Selection, characterization and performanc e evaluation of materials for mediamedia -based stormwater filtration systems

Giri Prabhukumar, Ph.D. Student & Kr ishna Pagilla, Professor Department of Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL Sara Dastgheibi, M.S. Student & Kr ishna Reddy, Professor Department of Civil and Materials Engineering University of Illinois, Chicago, IL

Outline

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Background Selection of materials Characterization of selected materials Lab scale test results and discussion Future work

Background

Project Tasks:
1. Identify materials that can possi bly be used efficiently in a multi-media filter system to treat urban stormwater runoff. 2. Quantify contaminant attenuation and/or degradation capacity and hydraulic efficiency of selected media materials. 3. Demonstrate a near full-scale design to determine flow rate/volume treated, and contaminant removal.

Selection of materials
Media Calcite Anthracite Coal Zeolite Sand Coated Sand Iron Filing Biochar Perlite Target Contaminant(s) TP; Metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr) TP, Oil, Grease,TSS, Metals, Organic chemicals such as herbicides & pesticides Metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd); Organics TSS, microbes, nutrients Microbes; Metals Metals TSS, Oil, Grease, Metals, Organic chemicals TSS, Oils & Grease, Petroleum hydrocarbons and Phosphorus Removal Mechanism(s) Adsorption; Precipitation Adsorption Adsorption; Cation exchange reaction Adsorption Adsorption; Precipitation Adsorption; Precipitation Adsorption Adsorption

Selection of materials Calcite Anthracite Coal

Zeolite

Sand

Selection of materials Iron Oxide Coated Sand (IOCS) Iron Filing

Biochar

Perlite

Selection of materials

Eight (8) media mater ials chosen are low -cost and easily available materials that have potential to remove pollutant efficiently from runoff. Some of the selected mater ials are already being used as media in commercial filter devices and engineered treatment systems. One media may not be adequate to remove multiple contaminants; therefore, various combinations (mixtures or layers) of different filter media will be investigated

Characterization of selected materials

Media

Specific Gravity

Bulk Density (g/cm3) 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.8 2.5 0.5 0.3

Porosity (%)

Effective Average Size Size (D10) (D50) pH (mm) (mm) 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.5 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.6 2.9 1.3 0.6 0.6 1.2 1.1 2.0 8.5 3.1 7.6 7.1 3.5 8.6 7.6 6.8

Organic Content (%) 0.7 1.8 7.8 0.0 0.6 0.5 89 0.0

Hydraulic Conductivity (cm/s) 0.016 0.017 0.010 0.013 0.012 0.016 0.013 0.016

Calcite Anthracite Zeolite Sand IOCS Iron filings Biochar Perlite

2.7 1.7 2.2 2.9 2.6 6.5 1.4 0.5

39 41 53 39 31 62 65 45

Characterization of selected materials Calcite Anthracite Coal

Zeolite

Sand

Characterization of selected materials Iron Oxide Coated Sand (IOCS) Iron Filings

Biochar

Perlite

Lab scale test results and discussion

0.025

K Vs. Gradient

0.020

K (cm/s)

0.015

0.010

0.005

0.000 0

Calcite Anthracite Zeolite (fine) Sand IOCS Iron filing BioChar Perlite 6 STP
10 20 30 40

Gradient

50

60

70

80

90

100

Lab scale test results and discussion

Based on urban stormwater quality data, our focus is on removal of

Nutrients Total Phosphorus, Total Nitrogen, Nitrates Heavy Metals Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead, Nickel, and Zinc PAHs Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) E. coli. Microorganisms

Total suspended solids (TSS)

Lab scale tests conducted in 3 different synthetic stormwater solutions

Nutrients + Metals + PAHs Suspended solids Microbial (E. coli.)

Lab scale test results and discussion

Contaminant Total Phosphorus Total Nitrogen Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Copper Lead Nickel Zinc Naphthalene Phenanthrene Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) E. coli. TSS *Average Range in Synthetic Stormwater Stormwater (mg/L) Concentration (mg/L) 0.01 7.3 0.07 16.0 0.001 - 0.21 0.00005 - 13.73 0.001 - 2.30 0.00006 - 1.41 0.00057 - 26.0 0.001 49.0 0.0007 22.0 0.000036 0.0023 0.000045 0.01 0.0000025 0.01 12 4700 1 - 36,200 0.5 1 0.50 30 5 5 50 100 1 0.01 0.01 0.01 10,000 150

* Makepeace, D.K., Smith, D.W., Stanley, S.J., 1995. Urban stormwater quality: summary of contaminated data. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 93 139.

Synthetic Stormwater

And here s the Cocktail!

Column test set-up setColumn (2.75 dia) Influent Pea gravel (2 layer)

Metering pump for flow control

Zeolite media (9 deep bed) Pea gravel (2 layer) Treated effluent

Synthetic Stormwater

Column test results

100% 91% 90% 82% 80% 70% Removal Enfficiencies (%) 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0% Calcite Anthracite Zeolite Sand 10% 70% 85% 81% 74%

Nutrients removal
Tot. Phosphorus Removal % 100% 99% 98% Tot. Nitrogen Removal % Nitrate Removal % 87% 81%

100%

97%

97%

57%

46%

36% 31%

11% 6%

13%

IOCS Media

Iron filing

Perlite

Biochar

Removal Efficiencies, % 90% 100% 10%

14.6% 30.1% 85.4% 80.9%

20%

40%

50%

70%

30%

60%

80%

0% Calcite Anthracite
75.6% 86.6% 87.7% 88.2%

Column test results

Zeolite
9.8% 2.4% 23.3% 27.9%

98.1% 97.3% 94.1%

Sand Media IOCS Iron Filings

0.0% 12.3% 10.3%

47.8%

80.5% 41.1% 69.1%

98.7%

75.6% 67.1% 86.8%

99.4%

Heavy metals removal

Perlite Biochar

24.8%

0.0% 23.3% 27.9%

Zinc

Nickel

Cadmium

Chromium

43.3%

Batch tests

Batch tests to
Understand adsorption isotherm of each media for respective pollutant removal. Determine maximum pollutant removal capacity of media. mg pollutant/ gram

Batch tests results - Adsorption isotherm

Nutrients Media Total Total Nitrogen Phosphorus Langmuir Langmuir Langmuir Freundlich Freundlich Freundlich Freundlich Freundlich Nitrate Langmuir Langmuir Freundlich, Linear Langmuir N/A Freundlich Langmuir Linear Chromium Langmuir Linear Langmuir N/A Heavy Metal Nickel Langmuir Linear Zinc

Freundlich Calcite Anthracite Langmuir Zeolite Sand IOCS Iron filings Perlite Biochar Linear Freundlich Freundlich Langmuir N/A Langmuir

Langmuir Langmuir Linear, Freundlich Freundlich Linear

Freundlich Freundlich,La Linear Linear ngmuir Linear, Linear Linear Freundlich Freundlich, N/A Langmuir Langmuir Linear, Freundlich Freundlich Freundlich

Future Work

Complete contaminants removal studies for all 8 media. For removal of each group of contaminant, select best material that is most efficient for use as mixed media. Sampling and analysis of real stor mwater quality data from at least two (2) Chicago s public beaches. Optimize ratios of mater ials selected to treat a wide range of pollutants, different loading r ates and flow conditions. Design an in-ground filter with selected mix ed media materials. Install, startup and monitor performance of this filter at one of Chicago s public beaches to treat surface runoff and/or overflows at outfalls. Model the filter design for selection of appr opriate media materials and filter size depending on influent water quality and discharge limits.

Giri Prabhukumar (gprabhuk@iit.edu ) & Krishna Pagilla (pagilla@iit.edu ) Department of Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL Sara Dastgheibi ( sdastg2@uic .edu) & Krishna Reddy ( kreddy@uic.edu) Department of Civil and Materials Engineering University of Illinois, Chicago, IL