THE ACTUARY: THE ROLE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE PROFESSION SINCE THE MID-19th CENTURY

*TTHE ROLE OF ACTUARY IN GENERAL INSURANCE BUSINESS IN INDIA - R.Qaiser, Professor, NIA, PuneHE ACTUARY: THE ROLE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE
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Abstract Actuarial techniques now find practical application in the operation of a general Insurance company. But there is lack of awareness and appreciation of this fact even amongst the staff and officers of the insurance companies. This calls for change. This article throws light on the role of Appointed Actuary as per the regulations of IRDA and goes beyond to examine other areas in general insurance operation where the services of Actuaries can be utilized.N Introduction The Insurance Act 1938 is the basic law that governs the transaction of insurance Business in India. This act has been amended from time to time to bring about required changes in the insurance sector as also to push the government agenda. The latest amendment was made in 2000 which created IRDA and vested power with it to issue regulations from time to time to regulate the market and to protect the policyholders interest. This amendment opened up the insurance market in India to private players. This meant a more proactive role for the regulator to ensure the overall health of the sector as also to maintain a strict vigil on the conduct of companies. This amendment will have far reaching consequences. To further liberalise the market and to bring in some more changes, the act is going to be further amended. The draft bill is pending with the parliament.

This latest amendment of 2000 brought in its wake for the first time the concept of

Appointed Actuary in general insurance companies operating in India. Every general insurance company, must now is necessarily required to have an appointed actuary. His role has been defined in the regulations issued by IRDA. While the appointed actuary will receive his remuneration from the company, he will also be reporting to IRDA direct on certain matters which are critical and may require immediate IRDA intervention.

Why has actuary suddenly become so important in general insurance companies? Why was he not so important earlier? What are the areas where requirement of his services are mandatory? What are the other areas where he can be of help and his services can be utilized with advantage? Actuary Who? First let us examine who is an actuary and what core function does he perform and why is he relevant to the functioning of general insurance companies? As far as life insurance companies are concerned, he has been there from the very beginning, unlike the general insurance where his entry is of recent origin.

The dictionary meaning of the word Actuary is Someone whose job is to advise insurance companies on how much to charge for Insurance after calculating risk. An expert in statistics and probability especially who calculates insurance risks and premium.

An actuary is a professional who has passed the examination conducted by Institute of Actuaries of India and who is a Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries. He must also posses a certificate of practice issued by Institute of Actuaries of India. In todays world, an actuary performs many functions but at the core of all these Functions are his ability to make predictions of future outcomes in situations of uncertainty. But for these, he needs to have sufficient credible past data. But how accurate is the prediction made and how likely is this prediction to fall within a defined range need to be looked into before placing any trust in the prediction made. There are reasons why services of an actuary were not being utilized earlier and why these are now being increasingly utilized. Unlike life insurance, general insurance contracts are mostly for one year. The feeling amongst the insurance community was that, if the experience turns out to be bad, there is always an opportunity to rectify the situation at next renewal. For the simple risk, this approach worked well. But with rising complexity of risk and very high value associated with it, there was a need felt to assess the risk on more scientific and logical methods rather than leaving it to the judgment and skill of individual underwriters. High inflation, cutthroat competition, consumerism and stricter regulatory framework further compounded the situation. Pricing suddenly became very important for survival. Fortunately for insurance community in general insurance, there were parallel developments in the field of computers and statistics /actuarial science. This made it possible to have huge storage capacities and to manipulate data. The actuarial principle made it possible to use these data to draw meaningful inferences for taking informed decisions.

The service of an actuary is being utilized in the following areas of general insurance Business: Pricing Claim reserving Reinsurance Investment

IRDA mandated role for appointed actuary But first lets us examine the areas where actuaries are mandatorily required (under IRDA regulations) to certify certain operations of the companies as appointed Actuary. The following regulations / circulars need a mention here: 1. IRDA (Appointed Actuary) Regulations, 2000

2. IRDA (Asset, Liabilities and solvency margins of insurer) Regulations, 2000. 3. File and Use System

IRDA (Appointed Actuary) regulation clearly mentions the power that the Appointed Actuary will enjoy. It also mentions the duties and obligations of the Appointed Actuary.

According to this regulation, Appointed Actuary shall have access to all information or documents in possession of the insurer. He also has the right to attend the meeting of the management including Board meeting and can speak on and discuss matters concerning solvency, actuarial advice, etc. Amongst his duties and obligations the following needs mention.

A. rendering actuarial advice to the management of the insurer, in particular in the areas of product design and pricing, insurance contract wording, investments and reinsurance; B. ensuring the solvency of the insurer at all times. Lets now discuss each in detail and first start with solvency margin which is basically the difference between the values of assets and liabilities. The claims are the biggest liability of a general insurance company and obviously the solvency margin is a good index to measure the ability of the company to pay claims. The regulators worldwide are concerned about the survival of the insurance companies as also their ability to pay claims. This is essential to protect the policyholders interest and ensure the health of the industry. But the valuation of assets and liabilities pose problems e.g. whether to value the assets as book value or as current market value. Liabilities i.e. claims are also based on estimate of future occurrence. Different approaches both for valuation of assets and liabilities will alter the net worth or the solvency margin. There is therefore a need to have a defined valuation method which is to be followed by every company and that this needs to be certified by an independent professional in the field. This became all the more important when the monopoly of the government general insurance companies ended with the liberalization process. Private players came in the picture and tariffs were gradually withdrawn. Under these circumstances IRDA felt and rightly so to have appointed actuary to monitor the solvency margin of the companies on a regular basis and to certify the outstanding claims provisions relating to IBNR (incurred but not reported) and IBNER (incurred but not enough reported) as on the date of closing the account. In

case of breach of solvency margin at any point of time, the appointed actuary is duty bound to inform the same to IRDA and the company concerned so that corrective measures may be taken in time. The method for working out outstanding claims inclusive of IBNR and IBNER has been spelt out in IRDA regulation mentioned (2) above. In the past in UK most of the bankruptcies in insurance company has taken place because of inadequate provision. It should be appreciated that both higher or lower claims reserve have serious implications on profitability and hence IRDAs concern.

Generating profit is important for insurance companies, they being commercial organizations. Because of withdrawal of tariff and resulting price war, making Underwriting profit became almost impossible but because of the buoyant market Conditions, companies were in a position to make good investment profits and overall profits as well. But with the down turn and financial melt-down, investment income is very badly affected. Making profit in such a scenario is very very difficult. Obviously these are challenging times for insurance companies as well as for the regulator. It is in the interest of everybody to guard against Creative Accounting to generate profit. A few words on risk based, stochastic models being used by actuaries for making prediction about claims cost which ultimately help in pricing the product. Claims costs are difficult to estimate and price adequacy is dependent upon how accurately this cost has been worked out. Actuary makes two predictions based on past data: 1. Likely number of claims to be reported in a particular segment. 2. Likely average claim cost of the segment.

By multiplying the two, we get the likely claim cost. It should be appreciated that in life insurance, there may not be any claim in a policy and there can be many

claims also in a policy. Again the severity of claims may vary. This makes the task all the more difficult.

There are theoretical stochastic models for estimating (1) & (2) above. Which model to be used in a particular situation depends upon the past data available, the trend exhibited by the available data and other peculiarities of claim e.g. low severity high frequency claims or high severity low frequency claims. Since most of the stochastic models are based on assumptions, the actuary is the best judge which model to use in particular case. It should be appreciated that if premium takes care of all future claims and all other expenses i.e. if there is price adequacy, there will be no strain on solvency margin.

Therefore, the actuaries ensure that the claim cost, inflation, margin for adverse deviation, management expenses, cost of acquisition, margin of profits, reinsurance cost etc. are factored into the pricing. In the file and use system, the actuary is required to justify the premium part of new products. This again calls for professional acumen, more so if the product is of very new kind and for which no past data is available. Terms, conditions & deductibles also play important role in deciding the rate. In case of review of existing products, again the Actuary has to certify that suggested changes are based on the experience and are actuarially justified.

Conclusion: In conclusion we can say that actuarial techniques provide powerful tools to better Manage and regulate the affairs of a general insurance company. This fact is now Recognized by IRDA. Prudent regulations help all the stakeholders. Though not mandatorily required, Actuaries are also used for reviewing / framing reinsurance arrangement. They also help in the analysis of the effect of policy excess and bonus/malus. They can help in predicting investment outcomes.