Tubular Mechanics in Oil-Gas

Wells and Its Applications

Zifeng Li
Yanshan University, China
2012
Functions of piperod
string in petroleum
engineering
Functions of the spine
in the human body
Supporting well Supporting body
Transmit information
from well to surface
Transmit information
from body to head
Transmit instruction
from surface to well
Transmit instruction
from head to body
Transmit energy and
material from surface to
well, produce oil and
gas
Trip in and out tools
Functions of piperod string in
petroleum engineering
Functions of the spine in
the human body
=
What important are these in petroleum engineering?
What are these pipes and rods used in oil and gas wells?
What are these pipes and rods used for?
Can these pipes and rods trip in and out safely?
Are these pipes and rods designed economically?
Is the surface equipment suitable for this operation?
How to control well trajectory?
How to prolong the life of these pipes and rods?
How to know bottom hole condition from surface
measures?
..
To know these, Please Tubular Mechanics
in Oil and Gas Wells.
USA
1. Lubinski, A.
2. Stefan Miska
3. Hans C. Juvkam-Wold
4. Johansick, C.A.
5. Ho,H-S
6. Walker,B.H.
7. Millheil,K.K.
8. Gibbls, S.G.
9. Mitchell,R.F.
10.

China:
1. Yinao Su
2. Deli Gao
3. Guozhen Zhao
4. Zhiyong Han
5. Wei Jiang
6. Qingyou Liu
7. Qinfeng Di
8. Shimin Dong
9. Zifeng Li
10.

Famous Authors in This Area
Rod and Pipe Used in Oil and Gas Wells
Drill pipe
Drill collar
Casing
Tubing
Pumping rod
Materials of Rod and Pipe Used in Oil and Gas Wells
Symbol Yield stress (lb/in
2)
Tensile stress (lb/in
2)
Uses
D-55 55000 95000

Drill pipe
E-75 75000 100000
X-95 95000 105000
G-105 105000 115000
S-135 135000 145000
AISI4145 65000 100000 Drill collar
H-40 40000 60000




Casing, tubing

J-55 55000 75000
K-55 55000 75000
C-75 75000 95000
L-80 80000 100000
N-80 80000 100000
C-90 90000 100000
C-95 95000 105000
P-110 110000 125000
Q-125 125000 135000
K - 83000
Pumping rod
C - 88000
D - 138000
Drill String
Drill collar
Stabilizer
Sub
Drill bit Sub
Drill pipe
Drill pipe
Kelly
Functions of Drill String
(1) Provide a passage for drilling fluid from surface to bottom, and
return back;
(2) Provide weight on bit to break rock;
(3) Transfer torque and rotation from surface to bottom;
(4) Trip out and in of drill bit etc.;
(5) Calculate the depth of the well drilled;
(6) Observe down hole conditions;
(7) Special operations (coring, fishing etc.);
(8) Drill-Stem Testing.
The Failure of Drill String
Deformation Fatigue and Break
Wear
Casing
Drill string
Corrosion
Hydrogen embrittlement (Cracking)
Casing Program
Casing
Casing body and joints
Functions of Casing
Surface casing
(1) Protect or isolate shallow soft formation;
(2) Install wellhead or hang other casing;

Production casing
(3) Protect formation, provide a path for production;

Intermediate casing
(4) isolate complex formation;

Liner
(5) Part of production casing or intermediate casing that is not
extended to surface to save casing.
Corrosion
Wear
casing
drillstring
The Failure of Casing
Tension + squeeze
compression + squeeze
Deformation( Bending, buckling, collapse)
Breaking
Conventional tubing
Body Diameter<4.5in
Coiled tubing
Tubing
Functions of Tubing
(1) Provide a passage for formation fluids from bottom to
surface, and for working fluids from surface to bottom;
(2) Trip in /out and hold tools;
(3) Calculate the depth of tools;
(4) Observe down hole conditions.
Failure of Tubing
(1) Deformation;
(2) Breaking;
(3) Corrosion;
(4) Joints problems;
(5) Wear.(with pumping rod)
Pumping Rod
Functions of Pumping Rod
(1) Trip in /out and hold plunger etc.
(2) Transfer longitudinal moment
and force from surface to
bottom;
(3) Transfer torque and rotation
from surface to bottom;
(4) Observe down hole conditions.

Failure of Pumping Rod
(1) Fatigue and break;
(2) Wear;(with tubing inside)
(3) Corrosion;
(4) Joints problems.
(1) Longitudinal(trip in/out, vibration);
(2) Lateral vibration;
(3) Rotation (rotate around rod/pipe axis, rotate around
wellbore axis ).

Movements of Rod and Pipe
(1) Weight of rod and pipe themselves;
(2) Buoyancy force of fluids;
(3) Inner and outer pressure;
(4) Vibration force;
(5) Bottom force;
(6) Contact force and friction force;
(7) Viscos force;
(8) Thermo- force.
Forces Acting on Rod and Pipe
Any place, any time in the body:


] [ 3 ) (
2
t t
2 2 2
t
o t o o o o o o o o o o
u u u
<= + + + + + =
r r r i
Equivalent stress
Longitudinal
stress
Radial
stress
Tangential
stress
Shear
stress
Allowable
stress
Safe Conditions for Rod and Pipe
(1) Tensile or compress stress;
(2) Shear stress;
(3) Bending stress;
(4) Thermo- Stress.
Tubular Mechanics in Oil and Gas Wells
Movement of Rod and Pipe in Oil and Gas Wells
Fundamental Equations of Rod and Pipe Mechanics in
Oil and Gas Wells
Tension
and
Torque of
Pipe in
Wells
3D
Analysis of
BHA
Diagnosis
and
Prediction
of Sucker-
Rod
Pumping
Systems
Stability of
Pipe in
Wells
Vibration of
Drill String
Mechanical
Analysis of
Casing
Mechanical
Analysis of
Test String
Mechanical
analysis of
Fracturing
String
Others
The movement of rod and pipe in oil and gas wells is the foundation
of the research of rod and pipe mechanics in oil and gas wells.
1. Purpose of Research
1Movement
2. Introduction of Research
Longitudinal movement trip out, trip in, longitudinal vibration.
Transverse movement transverse vibration
Rotation uniformity rotation, torsional vibration.
Revolution forward revolution, back whirl.
Part 1. Movement of Rod and Pipe in Oil-Gas Wells
(2) Rotations in Vertical Well
The upper part
which is under
tension is rotates
around its axis.
The lower part
which is under
compress is rotates
in the opposite
direction around
well axis.
If there is a bend in
the drill string, the
bend will rotates
around another axis.
Longitudinal vibration: The whole drill
string may be under longitudinal
vibration. This may cause drill string
failure. The vibration may be seen on
drilling floor.
Torsion vibration: The whole drill string
may be under torsion vibration. This
may cause drill string failure. The
vibration may be seen on drill floor.
Lateral vibration: The lower part of the
drill string may be under lateral vibration.
This may cause drill string failure. The
vibration may not be seen on drill floor.
(3) Vibrations in Vertical Well
Because the effect of the gravity,
the drill string lays on the lower side
of the wellbore, and there is friction
between the drill string and the well
wall. Thus:
Longitudinal vibration decreases.
Torsional vibration decreases.
Transverse vibration decreases.
Back whirl decreases to none.
In inclined holes, drill string failures
caused by vibration are not very
often.
Drill string
rotates around
its axis.
If there is a bend in the drill
string, the bend will rotates
around another axis, not the
drill string axis and well axis.
3. Future Work
(1) Vibration of drill string
(2) Back whirl
(4) Inclined Well
A large number of string materials, such as drill string, pumping
rod, tubing, coiled tubing, casing, etc., are used in oil and gas
drilling and production. Proper mechanical analyses of these
strings are important.
(1) Fast, accurately, economically control the trajectory of well.
(2) Evaluate the strength of every kind of pipe and rod string,
optimize these string design.
(3) Optimize well path.
(4) Diagnosis of down hole problems.
(5) Optimize equipment and working parameters .
1. Purpose of Research
Part 2. Fundamental Equations of Rod and Pipe
Mechanics in Oil and Gas Wells
Hypotheses. (1)The rod and pipe strings behaves as linear
elastic bodies; (2)The rod and pipe strings have annular sections
and arbitrary properties that remain constant in a segment; (3)The
effect of shear stress on the deformation may be ignored.
Fundamental equations of rod and pipe mechanics in oil and gas
wells include geometry equations, equilibrium equations,
constitutive equations.
Because these fundamental equations for dynamical analysis of
rod and pipe string in oil and gas wells established here have
successfully unified all the differential equations used in dynamical
analysis of rod and pipe string in oil and gas wells, and all the
differential equations present used in :

2. Introduction of Research
(1) Calculation of tension and torque in directional wells;
(2) Analysis of BHA;
(3) Analysis of buckling behavior of pipe and casing strings;
(4) Analysis of drill string vibration;
(5) Mechanical analysis of casing;
(6) Mechanical analysis of testing string;
(7) Mechanical analysis of fracturing string;
(8) Analysis of sucker rod pumping system.
Can be obtained just by proper simplifying these fundamental
equations. Thus, these equations have broad uses in drilling and
production.
Fundamental Equations of
Rod and Pipe Mechanics
in Oil and Gas Wells
=
Maxwell Equation
in Electromagnetics
r
r+r
hs
ms
M+M
s
-F
-M
F+F
O
Equilibrium of BHA element
O
1


R
i

O
2

R
o


r
r
o

O
Rotation and whirling motion
A good torque and drag model, especially when coupled with improved
surface torque and hook load measurements, can be used for the following
purposes:
(1) Improved well planning design to reduce torque and drag;
(2) More realistic drill string design and surface equipment selection;
(3) Rig-site trouble-spotting, comparison of measured and predicted
torque and drag can help spot potential troubles;
(4) Aid in casing-running and setting;
(5) Quantifying the casing eccentricity and its effect on cementing, using
a program that computes the actual deformation of the casing;
(6) Aid in jarring operation: identification of the over pull needed to
activate jarring;
(7) Calculate the contact force between the drill string and well wall or
casing, estimate the wear of casing and key-seat;
(8) Change mud property.

1.Purpose of Research
Part 3. Steady Tension-Torque Model for Strings in
Directional wells
Based upon these fundamental equations above, a steady
tension-torque model for rod and pipe strings in oil and gas wells
has been established by taking into full account of these string
properties, wellbore conditions and operation procedures.
The model has been successfully used to
(1)determining the friction factor between wellbore and drill/ tubing
string;
(2)mechanical analysis of drill string, tubing, casing, etc.;
(3)monitoring down hole condition;
(4)selecting well profile and predict the maximum allowable length
of the horizontal section, etc.
2. Introduction of Research
Mechanical analysis of drill
string in directional well
Mechanical analysis of tubing
string in down hole operation
Mechanical analysis of tubing
string in completion and testing
operation
Mechanical analysis of tubing
string in fracturing operation
Mechanical analysis of tubing
string in testing operation
Mechanical conditions of string in evaluation
Mechanical conditions of string in unsetting
Hook load vs. well depth
Upward Downward
Rotate
Drill string loads vs. measured depth
Upward Downward
Rotate
Drill string loads vs. measured depth in special operations
Back-off
Jarring
Diagnosis of sand bed and other down hole problems of extend
reach wells
Monitoring wear of casing
(1) Quantitative describe the forces on BHA and BHA
deformation, calculate the side force and the deflection angle
of the bit.
(2) Select BHA and operation parameters, to make the bit drill
along the designed path.
1.Purpose of Research
Part 4. 3D Analysis of BHA
(1) BHA analysis methods
Dimension State Deflection
2 3 Static Dynamic Small Large
Energy Method
Classical Analytic Method
Continues Beam Method
Finite Difference Method
Weighted Residuals Method
Finite Element Method


BHA Analysis

Differential Equation
Classical Analytic Method
Finite Difference Method
Weighted Residuals Method
Continues Beam Method
Finite Element Method
Energy Method
2. Introduction of Research
(2) Development of Weighted Residuals Method
The differential equations for three-dimensional analysis of BHA including
steerable down hole motor assembly etc. have been derived from the
fundamental equations for dynamical analysis of rod and pipe string in oil
and gas wells. Three-dimensional mathematical models for static analysis
of BHA under small and large deflections and a three dimensional
mathematical model for dynamical analysis of BHA under small deflection
have been established. The three dimensional mathematical model for
static analysis of BHA under small deflection has been successfully used
in well trajectory predicting and control.
Mathematical model Solution Application
3D Small Deflection Static Very good Meet the need of
Engineering
3D Large Deflection Static Good
3D Small Deflection Dynamic

/25m
2 10 40 90
1# 5.20 5.3122 5.6478 6.0266
2# 11.8 11.921 10.76 11.68
3# 0.0095 -0.0671 -0.5274 -1.097
4# -0.218 1.0543 3.9418 4.2046
5# 0.0977 0.1415 0.1948 0.128
6# -0.0067 -0.0039 -0.0159 -0.0347
Build Rate vs. Inclination
Casing Window Milling Simulation
Prediction of well trajectory
Lubinski et al. defined the helical buckling behavior of pipes in
vertical wells. However, the post-buckling behavior of pipe in inclined
and horizontal wells is different from that in nearby vertical wells.
Knowledge of configuration of buckled tubular is important to prevent
costly failures, to predict whether a tool can be forced along a
directional or horizontal well and to optimize the tubular string.
1.Purpose of Research
Part 5. Static Buckling of Rod and Pipe String in Oil and
Gas Wells
2. Introduction of Research
(1)States of Stability of Rod and Pipe String in Oil and Gas Wells


State of stability of rod
and pipe string in oil
and gas wells

Static
Stable
Buckling Sinusoidal Buckling
Helical Buckling

Dynamic
Stable
Buckling Sinusoidal Buckling
Helical Buckling
In a vertical well, the part of
string under tension does not
buckling; the part under
compression is in helical
buckling condition.
In a directional well, the part of string under
tension does not buckling; the part under
compression is in helical buckling condition
in vertical section, may be in stable,
sinusoidal buckling, helical buckling in
inclined section.
(2)Research Method
Theory: Energy method, Differential Method
Experiment: Laboratory Experiment

(3)Mathematical Model
Based upon these fundamental equations
above, the differential equations for the buckling
of the strings in inclined straight holes have been
derived. Linear and non-linear mathematical
models for buckling of these strings in horizontal
sections have been established. The critical
forces for helical and sinusoidal buckling in
inclined straight holes have been found. The
linear and non-linear buckling of the weightless
string have been analyzed.
Fictitious force:
p
o

R
o

p
i

R
i

p
Traditional mechanical model

i i o o s
A p A p F =

(4) Effects of Internal and External Pressure on Equivalent Axis
Force and Stability of Pipe String in Oil Wells
p
o

R
o

p
i

R
i

A
p
o1

R
o

p
i1

R
i

B
p
o2

R
o

p
i2

R
i

C
F
z1

F
z2
F
z

True mechanical model
Fictitious force used for pipe stability calculation is wrong.

Internal and external pressure can not cause buckling of a hanging
pipe string.
Internal and external pressure themselves can not cause buckling
of a double ends fixed pipe string. For a double ends fixed pipe string,
the changes of internal and external pressure can affect its stability.
Equivalent axis force is a function of initial axis force, Poissons ratio of
pipe material, change of internal pressure, change of external pressure,
area of internal circle of pipe and area of external circle of pipe.
For a double ends fixed pipe string, the increase of internal
pressure decreases stability, the increase of external pressure
increases stability.
i i o o s
A p A p F =

] ) ( ) )[( 2 1 (
o o2 o1 i i2 i1 z1 z2
A p p A p p F F + =
3. Future Work
(1) Dynamic stability
(2) Geometric non-linear analysis
(1) Evaluate the strength of drill string, optimize these string design.
(2) Analysis drill string failure.
(3) Prolong the life of drill string and drill bit.
1.Purpose of Research
(1)Reason Causes Drill String Vibration
2. Introduction
Part 6. Vibration of Drill String
The teeth of the bit contact the rock
periodic is the main reason that causes
the longitudinal and torsional vibration.
Back whirl of buckled drill string, bend
angle and eccentricity of mass of drill
string are reasons cause transverse
vibration
(2) Analysis Methods of Drill String Vibrations
Longitudinal
vibration.
Torsional
vibration.
Transverse
vibration
Classical Analytic Method
Finite Difference Method
Weighted Residuals Method
Finite Element Method

Differential equation
Classical Analytic Method
Finite Difference Method
Weighted Residuals Method
Finite Element Method
3. Longitudinal Vibration
Differential equations
Bit
Connection
points
Ground or derrick
base
Initial condition
Variables separation
solution
Initial, boundary and
continuity conditions
Spectrum analysis
Selected rotary speed
Force excitation
Mechanical model
Displacement excitation
(1) Mechanical Model
Bit
Drill collar
Drill pipe
Traveling
block and
swivel
Wire line
Derrick
a b
c
Mechanical model
Relative bit displacement induced by bit force vs. rotary speed in force excitation
Relative bit force induced by bit displacement vs. rotary speed in displacement excitation
(2) Spectrum Analysis
)
30
sin( 10000 ) (
r b
t N N
t F
t
=
)
30
sin( 01 . 0 ) (
r b
t N N
t U
t
=
Rotary speed
Rotary speed
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

b
i
t

f
o
r
c
e

R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

b
i
t

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

W
e
l
l

d
e
p
t
h
=
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t

Results induced by bit force and bit displacement

Rotary speed
(round/min)
Force excitation Displacement excitation
Amplitude of bit
displacement (m)
State
Amplitude of force
on bit (kN)
State
6 0.2863 Resonant vibration
12 0.0024 Anti-vibration 41.2 Resonant vibration
18 0.1296 Resonant vibration 0.8 Anti-vibration
25 0.0016 Anti-vibration 63 Resonant vibration
30 0.0377 Resonant vibration 2.6 Anti-vibration
38 0.0009 Anti-vibration 114 Resonant vibration
42 0.0264 Resonant vibration 3.8 Anti-vibration
51 0.0005 Anti-vibration 221 Resonant vibration
55 0.0167 Resonant vibration 6 Anti-vibration
63 0.0004 Anti-vibration 246 Resonant vibration
66 0.0117 Resonant vibration 8.5 Anti-vibration
76 0.0004 Anti-vibration 232 Resonant vibration
79 0.0085 Resonant vibration 11.8 Anti-vibration
89 0.0003 Anti-vibration 388 Resonant vibration
92 0.0065 Resonant vibration 15.3 Anti-vibration
101 0.0002 Anti-vibration 342 Resonant vibration
Bit displacement vs. depth and rotary
speed in force excitation
Bit force vs. depth and rotary speed in
displacement excitation
(3) Findings
The rotary velocity of anti-vibration by force excitation method is just that of
resonant by displacement excitation method.
The rotary velocity of resonant by force excitation method is just that of
anti-vibration by displacement excitation method.
The season why drill string failure is that force excitation analysis is used to
calculate drilling string longitudinal resonant vibration rotary speed, then put
forward anti-vibration parameters.
want mistake get
(4) Methods for Selecting Anti-vibration Rotary Speeds
Method Force excitation Displacement excitation
Application Traditional used New advised
Effect Still failure Validated
problems Bit force is not the reason of longitudinal vibration
There is no important meaning to calculate bit
displacement
(5) How to Select Rotary Speed
Using displacement excitation
method.
Avoid peak areas
When meets peak areas,
changes rotary speed to lower
areas.
Force method vs. displacement method
(6) Applications in Daqing Oil Field
Daqing Oil Field Optimized an anti-vibration drill string using force excitation
method and drill string breaks often. While using displacement excitation
method to analyze it, it is in resonant vibration all the time.
(1) Research the frequency response of longitudinal and torsional
vibrations of drill string with vibration absorber.
(2) Research the coupled vibration of longitudinal and torsional.
(3) Research transverse vibration.

4. Future Work
(1) Evaluate the strength of rod string, optimize these string design.
(2) Diagnosis of pump and rod working conditions.
(3) Optimize equipment, rod, and pumping parameters.
1.Purpose of Research
Based upon these fundamental equations above, mathematical
models for diagnosis and prediction of the behavior of sucker rod
pumping systems in directional wells have been established. The
mathematical models and those analytic solutions for diagnosis
and prediction of the behavior of sucker rod pumping systems in
vertical wells are presented..
2. Introduction of Research
Part 7. Diagnosis and Optimization of Sucker-Rod
Pumping Systems
(1)Diagnosis of Sucker-Rod Pumping Systems (Directional well)

(2)Prediction of Sucker-Rod Pumping Systems (Vertical well)

(1)Compute stresses in casing string, verify strength;
(2)Design casing string;
(3)Prevent failure of casing.



1.Purpose of Research
2. Introduction of Research
Part 8. Mechanical Analysis of Casing
Earth stress can or can not act on the casing is studied. Casing
failure due to thermal stress is studied. The pre-expansion cementing
technology is put forward.
(1)Earth Stress Acting on the Casing
x
o
Mechanical model published in recent years
y
o
x
o
Take this as basis, to study
stress in the casing.
True mechanical model
(1) If the rock is elastic body, then earth stress can not act on
the casing.
(2) If the rock is fluid, then similar to static hydraulic
pressure.
x
o
y
o
x
o
y
o
x
o
y
o
y x
o o ~
Casing damage in conventional thermal recovery wells

(2) Casing Failure in Thermal Recovery Wells and Prevention
Technology
Casing damage in pre-tension thermal recovery wells

Casing damage in pre-full-heated thermal recovery wells


Pre-expansion cementing technology

S
a
f
e
t
y

f
a
c
t
o
r

Pre-heated temperature()
Pre-acted
pressure(MPa)
(1) Calculate the shape of the seam after expansion.
(2) Calculate the axis force during expansion, the axis force while starting
contract, and the max axis force allowed.
(3) Analyze the relationship between the axis force during expansion, outer
pressure resistance and geometric structure of slotted tubular.
(4) Analyze the relationship between the axis force while starting contract
and geometric structure of slotted tubular.
(5) Design and adjust the geometric structure of slotted tubular.

Part 9. Mechanical Analysis of Slotted Tubular
Pre- and post-expansion
of the slotted tubular
Expansion process with the
expandable cone
Part 10. Other Applications
Mechanical analysis of micro
/ Nano systems
Mechanical analysis and safety
evaluation of vascular - catheter -
guide wire system in vascular
interventional medicine
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Assembly under Large Deflection[J]. SPE Drilling & Completion, 1996, 11(2):104-
110. (in English)
20. Li Zifeng. Criterion and Erosion Mechanism of Cavitating Jet[J]. Engineering
Mechanics, 2007, 24(3):185-188. (in Chinese)
21. Li Jingyuan, Li Zifeng. Realization of Well Path Prediction[J]. Natural Gas
Industry, 2005, 25(5): 62-64. (in Chinese)
22. Li Zifeng, Zhang Yonggui, Hou Xutian, et al. Analysis of Longitudinal and Torsion
Vibration of Drillstring[J]. Engineering Mechanics, 2004, 21(6): 203-210. (in
Chinese)
23. Li Zifeng, Zhao Jinhai, Li Jingyuan. Mathematical Models for 3D Analysis of
Rotary Steering Bottom Hole Assembly with Small Deflection[J]. ACTA PETROLI
SINICA, 2004, 25(1):84-88. (in Chinese)
24. Li Zifeng, Zhao Xinrui, Zhao Deyun. Mathematical Model for 3D Analysis of
General Bottomhole Assembly under Small Deflection and Its Application[J].
Engineering Mechanics.2000, 17(6):121-129. (in Chinese)
25. Li Zifeng. Non-buckling Drill Col1ar No Theoretical Foundation[J]. Acta Petrolei
Sinica, 1999, 20(5):82-83. (in Chinese)
26. Li Zifeng, Li Jingyuan, Ma Xingrui, Huang Wenhu. Fundamental Equations and Its
Applications for Dynamical Analysis of Rod and Pipe in Oil and Gas Wells[J]. Acta
Petrolei Sinica, 1999, 20(3):88-91. (in Chinese)
27. Li Jingyuan, Li Zifeng, Ma Xingrui, et al. Mechanical Analysis of tubing in Thermal
Recovery Wells[J]. Engineering Mechanics, 1998, 15(3):51-60. (in Chinese)
28. Li Zifeng, Ma Xingrui, Huang Wenhu, et al. Mechanical Analysis of Casing in Thermal
Recovery Wells[J]. Engineering Mechanics, 1998, 15(2):19-26. (in Chinese)
29. Li Zifeng, Ma Xingrui and Huang Wenhu. Static Stability of Pipe String in Oil and Gas
Wells[J]. Engineering Mechanics, 1997, 14(1): 17-25. (in Chinese)
30. Li Zifeng, Ma Xingrui, Huang Wenhu. A General Formulation of Drill Stem Mechanics
and Its Application[J]. ACTA MECHANICA SINACA, 1995, 27(4): 406-414. (in
Chinese)
31. Li Zifeng, Ma Xingrui, Huang Wenhu. The Buckling of a Circular Rod or Pipe Laterally
Constrained to be Contact with a Horizontal Circular Cylinder[J]. Journal of Harbin
Institute of Technology, 1994, 26(1): 96-100. (in Chinese)
32. Li Zifeng, Liu Xisheng. 3D Mechanical Analysis of Steerable Bottom hole Tool
Assembly under Small Deflection[J]. Petroleum Drilling Techniques, 1993, 21(2):1-6.
(in Chinese)
33. Li Zifeng, Liu Xisheng. A Steady Tension-Torque Model for Drillstring in Horizontal
Wells[J]. Petroleum Drilling Techniques, 1992, 20(4):1-6. (in Chinese)
34. Li Zifeng et al. A Prediction Technique for the Behavior of Sucker-Rod Pumping
Systems[J]. Journal of Daqing Petroleum Institute, 1987,11 (4):32-39. (in Chinese)
35. Li Zifeng, Yang Minjia, Li Bangda. Analysis of Mechanism on Production Casing
Failure[J]. Oil Drilling & Production Technology, 1985, 7(4):47-53. (in Chinese)
36. Zifeng Li, Boyun Guo. Analysis of Longitudinal Vibration of Drillstring in Air and Gas
Drilling[C]. SPE 107697, The 2007 SPE Rocky Mountain Oil & Gas Technology
Symposium held in Denver, Colorado, U.S.A., 1618 April 2007. (in English)

Thank you!
Prof. Zifeng Li
Petroleum Institute, Yanshan University
Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
zfli@ysu.edu.cn
86-13930359622