8-2 Cell Division Cell Division in Prokaryotes Binary fission- the division of a prokaryotic cell into 2 offspring cells

Consists of 3 stages 1. The chromosome makes a copy of itself, resulting in 2 identical chromosomes attached to the inside of the prokaryotes inner cell membrane 2. The cell continues to grow until it reaches approximately twice the cells original size 3. A cell wall forms between the 2 chromosomes and the cell splits into 2 new cells. Each new cell contained one of the identical chromosomes that resulted from the copying of the original cells chromosome

Cell Division in Eukaryotes 2 kinds of cell division Mitosis- results in new cells with genetic material that is identical to that of the original cell Meiosis- reduces the chromosome number by half in new cells

The Cell Cycle Cell cycle- the repeating set of events that make up the life of a cell Interphase- the time between cell divisions M phase- mitosis, the nucleus of a cell divides Cytokinesis- the division of the cytoplasm of the cell

Interphase G1 phase- the first stage of interphase, offspring cells grow to mature size G1 stands for the time gap following cell division and preceding DNA replication S phase- the cells DNA is copied G2 phase- represents the time gap following DNA synthesis and preceding cell division, a time during which the cell prepares for cell division G0 phase- cells do not copy their DNA and do not prepare for cell division

Mitosis The division of the nucleus, which occurs during cell division. Mitosis is a continuous process that is divided into 4 phases- prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase Prophase- the 1st phase of mitosis- begins with the shortening and tight coiling of DNA into rod shaped chromosomes that can be seen w/ a light microscope

2 pairs of dark spots called cetrosomes appear next to the disappearing nucleus. In animal cells, each centrosome contains a pair of small cylindrical bodies called centrioles. The centrosomes of plant cells lack centrioles. In both animal and plant cells, the centrosomes move toward opposite poles of the cell. As the centrosomes separate, spindle fibers made of microtubules radiate from the centrosomes in preparation for mitosis. This array of spindle fibers is called the mitotic spindle 2 types of spindle fibers make up the mitotic spindle Kinetochore fibers- attach to a disk shaped protein called kinetochore that is found in the centromere region of each chromosome Polar fibers- extend across the dividing cell from centrosome to centrosome Metaphase- the 2nd phase of mitosis Chromosomes are easier to identify The kinetochore fibers move the chromosomes to the center of the dividing cell. Once in the center of the cell, each chromosome is held in place by the kinetochore fibers Anaphase- chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere and slowly move, centromere first, toward opposite poles of the diving cell Telophase- the 4th phase mitosis, spindle fibers disassemble and the chromosomes return to a less tightly coiled chromatin state

Cytokinesis In animal cells cytokinesis begins with a pinching inward of the cell membrane midway between the dividing cells 2 poles Cleavage furrow- the area of the cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell into 2 cells Cell plate- a membrane bound cell wall that is formed when vesicles fuse at the midline of the dividing cell.