
-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

10-4 10-3 compact dissolution conical wormhole 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103

uniform dissolution ramified wormhole

local non-equilibrium (thick front)

dominant wormhole

local equilibrium (thin front)

Pclet number, Pe
(Golfier et al., 2001)

milieu poreux

11

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wormholes

Wormholing at the core-scale

Effect of confinement

10
Length of the dominant wormhole (m) 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 10000 20000 30000 time (s) 40000 50000
height = 40 cm height = 10 cm height = 5 cm

height = 40 cm height = 20 cm height = 10 cm height = 5 cm slope 1/3 10 -7 10 -6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3

10 -2

Injection velocity V0 (m/s)

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Dominant wormhole growth rate increases with domain height Optimum injection velocity increases with height decreasing

Vbt/Vp 1

Wormholing at the core-scale

3D Simulation of linear injection

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V0 = 3.5510-7 m/s

V0 = 1.7710-5 m/s

V0 = 1.7710-3 m/s

V0 = 1.7710-2 m/s

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Wormholing at the core-scale

3D simulation of radial injection

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V0 = 4.9610-7 m/s

V0 = 1.6510-6 m/s

V0 = 1.6510-4 m/s

V0 = 1.6510-2 m/s

Wormholing at the core-scale

Comparison between 2D, 3D, linear and radial injection
3D Radial 35 3D Linear 2D Radial 30 2D Linear 25 20 15 10 5 10-7
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Vbt/Vp

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

Volume for breakthrough is higher in 2D than in 3D Compact dissolution occurs at the same injection velocity Transitions to other dissolution regimes occur at higher injection velocities in radial geometry than in linear geometry

10-1

injection velocity (m/s)

15

Section-Scale Modeling

Development of a dissolution section-scale model with a dual porosity approach Matching of the model parameters with core-scale reference data Simulation of a matrix acidizing treatment Optimization method of the treatment design

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Section-Scale Modeling
Modeling of reactive transport in porous media : the dual porosity approach

Solute transport in a mobile-immobile system

Ahmadi et al. (1998) Gerke et Van Genuchten (1993) Golfier (2001)

Solute transport in a mobile-mobile system

Wormholing at the section-scale

Based on an assumption of local equilibrium dissolution at the section-scale

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(Golfier, 2001)

17

Section-Scale Modeling
New Dual porosity approach
1

VH
porosity

VM

Transfer term

VM

Vtotal = VM + VH

18
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VH
x (m)

Volume VH contains only dominant growing wormholes Volume VM contains wormholes of short growth and face dissolution

Section-Scale Modeling
Volume averaging of core-scale equations
Core-scale model
Acid transport equation

Section-scale model
H
mediaVH
* H * H * CH * * * * * + . H VH f H *CH M PM PH = g H t

C A t

+ V . C A .( D * C A ) = C A

Darcy-Brinkman equation

K* * V = H . PH * * H H = gH t
* . H VH

r p g + K 1.V V = 0
Fluid mass balance media VM

(P

* M

* PH = 0

* M

* CM * * * * * + . M VM f M + *C H M PM PH = g M t

.V = 0
Solid mass balance

* VM =

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C A

K* * M . PM * M * = gM t

* . M VM +

(P

* M

* PH = 0

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Section-Scale Modeling
Permeability-porosity relation (~heuristic)
* CH * * * * * H + . ( H VH f H ) *CH M ( PM PH ) = g H t K* * * VH = H . PH * H * H = gH t * H

media VH

Wormhole growth direction

K wh

* 0 = K0 + ( K f K0 ) 1 0
Transverse direction

. HV
* M

* H

) (P
*

* M

* H

)=0

* CM * * * * * M + . ( M VM f M ) + *CH M ( PM PH ) = g M t K* * * VM = M . PM * M * M = gM t
* . M VM +

Kt =

( 1 A) K

K 0 .K f
f

+ AK 0 )

avec

media VM

* 0 Kt = 1 0
K0 = initial permeability Kf = dissolved media permeability

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(P

* M

* PH = 0

Section-Scale Modeling
Transfer term
* CH * * * * * H + . ( H VH f H ) *CH M ( PM PH ) = g H t K* * * VH = H . PH 1 * H * Vsec tion H = gH t * H
* . H VH

media VH

AH M

V .n M ds

* * 4 K t _ eq ( PM PH )

y2

* * PM PH = 0

avec

K t _ eq =

K t _ H .K t _ M

M Kt _ H + H Kt _ H

* CM * * * * * M + . ( M VM f M ) + *CH M ( PM PH ) = g M t K* * * VM = M . PM * M * M = gM t * M
* . M VM +

miedia VM

4 K t _ eq

y2

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(P

* M

* PH = 0

Section-Scale Modeling
Modeling of dispersion : fraction flow
* CH * * * * * H + . ( H VH f H ) *CH M ( PM PH ) = g H t K* * * VH = H . PH * H * H = gH t * H
* . H VH

media VH

Fractional flow (Koval)

( )=
* CH

(P

* M

* PH = 0

* * CH CH + (1 )/ HH C0 C0 * CM

* CH

* * CM * * * * * M M + . ( M VM f M ) + *CH M ( PM PH ) = g M t K* * * VM = M . PM * M * M = gM t
* . M VM +

* CM

)=

media VM

* * CM CM + (1 )/ HM C0 C0

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(P

* M

* PH = 0

Section-Scale Modeling
Dissolution term
* CH * * * * * H + . ( H VH f H ) *CH M ( PM PH ) = g H t K* * * VH = H . PH * H * H = gH t * H
* . H VH

media VH

Linearised model
* g L,H = H * g L,M = M L,H * CH * CM

L,M

(P

* M

* PH = 0

* CM * * * * * M + . ( M VM f M ) + *CH M ( PM PH ) = g M t K* * * VM = M . PM * M * M = gM t * M
* . M VM +

Acid Flux Balance (AFB) model

* g BFA, H = * g BFA, M = BFA, H * . ( H VH f H ) * . ( M VM f M )

media VM

BFA, M

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(P

* M

* PH = 0

Section-Scale Modeling
Injection velocity reference (core-scale) Section-scale AFB model
porosity porosity

Section-scale Linearised model

4.6410-6 m/s

porosity

x (m)

x (m)

x (m)

porosity

porosity

9.2710-5 m/s

x (m)

x (m)

porosity

x (m)

9.2710-3 m/s

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porosity

porosity

x (m)

x (m)

porosity

x (m)

24

Section-Scale Modeling
Injection velocity reference (core-scale)
pressure (Pa)

Pressure drop in the core

Core-scale reference Section-scale Linearised model Section-scale AFB model

4.6410-6 m/s

porosity

x (m)

time (s)

9.2710-5 m/s

x (m)

pressure (Pa)

porosity

time (s)

9.2710-3 m/s

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x (m)

pressure (Pa)

porosity

time (s)

25

Section-Scale Simulation
Simulation of matrix acidizing

PUNQ reservoir
Layer n5 19.53 mD 0 = 0.1857 Layer n4 15.53 mD 0 = 0.1691 Layer n3 154 mD 0 = 0.345 Layer n2 13.38 mD 0 = 0.1544 Layer n1 17.53 mD 0 = 0.1666
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K (m)

90 m

K (m)

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Section-Scale Simulation
Simulation of matrix acidizing treatment

Rservoir PUNQ
Layer n5 19.53 mD 0 = 0.1857 Layer n4 15.53 mD 0 = 0.1691 Layer n3 154 mD 0 = 0.345 Layer n2 13.38 mD 0 = 0.1544 Layer n1 17.53 mD 0 = 0.1666
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K (m)

90 m

z (m)

Matrix acidizing

volume of modified porosity

porosity variation

K (m)

r (m)

2D simulation

3D simulation

27

Section-Scale Simulation
Simulation of matrix acidizing
Initial formation Sglobal Slayer,1 Slayer,2 Slayer,3 Slayer,4 Slayer,5
5 4 3 2 1 0 0 -1 -2 -3

2D simulation of treatment -2.1 -1.37 -1.2 -2.26 -1.12 -1.33

3D simulation of treatment -2.21 -1.36 -1.17 -2.36 -1.09 -1.31

4.14 4.29 4.30 4.05 4.42 4.41

Calculation of the skin factor S:

Q= 2 kh P B ln re + S rw

100

200

300

400

500

Dissolution is controlled by heterogeneities at the largest scale Most of the skin decrease occurs at the beginning of the stimulation

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Sglobal

time (s)

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Section-Scale Simulation
Stimulation Optimization
cumulated oil produced

optimisation software

zmax

injection flowrate injection flowrate

fluid placement fluid placement

reservoir simulator
skin

stimulation simulator

zmin

Optimization of the injection flow rate Q and fluid placement (zmin, zmax) The optimization process includes :

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29

Matrix acidizing simulator Reservoir simulator Optimisation software

Section-Scale Simulation
Results of the optimization procedure
8 cumulated oil produced at surface condition (106 m3) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1000 2000 days 3000 4000 5000 damaged well without treatment damaged well after optimized treatment
production increase (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Q = 10-4 m3/s Q = 1.9510-3 m3/s zmin = 4.5310-4 m zmax = 90 m

optimized layer 1

layer 2

layer 3

layer 4

layer 5

entire well

30
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Optimized treatment gives a 53.3 % increase of the production Optimization indicates that the entire well must be treated

Conclusion

Confinement effects are important on wormholing dynamics Differences between radial and linear geometries, 2D and 3D Development of a section scale model to simulate full acid treatment, based on a dual-porosity approach Development of a treatment optimization process

31

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Section-scale simulation
Permeability-porosity relation in the wormhole growth direction
K wh * 0 = K0 + ( K f K0 ) 1 0

avec

K0 = initial permeability Kf = permeability of the disolved media

Core-scale simulation or experimental core acidizing

5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1000

Wellbo re-scale permeability-po ro sity relatio n Co re-scale reference

Reference porosity at wellbore-scale Kwh(*) relation Kwh permeability at the wellbore-scale Solving the pressure field Pressure gradient through the core Exact pressure gradient

Pressure (Pa)

Modification of the parameter

Time (s)

2000

3000

Pressure drop in the core versus time.

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Error on the pressure field

33

Section-scale simulation
Acid Flux Balance model (BFA)
g * ,H = BFA g
* BFA, M * H BFA, H . H VH f BFA, M M

( .(

) )

avec

BFA, H

V f

* M

BFA , M

* * VH H + VM M * n1 = ( H ) * VH n2 * * n1 VH H + VM M * = ( M ) * VM

n2

I terme convectif I 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 I terme de dissolution I
V0,1, C0 V0,2, C0 V0,3, C0
1.2 1.2

kg.m-3.s-1

0, roche,

BFA =

1 Nac 1+ ( 1 0 )

11
0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6

200

400

600

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 time (s)

0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2

AFB

BFA - simulation - simulation

AFB

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00

AFB BFA
750 750 950 950 1150 1150 time (s) temps (s)

thorie
1350 1350

AFB - theory

1550 1550

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Section-scale simulation
Transfer term
1
M y/2 y/2 H y/2 x
* * 4 K t _ eq ( PM PH )

Vsec tion

AH M

V .n M ds

y2

avec

K t _ eq =

K t _ H .K t _ M

M Kt _ H + H Kt _ H

VM

VH
Priodicit spatiale

4 K t _ eq

y2

milieu poreux

( = 0, K0)

Kt _ H =
K t ()

( 1 A

K 0 .K f

) K f + AH K 0 ) K 0 .K f ) K f + AM K 0 )

avec

* H 0 AH = 1 0 * M 0 AM = 1 0

wormhole
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( = 1, Kf)

Kt _ M =

(1 A

avec

35

Section-scale simulation
Parameter of the model AFB
0.49 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.35 10-8 10-6 10-4 vitesse (m/s) 10-2 1

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 10-8 10-6 10-4 vitesse (m/s) 10-2 1

HM HH

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10-8

10-6

10-4 vitesse (m/s)

10-2

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

0.25 n1 n2 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 m m

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4 10-3 vitesse (m/s)

10-2

10-1

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Section-scale simulation
Parameter of the linearised model
10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 1 10 10
-1

0.6 0.5 0.4

10-3 10
-5

s-1

0.3 0.2 0.1 0 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 vitesse (m/s) 3 y

10-7 10-9 vitesse (m/s)

0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 vitesse (m/s) 0 m m

HM HH

1 10-8 10-6 10-4 vitesse (m/s)

37

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