Primary knockout drum (Onshore) a. A primary knockout drum shall be provided for each flare system.

The drum shall be located as close as practical to the flare taking account of access requirements and the possible use of a liquid seal drum which shall be located downstream of the knockout drum. b. The knockout drum shall meet the minimum design requirements of ISO 23251 or API RP 521 and shall also comply with 1. Drums shall be designed for full vacuum and a maximum allowable working pressure of at least 3,5 barg, (50 psig). 2. A minimum corrosion allowance of 3 mm (1/8 in) shall be provided on knockout drums. c. A knockout receiver or drum shall be sized to separate and collect all disengaged liquid particles per the following criteria: 1. Knockout drum sizing calculation methods in ISO 23251, API RP 521, or equivalent shall be used. 2. Liquid storage capacity of the knockout drum shall allow for a minimum of 20 to 30 minutes hold-up at maximum liquid in-flow to the drum or free space greater than the maximum possible quantity of liquid that can be discharged into the drum. This capacity shall be provided between the maximum normal liquid level (i.e. the pump trip-in level) and the maximum level allowable in the drum taking into account any : a) Simultaneous requirements for vapour/liquid separation. b) Flashing of the relieved liquid at the knockout drum pressure. 3. The knockout drum shall be sized to remove liquid droplets above 600 m (0,024 in) at the maximum emergency gas flow to the flare, and above 150 m (0,006 in) from the gas flow equivalent to the maximum smokeless capacity of the flare. In exceptional cases, for flares that are capable of burning larger sized droplets, a waiver of these requirements may be accepted, subject to The Owners approval. The essential purpose of this drum is the removal of the bulk of the liquids in the gas stream and to prevent liquid carry-over to the flare. The choice between a horizontal and a vertical drum should be made on economic considerations, taking into account the vapour flow rate, the liquid storage required, and the necessary slope of the flare header. d. Attention is drawn to clause 9.3, which may require separate knockout drums to maintain segregation between cold and wet streams. Vaporisation facilities shall be provided for liquid disposal, if necessary. If vaporisation facilities are relied upon to prevent metal temperatures falling below their minimum design temperature, long-term reliability of the vaporisation facility shall be assured. Otherwise, materials suitable for the low temperature service shall be used. e. The design of the knockout drum or receiver shall also meet all of the following criteria: 1. Condensed liquids in the relief or flare header systems shall drain to and collect in the knockout drum or receiver; therefore relief piping and headers shall always be free draining towards their associated knockout drum. 2. The split entry configuration of inlet piping to the knockout drum should be avoided unless uniform flow distribution can be assured. The knockout drum inlet should be equipped with a diverter plate, internal elbow or baffle to direct liquid away from the knockout drum outlet. See ISO 23251 or API RP 521 for additional details. 3. If closed drain liquids are sent to a knockout drum, the drum shall be sized to accommodate both the maximum expected fluid levels from its sloped piping as well as the maximum liquid possible from the closed drain vessel(s). Due to the potential knockout drum size increase in this circumstance, routing liquids to a suitably instrumented and protected alternative, low-pressure vessel should be considered. 4. Because of the potential for blockage from scale or waxy deposits, the use of a demister pad to limit the size of the drum shall be avoided.

5. The knockout drum shall be provided with automatic hydrocarbon liquid removal unless otherwise specified by The Owner. Knockout drum pump(s) designed and installed shall be capable of emptying the drum from its highest level shutdown to the drum normal operating level or low level shutdown in a maximum of 2 hours. Since the liquid in the KO drum may be toxic or flammable, or have toxic or flammable material dissolved in it, particular care should be taken in the design and operation of any drain points. If there is any risk of toxic materials being released, the drain should be routed to a closed system. If there is any risk of the materials freezing, a second valve in series is required as a minimum. 6. If appropriate, separate facilities for water or heavy hydrocarbon removal shall also be provided; these may be automatic or manual. a) The disposal route and facilities for these liquids shall be approved by The Owner. b) Particular attention should be paid to prevent creation of a hazard due to the release to atmosphere of flammable or toxic materials from drain points. 7. Instrumentation and control systems for the drum shall be in accordance with clause 12.6. 8. Adequate winterisation shall be provided for the drum as approved by The Owner if necessary. 9. Personnel protection shall be provided if metal temperatures can exceed 65C (150F) while relieving. 10. Facilities shall be provided for isolation, venting and purging, inspection, maintenance, and cleaning of the drum. Specific attention shall be given to the requirements of inspection, maintenance, and cleaning if the associated plants cannot be shut down and proposed methods shall be submitted for The Owners approval. 11. Introduction of liquids with a temperature in excess of 93C (200F) into knockout drums containing water or light liquids shall be avoided to prevent the potential for steam or vapour explosions.