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EDITORIAL BOARD
Editor Sindhu Balu Editorial Team Chaparala Sree Vidya Purnima Naresh Mangnani Vikram Gowrishankar Maya.P.S Joint Editorial Team Hemalatha.J Nivethika Sundararajan N.Vinisha Mehdi Ali Mirza V.P.Venkateshwaran Rohit Chanchal Cover Design Prasanna Venkatesh.K -Sindhu Balu Final Year Reach us here: pathways@chemfluence.com ChemE

From the EDITOR

Dear Readers, Owing to the International Year Of Chemistry ,2011 , we are happy to present you the issue focused on Chemistry. Being the last month of the year, 2011, we take the pride in bringing you an exclusive article on IYC 2011, and other features having it centre element as chemistry. As Chemical Engineers, it is our duty to know the vitality of chemistry and look through and for it in everyday life. The new feature articles included this time are sure to excite and we wish it kindles your curious mind! We thank you for your valuable feedbacks and assure to include them for the betterment of the magazine. We thank everyone for your support. So, Lets celebrate chemistry!!

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- Sindhu Balu, Final Yr, ChemE

Chemistry !! Its a mystery. Its just ALWAYS hidden from your

plain sight. Have you ever wondered about the importance of chemistry? Did you know that chemistry is at the root of 96 percent of manufactured products around the world?? Have you considered yourself as a chemical product??? In a nutshell, chemistry is the science which explains the world around you!! Chemistry has changed the face of the world and its future. Its power has not only enabled us to lead the life we lead today, but also to help solve the world's challenges in energy, housing , health, food and nutrition. The year 2011 has been designated as International Year of Chemistry (IYC) by the United Nations as a global collaboration to celebrate the past, present and future of chemistry. So, are you pondering over its importance? Here it goes. But Do we celebrate chemistry? Though Chemistry is all around, do we see through it? The answer would be in negative from most of us. We, the Chemical engineer's whose fundamentals rely on chemistry are mostly unaware of the chemistry beyond text book. This year might help us spotlight its significance in seeking solutions for the problems of all genres. Chemistry has paved the way for the world's development. From the dynamite to penicillin, from the electricity to detergents, chemistry has been the spine. As chemists unveiled the nature's secrets, a flood of facts accumulated with stunning momentum. Each answer was a new beginning, and each new material was a initiator for new experiments. And it was clear that last century was the most exciting time to celebrate chemistry.

Enjoying Chemistry!!

Everything is made of chemicals. You are made of chemicals. So is your dog. So is your desk. So is the sun. Drugs are chemicals. Food is made from chemicals. Many of the changes you observe in the world around you are caused by chemical reactions. Examples include changing colors of leaves, cooking food and getting clean, even the browning reaction which forms the outer crisp layer of your KFC chicken. Being aware of basic chemistry enables your daily decisions effective. Can I mix these household chemicals? What are safe mosquito repellents? Will my bottled water expire?

Thus chemistry is in everything and everywhere!! Though invisible, its invincible!

The objectives of the International Year of Chemistry are to: increase the public appreciation and understanding of chemistry in meeting world needs encourage interest of young people in chemistry generate enthusiasm for the creative future of chemistry celebrate the role of women in chemistry (2011 marks the100th year of Marie Curie being awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry)

But why do we do it now?! After much effort being spent in the last century finding individual puzzle pieces, YOU and ME can now revel in the process of fitting the pieces together. Not that everything's been figured out not by a long shot. The science of today beckons researchers to think big, to integrate singular items into the grander scheme for a sustainable solution. as chemistry grows larger in scope and broader in focus, some of the most promising tools termed HOWS, WHATS, and WHERES are in the need to reach a whole new level. It's all very exciting, but the progress mandates still more work. Actually Much more work! The future asks us to answer these questions!! Could we??! How do the 6-foot long stretches of DNA in every cell in our bodies know how to keep our biochemical factories running smoothly? How to make Electric vehicles not just a plan for the future? How to build a molecular reaction vessel? How to create a sustainable and green urban landscape? How to invent the tools that will revolutionize chemistry labs of the future? And much more!! There is a great deal of truth in a remark attributed to George Bernard Shaw, Science is always wrong. It never solves a problem without creating ten more. Thats the beauty of a career in science. For anyone with creativity, intelligence, and persistence, science will never fail to provide new and exciting challengesand lots of fun!! Thus, We're all chemists. Chemistry is important just because everything you do is chemistry! Chemical reactions occur when you breathe, eat, or just sit there reading this article!

IYC 2011 initiatives: To appreciate the vital resource of earth, Water and look at it as, "Water: A Chemical Solution" "Visualization of Climate Change" , to understand the science phenomena behind it.

With so many questions to answer and to keep up the pace with the fast expanding world, we are in need to understand the importance of chemistry and appreciate its beauty. As Chemical Engineers, we should take the responsibility of harnessing our scientific temper towards the betterment of human kind. Theres whole lot of chemistry in everything and everywhere. Let this last month of IYC stir our curiosity to know more and grow more! So, Lets celebrate chemistry!!

Chemistry, Matters!!
The potential of Chemistry in shaping our future world is aptly depicted below.

Green house gas to feedstock?!

N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) organocatalysts promise to transform carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that poses environmental concerns, into a desirable feedstock .Low levels of NHCs spur the reaction of CO2 with hydrosilane. Hydrosilane provides hydrogen, which bonds with CO2 in a reduction reaction. This CO2 reduction is efficiently catalyzed by NHCs even at room temperature. Methanol can be easily obtained from the product of the CO2 reaction. -Saranya.N , 3rd year ChemE

A Plastic that Mimics!!

Thermoset plastics, such as Bakelite, are stable to solvents and extreme temperatures. But they must be polymerized in a mold to give them a shape. And once theyve been polymerized, thermosets cant be reshaped or reprocessed, either with heat or with solvent. Leiblers polymer has the stability of thermosets but behaves like glass: Simply heat the material and shape it as desired. The key to the glassy behavior lies within the polymers molecular structure; it has an equal number of ester and alcohol groups. When the material is heated it transesterifies; that is, its ester cross-links transfer from one region of the polymer to another with the help of an embedded zinc catalyst. The researchers have been able to recycle the material so that it has the same properties as the original. Also, scratches and small breaks in the plastic can be repaired by heating it. comments This shows the tremendous potential for reversible covalent chemistries to generate dynamic and reconfigurable polymers. -Ram Kumar, 3rd year PRPC

Polymers to the Rescue!

A polymer trap for nicotine has successfully been fabricated by researchers from USA. Bearing molecular pincers, the polymer effectively captures nicotine molecules and their analogues, and can also release them in a controlled way. The compound will be used in reusable chemical sensors for determination of nicotine for industrial and biomedical purposes, as well as in patches for smokers to evenly release nicotine into the body. The core of the polymer, nicotine trap, which has been recently filed for a patent, is a metalloporphyrin derivative. The molecule contains a ring (a macro cycle) with a centrally located zinc atom and amide pincers attached to this ring. Nicotine binds to the polymer with its two nitrogen atoms-one binds to the zinc atom, the other to the pincers.

Polymer nicotine trap composed of a porphyrin derivative(black), in which amide pincers (green) are attached to the zinc(violet) containing macrocycle(blue). The nicotine molecule is shown in red. -Sai Prashanthi Ramesh, 3rd year, ChemE

Why this Kolaveri Di?!!

-Aravind Chandrasekaran ( Batch 2007-2011) Reliance Industries Limited

Slap!!

Let it be your girlfriend hitting you or your mom hits you ( i.e. when you're young ), you've quite one reflex!! Why is the immediate reflex always to press your palm against your cheek even if you know the other person had stopped slapping? Why do you feel the burning sensation when one slaps on your face? The burning sensation is because of the temperature rise in the cheek muscles and the reflex is to conduct the excess heat to your palm. Viola! Thermodynamics! Now, let us assume the girl/mom had precisely calculated before hand to cause a particular DT on the guy's cheeks. What should have been the velocity with which he should have exhibited such a feat? Prof. Yunus A. Cengal helps us find out. To make calculations easier, let us assume the guy suffered total impact of the slap i.e. The hand came to a standstill after the slap. The guy didnt move his face a bit during the entire time of slap. The guy didnt cover his face after being slapped. (Energy wasnt transferred to his palm) So, our system of interest is the cheek along with the energy from the slap and the lady's hand has performed work on our system. Assume, Mass of hand (mh)= 1.5kg Mass of cheek (mc)= 0.200 kg T = 2oC Specific heat of cheek (c)= 4.1 kJ/KgK First law of Thermodynamics tells us, Q =DU + W The change in internal energy (DU) is caused by the heat conduction in the cheek. U= mc c DT = 0.2 x 4.1 x 2 = 1.64 kJ

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The entire kinetic energy of the hand is transferred to the system and it contributes to the work done on the system. W= 0.5 x mh x (vf - vi)2 Vf=0 As the system is adiabatic, DQ = 0 Therefore, W = - DU

So are you geared up now, to receive or gift a slap?!!

Visual puzzles
Predict the suitable word which depicts each picture given below. For all those good guessers, your next step awaits in pg. 11

A Penny saved: A dollar lost!! Trouble shooting at its at most

-Nivethika , 3rd year ChemE
Industries strive towards making maximum profit, but sometimes do they overlook small things that could prove to be more expensive than expected? It could be anything ranging from faulty equipment, or wrong materials supplied, or maybe even a mistake done by the controller or engineer. Here is where troubleshooting comes into action, the best brains of engineering is put to use to find out wherein the problem lies. In todays world petroleum products have a huge demand with their prices skyrocketing. A mistake in the refining of these products would cause a major loss to the refinery. Despite the careful handling and purifying of these products, mistakes are encountered. One such example is a company is the U.S that faced a problem with its crude distillation column. In general, in a distillation column, the product coming out of different trays have different color, i.e. the lightest material that come out at the top have a light yellow color, which goes on to be black at the bottommost tray containing residue or heaviest ends. The problem here was that the middle trays were giving out products darker than expected! A consultant from outside was called to look into the problem. He realized that the trays werent distilling properly as they should be, and the feed of the middle trays were being contaminated by those of the lower trays i.e. the heavier products werent able to move down to the lower trays and let the lighter vapors come up. He asked them to lower the feed rate to the column by half. Then the products met the required specifications. But this was only a temporary solution to keep the plant running as all other solutions had failed. 8 years later when the plant was shutdown, he inspected the column and found out that few of the trays in the middle column were 2 inches longer than specified, hence they didnt allow the heavier ends to move down much resulting in contamination of the middle product! This could have been avoided by proper inspection before fitting the trays. Thus the company produced only half of the product it usually would for 8 years! New trays must have cost around 100,000 dollars but the loss due to lower amount of products was roughly 2 million dollars per year!!!!! Could a renowned company like that afford to lose so much over a something as small as a 2 inch mistake? 16,000,000 dollars lost over saving 100,000??? No wonder they say every part of building and running a plant must be carefully done with utmost seriousness Remember a penny saved is a penny gained

Who am I ?!
Indian Oil Corporation Limited
From the icy slopes of Leh in the Himalayas to Kanyakumari, and from the Single Buoy Mooring at Salaya in the West to the Monasteries at Tawang in the East, Indian Oil lives in every heart and in every part of India. Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (Indian Oil) is the largest commercial enterprise in India, ranked 98th on the Fortune Global 500 list for 2011. It is also the 18th largest petroleum company in theworld and the No. 1 petroleum trading company among the National Oil Companies in the Asia-Pacific region

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-Vinisha, 2nd year, ChemE

It is an Indian state owned oil and gas corporation with its headquarters in Mumbai, India. Indian Oil and its subsidiaries account for a 47% share in the petroleum products market, 34% share in refining capacity and 67% downstream sector pipelines capacity in India. How did they built up? The Indian Oil Group of Companies owns and operates 10 of India's 21 refineries with a combined refining capacity of 65.7 million metric tons per year. Indian Refineries Ltd. And Indian Oil Company Ltd. were set up in 1958 and 1959 respectively, to build national competence in the oil refining and marketing business. In 1964, these two companies were merged to form Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. What do they do? Indian Oil's product range covers petrol, diesel, LPG, auto LPG, aviation turbine fuel, lubricants, naphtha, bitumen, paraffin, kerosene etc. Xtra Premium petrol, Xtra Mile diesel, Servo lubricants, Indane LPG cooking gas, Autogas LPG, Indian Oil Aviation are some of its prominent brands. It has also introduced a new business line of supplying LNG (liquefied natural gas) by cryogenic transportation. This is called "LNG at Doorstep. Indian Oil Corporation has two major domestic competitors, Bharat Petroleum and Hindustan Petroleum. Both are state-controlled, like Indian Oil Corporation. There are two private competitors, Reliance Industries and Essar Oil. The volatility in the crude market & subsidy burden on the IOCL dents the company performance. Bureaucratic hurdles in projects are hurting company advancement. IOCL has one of the best technical manpower for execution of jobs. What do they specialize in ? Indian Oils Research and Development Centre has been engaged in world-class research in tribology (lubricants lation), refinery processes and pipeline transportation. The Centre has developed over 2000 lubricant and grease formulations, and obtained approvals of original equipment manufacturers in India and abroad. Indian Oil Corporation aims at maintaining its leadership in the Indian hydrocarbon industry by assimilation of emerging Information Technology and web-enabled business solutions for integrating and optimizing the Corporations hydrocarbon supply chain. Indian Oil Corporation is focusing on total customer delight through value-added IT solutions, with emphasis on centralized control and decentralized response.ndian Oil has been lending its expertise to several countries in areas of refining, marketing, transportation, training and R&D.

The IOCL academy: Indian Oil is an academy company with 18 training centers. The Indian Oil Institute of Petroleum Management (IIPM), Gurgaon, serves as an apex training and consultancy institute and conducts management development programmes in association with reputed national and international institutes. Indian Oil Management Centre for Learning (IMCL) set up in Mumbai will facilitate in upgrading the functional knowledge and skills of the employees and also impart behavioural training. As part of the Corporate Mission to help enrich the quality of life of the community and preserve ecological balance and heritage, Indian Oil Corporation has set up The Indian Oil Foundation as a non- profit Trust to protect, preserve and promote our national heritage and culture, in collaboration with the Archaeological Survey of India and the National Culture The Indian Oil Foundation will adopt at least one heritage site in every State and Union Territory. Archaeological works will be funded by the Indian Oil Foundation to the Archaeological Survey of India through the National Culture Fund. Thus this is your Indian Oil which fuels your daily resources!!

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Language Snacks!!
- Ganesh Kumar, 3rd year PRPC
Here are the clues to find the answers and check whether your guessing was right!! A WORD IS GIVEN WITH CERTAIN LETTER MISSING FOLLOWED BY ITS SYNONYM OR EXPLANATION OF THAT WORD. FILL IN THE MISSING LETTERS AND COMPLETE THE WORDS. 1. A_ _ C _ L _ P _ E (END OF THE WORLD) 2. P_E_ I_ _ T _ T_ (HAPPEN SUDDENLY; HASTE OCCURRENCE) 3. _ _ N _ I _ A _ (MAN EATERS) 4.A _ A_ _ N (STRONG WOMEN) 5.E_ _ N _ R _ _ E (ABSOLVE; FREE OR CLEAR FROM BLAME) 6._ _ _ T _ C_A_Y (GOVERNMENT BY WEALTHY) For those who are still puzzled, please turn to pg.15!!!

Calvin and Hobbes

-Purnima, Final Yr, ChemE

The Curious Mind!!

Distillation column Before we get into this lets have a small idea of what exactly distillation is!

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-Vikram Gowri Shankar, Final Yr, PRPC

Distillation is a unit operation which involves in separation of two or more components by addition and removal of heat" Distillation column is the equipment that facilitates this operation. The type of distillation that happens here is fractional distillation. A construction of a distillation column is no easy task, it wouldnt be an exaggeration to say that all of chemical engineering concepts that one comes across during his study is required to build one column.
The process: As said earlier a distillation column is used to separate components, the difference in their vapour pressure is the driving force of the functionality of this column. Feed heated at very high temperatures (from 200 C, 300 C or even higher sometimes ) is sent to the column. The feed already contains a vapour liquid mixture. The vapour goes to the top of the column whereas the liquid flows down. Both the top and the bottom products are condensed and heated respectively. Condenser and reboiler are used to cool and heat the streams respectively and provide reflux to the column. They are done in order to reduce the difficulty of separation. Inside the distillation column, one could either find trays or packing , or even both are possible in a distillation column. It depends on the requirements. Example low pressure scenarios such as the vacuum distillation column, preference is given to vacuum towers, in atmospheric distillation unit, they use simple trays which can be classified into further types such as bubble cap,sieve trays,valve trays etc. For packed column,the materials used mostly are raschig rings or structure packed material. Now,we know that what is inside the distillation column, now it is necessary to know how the inside arrangement is made , for tray,the number of trays can be calculated by number of theoretical plates and adjustments can be made accordingly. The procedure followed is McCabe Thiele method or Fenske equation for binary mixtures, and for multicomponent mixture, simulation is employed. When the size of the column is looked into, the top and bottom can use either hemispherical or elliptical heads. The important tem here is the tan tan length. The tan is the tangent point where the curvature of a formed head starts. The seam is the point at which the head is welded to the shell; it is common for there to be a 2 inch straight length beyond the tan for this purpose. On further studying, you will learn that the depth in the construction of column is difficult to get into as the challenges vary, whether the holes of a sieve plate should be triangular or square, the distance between the two packings, the velocity of the refluxes, total reflux, pump around reflux, pump back reflux, overflash, flaszone,EFV,TBP curves etc. This articles sole purpose is to throw a light on this equipment .Hope your curiosity is kindled because of the vague descriptions above.

The MATH effect!!

Do not worry about your problems with mathematics, I assure you mine are far greater. Albert Einstein
We, the Mathematicians!! Indians are the ones who discovered zero! It formed the pivotal point for the development of Math. But today in INDIA , for the every second person I meet, says that they hate math (i.e. at least 50%). Is it because of the complexity in the modern math? Or is it portrayed that way? Hasn't love for math intertwined in our DNA? The ancient system of mathematics in India (Vedic mathematics) gives us a lot of easy methods to solve problems from multiplications and division to calculus and algebra, which is being complicated by modern mathematics. What is Vedic Mathematics? Vedic Mathematics is the name given to the ancient system of Indian Mathematics which was rediscovered from the Vedas by Sri BharatiKrsna Tirthaji . Due to loss of his sixteen volumes expounding the Vedic system, he wrote a single book: Vedic Mathematics, which is the one currently available ( 1965). Why Vedic Mathematics? The nine features of Vedic mathematics are Coherence, Flexibility, Mental stamina (improves memory), Promotes creativity, Appeals to everyone, Increases mental agility, Efficient and Fast, Easy and Fun, Includes Algebra. Here, the so called 'difficult' problems or huge sums can easily be solved immediately by the Vedic method. The simplicity of Vedic Mathematics means that calculations can be carried out mentally (though the methods can also be written down initially ). By mental arithmetic people can invent their own methods, whose acumen is not limited to 'ONE' correct method as in modern practices. Thereby you become more creative, interested and intelligent !! But the real beauty and effectiveness of Vedic Mathematics cannot be fully appreciated without actually practicing the system. One can then see that, it is perhaps the most refined and efficient mathematical system possible. Let' s see one sample method for multiplications from Vedic mathematics: An elegant way of multiplying numbers using a simple pattern. Consider, 21 x 23 = 483

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-Narayen Ravi, Final Yr, ChemE

This is normally called long multiplication but actually the answer can be written straight down using the VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE formula.

We first write or imagine, 23 below 21: There are 3 steps: a) Multiply vertically on the left: 2 x 2 = 4. This gives the first figure of the answer. b) Multiply crosswise and add: 2 x 3 + 1 x 2 = 8 This gives the middle figure. c) Multiply vertically on the right: 1 x 3 = 3 This gives the last figure of the answer.

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Some more methods for conditional operations: A quick way to square numbers that end in 5 using the formula BY ONE MORE THAN THE ONE BEFORE. Eg) Square of 75= 5625

Method for multiplying numbers where the first figures are the same and the last figures add up to 10. Eg)32 x 38 = 1216

FACTS ON ZERO!! The biggest turnaround in mathematics history was the invention of the number Zero and understanding its concept. The concept of zero as a number and not as a mere symbol for separation is attributed to India ( Till 9th century AD, calculations was solved using zero,like any other number,even in case of division). The Indian scholar Pingala used binary numbers in the form of short and long syllables (the latter equal in length to two short syllables), analogous to Morse code. He and his contemporary Indian scholars used the Sanskrit word nya (generally means emptiness) to refer to zero or void.

So, these are some basic methods by which will give you the taste of Vedic math. The more you devour, the more you yearn for it. P.S. Dear math haters - I promise you that you will start to love mathematics once you start to learn the bite the fruits of our ancient Indian mathematics.

RENEWABLE ENERGY RISING DEMAND

- Hemalatha, 3rd year ChemE
Renewable energy Energy that has the capacity to be regenerated (i.e.) virtually inexhaustible. This has also caught attention because of its ECOFRIENDLY nature. Why renewable energy??? If current fossil fuel consumption rates are maintained, they would only be able to meet our energy needs for a few more decades. In addition to this, we are forced to consider alternative energy source to preserve the planet and guarantee the well being of future generations. Renewable energy: Solar, wind, wave and hydroelectric power are all forms of renewable energy. All of these have a common origin, besides the fact that the Earth provides an unlimited supply of them and they are environmentally harmless: they are all related to the sun. Other renewable sources besides the foregoing are biomass, geothermal energy and tidal energy. These sources do not directly depend on the sun. The sun is directly responsible for solar energy (photovoltaic and thermal). The sun is also behind wind energy, since it causes the pressure differences that give rise to the winds and also wave energy. The sun also contributes to the development of organic matter (biomass) and it is the main agent of the water cycles. Among the above renewable, one of the upcoming renewable that is yet to see tremendous development is wind energy. On usage of renewable energy, the country is being energy independent since it uses its own resource.

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Advantages of wind energy over others: 1. The wind blows day and night, which allows windmills to produce electricity throughout the day unlike solar power. (Even when wind speed is slow inertia stored in motor is enough to rotate wind mill) 2. Requires less space for windmills as land used for wind farms can also be used for other profitable activities including ranching, farming and forestry. 3. Wind speed increases during day as demand increases. 4. Installation charges is cheap next only to hydro power. The Wind Power: When it comes to wind energy, the major problem that arises is the construction of wind mill and conversion of wind into energy in an efficient manner. Some researchers hope to create hillside pumps, or compress air in enormous underground caverns, while others envision enormous flywheels spinning with the buzz of wind-generated energy until it is ready to be spat back out and used. Two technologies have emerged as more real and immediate possibilities -- storing wind energy in batOne technology is using a large-scale chemical battery, akin to a giant, more environmentally friendly and efficient version of a rechargeable dry-cell battery. These batteries are inherently different from the typical lead-acid ones in vehicles. The batteries are relatively huge -- each one about the size of two semitrailer trucks. They are around 10 percent more efficient than traditional batteries at transferring the energy they store and are greener, because they don't have any heavy metal in them. With the help of electronics, researchers will condition the batteries to withstand harsh and tumultuous winds, as well as calm days, in a way that won't wear their re-charge power out. Some researchers believe that the new sodium sulphur batteries can operate at efficiencies of around 90 percent, because there's "only one reaction occurring in the battery. Yet the lifespan of the battery is in question and also it should be made sure it can withstand heavy pressures from the grid that distributes power from sources to customers. It should also be noted that this kind of pressure doesn't compromise the life or efficiency of the battery. It is good to challenge power companies to explore ways to sustain alternative energies, regardless of the outcome. Hence the preferred locations of wind farms are offshore areas and high altitude areas. As a chemical engineer we can play a vital role in batteries and also in the conversion of wind energy to produce hydrogen. But for now amongst this struggle for new technologies, the help which we could render is not to waste this hard procured energy. So, here are the simple ones which we could do: Use CFL (Compact florescent lamp) If you have a choice between a desktop or a laptop choose the latter, it reduces one tenth of your power consumption Avoid keeping your PC in sleep mode Turn off your engines at signals Unplug the electric appliances when not in use (Some appliances consume power even when they are turned off) Do not keep the refrigerators and ovens door open Renew your air filters in automobiles in a couple of months. Though heard numerous times, these tips work only when potential points turn kinetic. So try to practice them!!

ANSWERS FOR LANGUAGE SNACKS! 1.APOCALYSE 2.PRECIPITATE 3.CANNIBAL 4.AMAZON 5.EXONERATE 6.PLUTOCRACY

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