Are the following a branch of civil Engineering: Yes No

Design of mobile phone cover Design of electric transmission towers Design of traffic signals (eg. time intervals) Design of alloy materials for aircraft wings Design of pitch for MCG Design of water dam for irrigation
Design of piling for building foundations

Design of Longford gas processing plants Design Colonial Stadium in Dockland Design of water drainage in streets
Traffic policy for Melbourne (eg. route for City Link)

 What is Civil Engineering? Is an art of directing the use of natural resources for the benefits of the community at large

Civil Engineering consists of 5 main branches: Structural Engineering Water Engineering Geotechnical Engineering Traffic Engineering Environmental Engineering

Structural Engineering A main branch of Civil Engineering emphasising on the construction of structures, such as: buildings, roads, and other types of load-supporting structures Structural engineers employed to carry out the jobs at different phases of project Involved in both Office/site work

Phases of an engineering project: Client request Detailed requirements for project Conceptual design Detailed design Load calculations Structural analysis Finalising member size Construction drawings

Design presentation to client Construction Supervising engineer Site engineer

Structural analysis and design Mathematical modelling of loads and forces, and reactions Use the model to predict the stresses and the deformation of the structures; check whether the structure will fail or not Very often, computers will be used to perform the computations

Important: A good structural engineer will create an aesthetically pleasing (qualitative ability) structure, which will not fail (quantitative ability) in the most economical way (management ability).

Concept of load paths A load path is a route along which the applied loads are transferred to the support.

C W R 1 R 2

Consider your current situation : Load path is Body Walls Seat Legs Floor Footings Earth (Rock)

Civil engineers main responsibility is to ensure that no failure occurs along this path.

The process of load transfer involves structural actions: Process Structural Action Seat Legs Floor Walls compression bending compression bending Shear Torque Deformation Shortening Curving Shortening Curving Distortion Twisting

Body Seat Legs Floor

Structural forms Types of structural members which make up the structures Beams - a horizontal members supporting vertical loads : bending

Cables - a group of metallic ropes blended together : tension - usually used in bridges

Arches - mostly masonry structures, some are slender concrete and steel members - the shape is made in such a way that the members are under compression

10

Trusses - a group of members under different actions : tension, compression and bending - effective if the span is large

11

3-dimensional structural forms - Slabs, shells and domes

12

Modelling of structures: 1. two-dimensional structures Structural elements represented by lines Forces represented by arrows

Purlins Eave strut

Rafter Roof Cladding

Column

End frame Portal frame Girts Bracing Haunch Knee Ridge

13

2. three-dimensional structures Structural elements represented by solid bricks, plates, shells, etc. Eg. Modelling of a cooling tower using finite elements

14

The Hyatt Regency Hotel Walkway Disaster 1981 - 114 deaths, 185 injuries
Original design

Modified design

15