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Service-oriented architecture (SOA) definition

A service-oriented architecture is essentially a collection of services. These services communicate with each other. The communication can involve either simple data passing or it could involve two or more services coordinating some activity. Some means of connecting services to each other is needed.

Services
A service is a function that is well-defined, self-contained, and does not depend on the context or state of other services. Services are what you connect together using Web Services. A service is the endpoint of a connection. Also, a service has some type of underlying computer system that supports the connection offered.

Connections
The technology of Web services is the most likely connection technology of service-oriented architectures. Web services essentially use XML to create a robust connection. The following figure illustrates a basic service-oriented architecture. It shows a service consumer at the right sending a service request message to a service provider at the left. The service provider returns a response message to the service consumer. The request and subsequent response connections are defined in some way that is understandable to both the service consumer and service provider. A service provider can also be a service consumer.

WSDL:
Web Services Description Language (WSDL) is a format for describing a Web Services interface. It is a way to describe services and how they should be bound to specific network addresses. WSDL has three parts:

Definitions Operations Service bindings

Definitions are generally expressed in XML and include both data type definitions and message definitions that use the data type definitions. These definitions are usually based upon some agreed upon XML vocabulary. This agreement could be within an organization or between organizations. Vocabularies within an organization could be designed specifically for that organization. They may or may not be based on some industry-wide vocabulary. If data type and message definitions need to be used between organizations, then most likely an industry-wide vocabulary will be used. For more on XML vocabularies, click here.

XML, however, is not necessary required for definitions. The OMG Interface Definition Language (IDL), for example, could be used instead of XML. If a different definitional format were used, senders and receivers would need to agree on the format as well as the vocabulary. Nevertheless, over time, XML-based vocabularies and messages are likely to dominate. XML Namespaces (new window) are used to ensure uniqueness of the XML element names in the definitions, operations, and service bindings. Operations describe actions for the messages supported by a Web service. There are four types of operations:

One-way: Messages sent without a reply required Request/response: The sender sends a message and the received sends a reply. Solicit response: A request for a response. (The specific definition for this action is pending.) Notification: Messages sent to multiple receivers. (The specific definition for this action is pending.)

Operations are grouped into port types. Port types define a set of operations supported by the Web service. Service bindings connect port types to a port. A port is defined by associating a network address with a port type. A collection of ports defines a service. This binding is commonly created using SOAP (new window), but other forms may be used. These other forms could include CORBA Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP), DCOM, .NET, Java Message Service (JMS), or WebSphere MQ to name a few.

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Using the Web Services Description Language (WSDL)


The Web Services Description Language (WSDL) forms the basis for

Web Services. The following figure illustrates the use of WSDL. At the left is a service provider. At the right is a service consumer. The steps involved in providing and consuming a service are: 1. A service provider describes its service using WSDL. This definition is published to a directory of services. The directory could use Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI). Other forms of directories can also be used. 2. A service consumer issues one or more queries to the directory to locate a service and determine how to communicate with that service. 3. Part of the WSDL provided by the service provider is passed to the service consumer. This tells the service consumer what the requests and responses are for the service provider. 4. The service consumer uses the WSDL to send a request to the service provider. 5. The service provider provides the expected response to the service consumer. More on
Web Services Description Language (new window).

Using Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI)


The directory shown in the above figure could be a UDDI registry. The UDDI registry is intended to eventually serve as a means of "discovering" Web Services described using WSDL . The idea is that the UDDI registry can be searched in various ways to obtain contact information and the Web Services available for various organizations. How much "discovery" will be used in the early days of Web Services is open to discussion. Nevertheless, even without the discovery portion, the UDDI registry is a way to keep up-to-date on the Web Services your organization currently uses. More on Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (new window). An alternative to UDDI is the ebXML Registry (new window).

SOAP:
SOAP provides the envelope for sending Web Services messages over the Internet/Internet. It is part of the set of standards specified by the W3C. Those standards are an alternative to the principles of Representational State Transfer (REST) (new window).

The SOAP envelope contains two parts: 1. An optional header providing information on authentication, encoding of data, or how a recipient of a SOAP message should process the message. 2. The body that contains the message. These messages can be defined using the WSDL specification. SOAP commonly uses HTTP, but other protocols such as Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) may by used. SOAP can be used to exchange complete documents or to call a remote procedure. NOTE: SOAP at one time stood for Simple Object Access Protocol. Starting with SOAP Version 1.2, the letters in the acronym have no particular meaning

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