The Road to Revolution Part I What is a REVOLUTION?

Definition: An

overthrow and complete replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed.

Causes: Political Economic Social Geographic-

Before revolution can

occur
What Abuse

needs to happen?

of some kind must occur Discontent amongst the populous or people A leader or group of leaders must begin to change his/her thinking and start to educate others The leader gains the support of the people A movement against the status quo begins Finally, the people revolt, protest, and/or rebel.

Birth of New IdeasEurope Before 1789

Scientific

Revolution

Definition:

a new way of thinking about the natural world

Begun in mid-1500s in Europe Challenged medieval, ancient, and religious

views of how the world worked Based new scientific discoveries on careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs. Major Developments: Heliocentric Theory of Universe Creation of Scientific Method: New discoveries in astronomy, medicine, mathematics, and chemistry

-to give intellectual or spiritual light to; instruct; impart knowledge to -Intellectual movement stressing reason, thought, problem-solving

Enlightenment

Enlightenment
Definition:

18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society.

 What is the Scientific Method? Logical procedure for gathering information

about the natural world, in which experimentation and observation are used to test hypotheses.
How could you apply this to society? What

did people start to question?

Developments of the EnlightenmentGovernment

Old

Idea: kings rule justified by divine right or God. Idea: governments power comes from the consent of governed.

New

 Important Thomas

People:

Hobbes- The Social Contract John Locke- Natural Rights Baron de Montesquieu- Separation of Powers

Developments of the Enlightenment- Social

Philosophes: Reason-

Enlightenment philosophers wrote about these new ideas.

the absence of intolerance or prejudice in ones thinking. Nature- natural laws dominated economics, politics and physics. Happiness- people who lived by the natural laws would be happy. Progress- belief that society and humankind could be perfected. Liberty- believed society could be set free.

Women and the

Enlightenment
Many

male philosophes ignored women or took a traditional view toward women. issue: Womens education.

Key

Should

women be educated? What should womans education consist of? Wollstonecraft- argued that women should be educated, like men, to become virtuous and useful to society. also hosted Salons or meetings for discussing ideas. writers challenge many accepted ideas about

Mary

Women

Impact of Enlightenment
Enlightenment

government and society.

Enlightenment

ideas appeal to thinkers and artists across Europe. helped spread Enlightenment thinking. spread to the increasingly literate middle class. monarchs attempt reforms.

Salons

Ideas

Enlightened

The French Revolution

What type of problems
Causes and Events Leading to War (More than just snootiness)

usually cause concern within a country? France, home of the funny moustache
One

of the most advanced European Countries One of the largest populations Prosperous in trade and culture (widely imitated) Center of Enlightenment
(Why But,

so many of the philosophes names are hard to pronounce)

it was very deceiving!

Estates General System

 General

Policies: The King Can Veto ANYTHING The Nobles and Clergy can reject anything that dampers on their privileges 1 Vote Per Estate Each group cancome up with a proposal
Each

estate can send delegates to talk to one another, but the king does not confer with anyone Must have a majority (2/3) vote in order to pass

Issues
Taxes

are uneven or too high from region to region. The government is spending money it doesnt have and is no longer getting loans from outside lenders.

 Feudal

policies (benefitting Nobles, hurting Peasants) are still in place The price of bread fluctuates dangerous from high to low There was a bad harvest, dangerously lowering grain supplies and increasing prices The 3rd Estate lacks equitable representation.

The Winds Are Changing

The

American Revolution, Rousseau and Voltaire start to inspire the French (specifically the Third Estate) to demand equality, liberty, and democracy Realizing they are everything Economy Starts Tanking:
Heavy

taxes make business unprofitable Cost of living was rising sharply

 Droughts

and hail storms cause severe shortage of grain Extravagant spending and enormous debt of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
Borrowed $$$ to help Americans in war

against GB
Bankers

refuse to lend more money

Plan of Action?
Tax

the untaxable Second Estate! Response?

The Tennis Court Oath by Jacques Louis David

Grain

shortages and hunger drive people to desperation & suspicion

 Rumors outlaws

spread:

being hired by nobles to terrorize peasants Nobles are hording grain British were inciting riots
Turns

into panic and peasants then terrorize the nobles Refuse to pay taxes, tithes, riot, attack nobles

Why the Girls Rioted

They

Were Hungry Marie Antoinette

Lived

very luxuriously Mainly detached from French reality Let them eat cake
They

wanted their concerns heard

 They

Paris

wanted the king to return to

National Assembly gets to Work

Noblemen

join assembly out of fear, dissolve privileges of nobles and clergy ending the Old Regime Adopt the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Based

off Declaration of Independence Declares all male citizens were equal

Catholic

church is made an entity of the state, sell lands to pay off French debt
reforms begin opposing assemblys

Peasants

Limiting the French Fries

is good for your health and government

Created

in 1791, the new constitution limits monarchy (reluctantly agreed to by King Louis)

New

legislative body, Legislative Assembly, create laws and declare war King is executive branch
Redesigned

the provinces, reformed laws, abolished old courts, ended church interference it seemed to complete the revolution. Old problems remain concerning food shortages and debt, the L.A. is split into three groups
Radicals

on the left side of the hall wanted complete changes Moderates sat in the center, wanted

some changes (compromise) Conservatives sat on the right and upheld a limited monarchy and wanted a few changes in Government Two other groups outside of the assembly exert influence:
Emigres (nobles who fled and want to

restore the Old Regime) Sans-culottes (peasants who wanted tons of change)

The Phases of the French Revolution

The

Moderate Phase, 1789-1792

Monarchy created

Constitutional

(1791) Ends Special Privilege for Nobility Feudalism is abolished Declaration of the Rights of Man Church is placed under state control Louis tries and fails to escape, tried with treason

Radical Pants and other groups begin rising

Sans-culottes
Primarily

working-class men and

women There pants were without breeches Demanded a republic, no monarch!

Jacobins

Middle-class

lawyers and

intellectuals Use pamphleteers and sympathetic newspaper editors to advance the republican cause Called for heads to roll
Had

many enemies: Peasants, priests, and other leaders

Wanted

to wipe away any trace of nobility and monarchy (home and abroad)

Scaring the other Kings

Other

countries grew scared of what was happening in France and worried it would happen to them Prussia and Austria attacks, wants Louis put back into control
Eventually

GB, Holland, and Spain

join in The National Convention orders a draft gaining 800,000 troops Manage to defeat enemies, securing France to continue having problems
The

National Convention dissolves the monarchy and deposes the king, making him an average citizen and prisoner
tried under leadership of Jacobins and executed

Eventually

The Radical Phase

(1792-1794)
Fears

over Declare war on Tyranny Create National Convention (new legislative body) Monarchy is Abolished King is Executed Committee of Public Safety is created, lead by Robespierre (thousands are executed)

spread as radicals begin taking

Phases Continued
The The

Directory Phase, 1795-1799 Age Of Napoleon, 1800-1815

Erasing the past

because the present is pretty messed up

Maximilien Out

Robespierre gains power in the Jacobin party

to build a republic of virtue Change calendar (12 months, 30 days, new names, no sundays) Closed churches Governs France as a dictator as the leader of the Committee of Public Safety= The Reign of Terror
Uses terror to create virtue? Protect Revolution from its Enemies 40,000 people are killed as enemies of the

Revolution Most were peasants of the urban poor or middle class Convention gets tired of Robespierre, sends him to the guillotine New government is created, and creates order