1.

acculturation: The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.

Native American Societies and tribes adopted the English language and other cultural traits, causing them to be near extinction. 2. animism: Most prevalent in Africa and the Americas, doctrine in which the world is seen as being infused with spiritual and even supernatural powers.

People sometimes believe that god is angry when there is a thunderstorm. 3. artifact: Any item that represents a material aspect of culture

Muslim women wear Hijabs. 4. Buddhism: System of belief that seeks to explain ultimate realities for all people-such as the nature of suffering and the path toward self-realization.

Buddhism is most widely practiced in Thailand and Cambodia. 5. caste system: System in India that gives every Indian a particular place in the social hierarchy from birth. Individuals may improve the position they inherit in the caste system in their next life through their actions, or karma. After many lives of good karma, they may be relieved from cycle of life and win their place in heaven.

If an individual does something horrible in one life as a human, in the next life, he may be born a bug. 6. Christianity: The world's most widespread religion. Christianity is a monotheistic, universal religion that uses missionaries to expand its members worldwide. The three major categories of Christianity are Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox.

Most Hispanic countries practice Christianity as their main religion. 7. creole: A pidgin language that evolves to the point at which it becomes the primary language of the people who speak it.

English 8. cultural complex: The group of traits that define a particular culture

In Hindi culture, they follow a caste system, believe in many gods, women wear a bindi of they are married, and many more customs. 9. cultural extinction: Obliteration of an entire culture by war, disease, acculturation, or a combination of the three.

10. cultural geography: The subfield of human geography that looks at how cultures vary over space.

Germany over a period of 1000 years. 11. cultural hearth: locations on earth's surface where specific cultures first arose

High Fashion starts in NY 12. cultural imperialism: the dominance of one culture over another

Celtic was nearly extinct. 13. cultural trait: The specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture, such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture.

Spanish Christianity Hispanic 14. culture: a total way of life held in common by a group of people, including learned features such as language, ideology, behavior, technology ,and government

In Hispanic culture, usually the 15th birthday of a young girl signifies her transition into womanhood. It is celebrated with a Quinceaera. 15. custom: Practices followed by the people of a particular cultural group.

Caste System 16. denomination: A particular religious group, usually associated with differing Protestant belief systems.

Baptists, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Methodists, Mormons, and Presbyterians. 17. dialect: Geographically distinct versions of a single language that vary somewhat from the parent form.

Alabama has a diff. dialect than NY.

18. diaspora: People who come from a common ethnic background but who live in different regions outside of the home of their ethnicity

I have family in NY, and family in VA. Even in Mexico. 19. ecumene: The proportion of earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement. This is important because it tells how much of the land has been built upon and how much land is left for us to build on.

Only about 20% of the earth. 20. environmental determinism: A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions.

Africans are black because they are near the equator. 21. esperanto: a constructed international auxiliary language incorporating aspects of numerous linguistic traditions to create a universal means of communication

Spoken in some places in Europe. 22. ethnic cleansing: The systematic attempt to remove all people of a particular ethnicity from a country or region either by forced migration or genocide.

Naxi Germany 23. ethnic neighborhood: an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background

Harlem, NYC Hasidic Jews 24. ethnic religion: Religion that is identified with a particular ethnic or tribal group and that does not seek new converts.

Muslims and Arabic ppl 25. ethnicity: Refers to a group of people who share a common identity.

Im Hispanic. 26. evangelical religions: Religion in which an effort is made to spread a particular belief system.

Christianity 27. folk culture: Refers to a constellation of cultural practices that form the sights, smells, sounds, and rituals of everyday existence in the traditional societies in which they developed.

Irish-ridden places spread folk culture, like pubs.

28. fundamentalism: The strict adherence to a particular doctrine.

Islamic Fundamentalism; 9/11

29. genocide: a premeditated effort to kill everyone from a particular ethnic group

Nazi Germany

30. ghetto: a segregated ethnic area within a city

Neighborhoods in Downtown Crestview.

31. global religion: Religion in which members are numerous and widespread and their doctrines might appeal to different people from any region of the globe.

Christianity

32. Hinduism: A cohesive and unique society, most prevalent in India, that integrates spiritual beliefs with daily practices and official institutions such as the caste system.

Krupa and Rohun practice Hinduism.

33. Indo-european family: Language family including the Germanic and Romance languages that is spoken by about 50% of the world's people.

Spanish is in this family.

34. Islam: A monotheistic religion based on the belief that there is one God, Allah, and that Muhammad was Allah's prophet. Islam is based in the ancient city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the birthplace of Muhammad.

Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa practice this religion. 35. isoglosses: Geographical boundary lines where different linguistic features meet.

In Fay., they say You guys, in Cerstview, Yall. 36. Judaism: The first major monotheistic religion. It is based on a sense of ethnic identity, and its adherents tend to form tight-knit communities wherever they live.

Natalie Portman 37. Language extinction: This occurs when a language is no longer in use by any living people. Thousands of languages have become extinct over the eons since language first developed, but the process of language extinction has accelerated greatly during the past 300 years.

Latin is an extinct language. 38. Language family: A collection of many languages, all of which came from the same original tongue long ago, that have since evolved different characteristics.

Indo-European Family 39. language group: a set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics

Spanish and Portuguese; latin 40. lingua franca: An extremely simple language that combines aspects of two or more other, morecomplex languages usually used for quick and efficient communication.

English 41. literacy: the ability to read and write

US has high literacy rates.

42. local religion: religions that are spiritually bound to particular regions

Local religions passed thru the years thru story-telling.

43. minority: A racial or ethnic group smaller than and differing from the majority race or ethnicity in a particular area or region.

Alaskan

44. missionary: A person of a particular faith that travels in order to recruit new members into the faith represented

Chaplan

45. monotheism: Worship of or belief in only one god

Christianity

46. multicultural: having to do with many cultures

US

47. official language: Language in which all government business occurs in a country

English

48. pidgin: Language that may develop when two groups of people with different languages meet. The pidgin has some characteristics of each language.

In PR, because many tourists visit, a form of spanglish has form, and not all words used there are Spanish.

49. pilgrimage: a journey to a place of religious importance

America; 1600s 50. polyglot: a multilingual state

Florida 51. polytheism: the worship of more than one god

Shintoism. 52. popular culture: Dynamic culture based in large, heterogeneous societies permitting considerable individualism, innovation, and change; having a money-based economy, division of labor into professions, secular institutions of control, and weak interpersonal ties; and producing and consuming machine-made goods

Fur Coats

53. race: A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics.

Black

54. Romance languages: Any of the languages derived from Latin including Italian, Spanish, French, and Romanian.

French

55. Shaman: The single person who takes on the roles of priest, counselor, and physician and acts as a conduit to the supernatural world in a shamanist culture.

Common in local religions

56. sino-tibetan family: Language area that spreads through most of Southeast Asia and China and is comprised of Chinese, Burmese, Tibetan, Japanese, and Korean

Immigrants from southeast asia are likely to speak a sino-tibetan language. 57. syncretic: Traditions that borrow from both the past and present

Most dont use AC in PR. 58. toponym: Place names

Baton Rouge, San Diego

59. tradition: a cohesive collection of customs within a cultural group

In Native American tribes, it is traditional to have certain markings, and to participate in dances and rituals. 60. transculturation: the expansion of cultural traits through diffusion, adoption, and other related processes

Native American tribes nearly extinct because of this. 61. universalizing religion: Religion that seeks to unite people from all over the globe.

Christianity

62. assimilate: the process through which people lose originally differentiating traits such as dress, speech, particularities, or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture. Often used to describe immigrant adaptation to new places of residence

US Gov trying to make American Indians part of their

culture.

63.

authenticity: in the context of local cultures or customs, the accuracy with which the single sterotypical or typecast image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture or its customs

Irish Pub Co.

64.

commodification: The process through which something is given monetary value; occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be traded in a market economy.

Ebay

65.

cultural appropriation: the process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit

Pilgrims made fish and crops how the Native Americans taught them.

66.

cultural landscape: The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape. The layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts sequentially imprinted on the landscape by the activities of various human occupants.

Pyramids in Giza

67.

culture: the sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society.

MANY different cultures around the world. Different one in crestview, fl.

68.

custom: practice routinely followed by a group of people

Wearing shoes and shirts in not mandatory in some cultures.

69.

diffusion routes: the spatial trajectory through which the cultural traits or other phenomena spread

Hierarchial Diffusion

70.

distance decay: the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

Altered by technology.

71.

ethnic neighborhood: neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitian city and constructed by or composed of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs

PRs in NY

72.

folk culture: Cultural traits such as dress modes, dwellings, traditions, and institutions of usually small, traditional communities.

Skirts worn by everyone in Scotland.

73.

folk-housing regions: A region in which the housing stock predominantly reflects styles of building that are particular to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the area.

74.

global-local continuum: The notion that what happens at the global scale has direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice versa. This idea posits that the world is comprised of an interconnected eries of relationships that extend across space.

75.

glocalization: The process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes

76.

hearth: the area where an idea or cultural trait originates

NY hearth of High Fashion

77. hierarchical diffusion: a form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples. An urban hierarchy is usually involved, encouraging the leapfrogging of innovations over wide areas, with geographic distance as a less important influence

78.

local culture: group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community who share expierences, customs, and traits, and who work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others

79.

material culture: the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people

80.

neolocalism: the seeking out of the regional culture and reinvigorating of it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world

81.

non-material culture: the beleifs, practices, aesthics, and values of a group of people

82.

placelessness: defined by the geographer Edward Relph as the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next

83.

popular culture: Cultural traits such as dress, diet and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban-based, media-influenced western societies

84.

reterritorialization: with respect to popular culture, when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own

85. time-space compression: A term associated with the work of David Harvey that refers to the social and psychological effects of living in a world in which timespace convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity.

86. barrioization: defined by geographer James Curtis as the dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood; referring to barrio, the Spanish word for neighborhood

87. dowry deaths: in the context of arranged marriages in India, disputes over the price to be paid by the family of the bride to the father of the groom (the dowry) have, in some extreme cases, led to the death of a bride

88. gender: social differences between men and women, rather than the anatomical, biological differences between the sexes. Notions of gender differences - that is, what is considered "feminine" or "masculine" - vary greatly over time and space

89. gendered: in terms of place, whether the place is designed for or claimed by men or women

90. identifying against: constructing an identity by first defining the "other" and then by defining ourselves as "not the other"

91. identity: defined by Gillian Rose as "how we make sense of ourselves;" how people see themselves at different scales

92. invasion and succession: processes by which new immigrants move to a city and domanate or take over a area or neighoborhoods occupied by older immagrent groups

93. queer theory: theory defined by geographers Glen Elder and Lawrence Knopp, and Heidi Nast that highlights the contextual nature of opposition to the heteronormative and focuses on the poitical engagement of "queers" with the heteronormative

94. racism: freaquently referred to as a system of attitude toward visible differences in indiviguals, racism is an ideology of difference that ascribes (predominantly negative) significance and meaning to culturally, socially, and politically constructed ideas

based on phenotypical features

95. residential segregation: defined by Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton as "the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment."

96. sense of place: state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character

97. space: defined by Doreen Massey and Pat Jess as "social relations stretched out"

98. Backward reconstruction: the tracing of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language.

99. Conquest theory: One major theory of how ProtoIndo-European diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier

inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of the Indo-European tongues.

100. Deep reconstruction: Technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that proceeded the extinct language.

101. Dialect chains: A set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related.

102. Dispersal hypothesis: Hypothesis which holds that the Indo-European languages that arose from Proto-Indo-European were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then

across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and onto the Balkans.

103. Germanic languages: Languages (English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) that reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to the

west and south.

104. Global language: The language used most commonly around the world; defined on the basis of

either the number of speakers of the language, or the prevalence of use in commerce and trade.

105. Language convergence: The collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent

spatial interaction of people with different languages; the opposite of language divergence.

106. Language divergence: The opposite of language convergence; a process suggested by German

linguist August Schleicher whereby new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation eventually causes the division of the language into discrete new languages.

107. Language: a set of sounds, combination of

sounds, and symbols that are used for communication.

108. Monolingual states: Countries in which only one language is spoken.

109. Multilingual states: Countries in which more than one language is spoken.

110. Mutual intelligibility: The ability of two people to understand each other when speaking.

111. Nostratic(language): Language believed to be the ancestoral language not only of Proto-IndoEuropean, but also of the Kartvelian languages of the southern Caucasus region, the Ural-Altaic languages (including Hungarian, Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian), the Dravadian languages of India, and the Afro-Asiatic language family.

112. Proto-Indo-European: Linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral IndoEuropean language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages which hearth would link modern languages from Scandinavia to North Africa and from North America through parts of Asia to Australia.

113. Renfrew hypothesis: Hypothesis developed by British scholar Colin Renfrew wherein he proposed that three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families: Europe's IndoEuropean languages (from Anatolia (present-day Turkey)); North Africa and Arabian languages (from the western arc of the Fertile Crescent); and the languages in present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India (from the eastern arc of the Fertile Crescent)

114. Slavic languages: Languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, SerboCroatian, and Bulgarian) that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago.

115. Sound shift: Slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin.

116. Standard language: The variant of a language that a country's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life.

117. Subfamilies: Divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent

118. Confucianism: A philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on the writings of Confucius and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Chinese culture.

119. Eastern Orthodox Church: One of the three major branches of Christianity, the Eastern Orthodox Church, together with the Roman Catholic Church, a second of the three major branches of Christianity, arose out of the division of the Roman Empire by Emporer Diocletian into four governmental regions: two western regions centerd in Rome, and two

eastern regions centered in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). In 1054 CE, Christianity was divided along the same line when the Eatern Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople, and the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Rome, split.

120. Feng Shui: Literally "wind-water." The Chinese art and science of placement and orientation of tombs, dwellings, buildings, and cities. Structures and objects are positioned in an effort to channel flows of sheng-chi (life-breath) in favorable ways.

121. hajj: The Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhamad.

122. interfaith boundaries: Boundaries between the world's major faiths.

123. intrafaith boundaries: Boundaries within a single major faith.

124. jihad: A doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as "Holy War," Jihad represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to the religious standards set by the Qu'ran.

125. minarets: Tower attached to a Muslim mosque, haveing one or more projecting balconies from which a crier calls Muslims to prayer.

126. Protestant: One of the three major branches of Christianity (together with the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church). Following the widespread societal changes in Europe starting in the 1300s CE, many adherents of the Roman

Catholic Church began to question the role of religion in their lives and opened the door to the Protestant Reformation wherein John Huss, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others challenged many of the fundemental teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.

127.

religion: Defined by geographers Robert Stoddard and Carolyn Prorak in the book Geography in America as "a system of beliefs and practices that

attempts to order life in terms of culturally percieved ultimate priorities."

128. religious extremism: Religious fundementalism carried to the point of violence.

129. Roman Catholic Church: One of the three major branches of Christianity, the Roman Catholic

Church, together with the Eastern Orthodox Church, a second of the three major branches of Christianity, arose out of th division of the Roman Empire by Emporer Diocletian into four governmental regions: two western regions centerd in Rome, and two eastern regions centered in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). In 1054 CE, Christianity was divided along the same line when the Eatern Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople, and the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Rome, split.

130. sacred sites: Place or space people infuse with religious meaning.

131. secularism: The idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth, not to acomodate the prescritions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife. A secular state is the opposite of a theocracy.

132. shari'a laws: The system of Islamic law, sometimes called Qu'ranic law. Unlike most westen systems of law that are based on legel precedence, Sharia is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu'ran.

133. Shi'ite: Adherents to one of the two major divisions of Islam. Also known as Shiahs, the Shi'ites represent the Persian (Iranian) variation of Islam and believe int he infallibility and divine right to authority of the imams, descendants of Ali.

134. Shintoism: Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism, Shintoism focuses primarily on nature and ancestor worship.

135. Sunni: Adherents to the largest branch of Islam, called the orthodox or traditionalist. They believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life's problems, and they differ from the Shi'ites in accepting the traditions (sunna) of Muhammd as authoritative.

136. Taoism: Religion believed to have been founded by Lao-Tsu and based upon his book "Tao-te-ching," or "Book of the Way." Lao-Tsu focused on the proper form of politcal rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature.

137. Zionism: The movement to unite the Jewish people of the diaspora and to establish a national homeland for them in the promised land.