ADVANCED MATH for WATER SYSTEM OPERATORS

Peter T Nathanson, PE New Mexico Rural Water Association 3413 Carlisle Blvd NE Albuquerque, New Mexico 87110 505.884.1031

References
Basic Math Concepts for Water and Wastewater Plant Operators,
Joanne Kirkpatrick Price, Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1991. Applied Math for Water/Wastewater Plant Operators & Workbook, Texts and Workbooks, Joanne Kirkpatrick Price, Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1991. Wastewater Math The Basics, Skeet Arasmith, ACR Publications, Inc., 1995. The Math Text for Water and Wastewater Technology, 2nd ed., Grover Wright, Wrights Training, 1994. Simplified Math for Waterworks Operators, George Mason, ACR Publications, Inc., 1992.

Topics
Conversions Detention Time Flow and Velocity Chemical Dosage Percent Strength Pressure and Head Pumping System Hydraulics Pumping System Costs

Abbreviations and Acronyms

A = area V = velocity t = time Vol = volume # = pounds W = width D = depth L = length Q = flow r = radius dia = diameter cir = circumfence = 3.14 Hp = horse power

psi = pounds per inch ft = feet sq = square cu = cubic yd = yard DT = detention time mg/L = milligrams per litre ppm = parts per million MGD = million gallons per day gpm = gallons per minute Cl2 = chlorine
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Equivalents
12 inches = 1 foot 36 inches = 3 feet or 1 yard 144 square inches = 1 sq. ft. 9 square feet = 1 sq. yd. 43,560 sq. ft. = 1 acre 325,828 gallons = 1 acre foot 1 cubic foot = 1,728 cu. in. 1cu.ft. of water contains 7.48 gals. & weighs 62.4 lbs. 1 gal. of water weighs 8.34 lbs. 1 liter = 1,000 milliliters 1 gram = 1,000 milligrams 1 mg/L = 1 ppm 1 kilogram = 1,000 grams 1 pound = 453.6 grams 1 gal. of water = 3.785 liter or 3,785 milliliters

Equivalents (contd)
1 grain per gal. = 17.1 ppm 1 cubic yard = 27 cubic feet 1% = 10,000 mg/L 1 psi = 2.31 feet of water 1 atmosphere = 14.7 psi 1day = 24 hours = 1,440 min. = 86,400 sec. 1 MGD = 694 gals./min = 1,545 ft/sec. 1 Hp = .746 kw = 550 ft. lbs/sec = 33,000ft.lbs./min.

Words and Symbols

Hierarchy of Operations
MATH OPERATION SYMBOL EXAMPLE

Multiplication Multiplication Multiplication Multiplication Division Division Division

X . No space ()( ) /

Q= VxA Q= V.A Q = VA Q = (V) (A) r= D2 r= D 2 r = D/2

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Word Problems
Word problems are a series of expressions that fits into an equation and an equation is a combination of math expressions. Suggestions: Read the problem entirely to get a feel for the whole problem Draw a diagram to describe the problem statement List information and the variables you identify Attach units of measure to the variables (gallons, miles, inches, etc.) Define what answer you need, as well as its units of measure Set up equation(s), solve for variable, populate with data Work in an organized manner Draw and label all graphs and pictures clearly Note or explain each step of your process; this will help you track variables and remember their meanings Look for "key" words that indicate certain mathematical operations. 8

Common Conversions
1. 2. Linear Measurements 1 inch = 2.54 cm 1 foot = 30.5 cm 1 meter = 100 cm = 3.281 = 39.4 inches 1 acre = 43,560 sq. ft. 1 yard = 3 feet Volume 1 gal. = 3.78 liters 1 cubic foot (ft) = 7.48 gals. 1 liter = 1000 mL 1 acre foot = 43,560 cubic feet 1 gal = 16 oz. dry wt. 3. 4. 5. Weight 1 ft of water = 62.4 lbs. 1 gal. = 8.34 lbs. 1 lb. = 453.6 grams 1 kg = 1000 g = 2,2 lbs. 1 % = 10,000 mg/L Pressure 1 ft. of head = 0.433 psi 1 psi = 2.31 ft. of head Flow 1 cfs = 448 gpm 1 gpm = 1440 gpd

Example # 1
Question: How many feet are in 18 inches Known: 1 foot = 12 inches Solution?

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Example # 2 1. Question: How many gallons are in 3291 cubic feet (cu.ft.)? 2. Known: 1 cubic feet = 7.48 gallons. 3. Solution: ?

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Example # 3 1. Question: how many feet are in mile? 2. Known: 1 mile = 5280 ft. 3. Solution: ?

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Example # 4 Question: convert 3,920 cu.ft. to cubic yards (cu.yds.) Known: 1 cu.yds. = 27 cu.ft. Solution: ?

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Example # 5 Gallons Per Day (GPD) Million Gallons Per Day (MGD) Question: convert 3,211,000 GPD to MGD Known: 1 MGD = 1,000,000 GPD Solution: ?

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The Ohms Law Pie Chart

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The Ohms Law Pie Chart Shortcut Calculations

E I R

P E I
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Current, I (Amps)
Flow of electricity defined as one Coulomb per second

Voltage, V (Volts)
Defined as Electromotive Force, or EMF Similar to pressure in a water system

Resistance, R (Ohms)
The unit of resistance to current flow similar to headloss in a water system An ohm is the amount of resistance that allows 1 amp of current to flow when the applied voltage is 1 volt

Power, P (Watts or HP)

A function of both voltage and amps: Volts X Amps = Watts Wattage is a measure of work 1000 watts = 1 KW = 1.34 HP, or 1 HP = 746 watts = 0.746 KW

Temperature Conversion
There are 2 scales used to report temperature: Fahrenheit ( F ) = English scale Celsius ( C ) = metric scale C = 5/9 ( F- 32 ) or C = 0.55 ( F- 32 ) or C = (F- 32) 1.8 F = (9/5 x C) + 32 or F = (1.8 x C) + 32
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DETENTION TIME

Calculating Detention Time (DT)

Use detention time is the amount of time that a fluid stays in a container. Units detention time is expressed in units of time. The most common are seconds, minutes, hours and days. Calculations divide the volume of the container by the flow rate. Volume units are gallons or sometimes cubic feet. Time units will be whatever units are used to express the flow;
GPM=DT(min), GPD=DT(days)
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Detention Time (DT)

DT = volume of tank flow, gals/time A chlorine contact chamber holds 5,000 gals. It is desired to have a contact time (CT) of 30 minutes in the chamber. What is the maximum flow rate that can pass through this chamber at this DT? DT = Vol (place the known values in the equation) flow 30 min = 5000 gals Flow out
gal/min
5000 gals Flow in
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Rearrange the equation GPM = 5000 gals or 166.66 gpm 30 min

Example
A water reservoir that is 20-ft in diameter with a depth of 16-ft needs to be filled. If a well is pumping at 200 gpm, how many minutes will it take to fill the tank? How many hours?

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FLOW and VELOCITY

Flow Rates
Flow is expressed in: Gallons per minute (gpm) Cubic feet per second (cfs) Gallons per day (gpd) Million gallons per day (mgd) Conversions: 1 cfs = 448 gpm 1 gpm = 1440 gpd mgd = gpd 1,000,000

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Flow Rates
Flow in a pipeline, channel or stream at a particular moment depends on the cross-sectional area and the velocity of water moving through it & is found using the equation: Q=AxV Q = flow rate, vol per time A = area (L x L) V = velocity, L/time If a circular pipe is flowing full (most situations) the resulting flow rate is expressed as 29 Q = 0.7854 x D x V

Example
Find the flow in cfs in a 6 inch pipe if the velocity is 2 feet per second.

6in.
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Example
A 15 in. diameter pipe is flowing full. What is the gallons per minute flow rate in the pipe if the velocity is 110 fps?

15in
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Example
A channel is 3 ft. wide has water flowing at a depth of 2 ft. The velocity in the channel is found to be 1.8 fps. What is the cubic feet per second flow rate in the channel? 1.8 fps

2 ft 3 ft

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CHEMICAL DOSAGE

Chemical Dosage
Concept: Converts concentration to pounds: Chlorine, fluoride, copper sulfate, orthophosphate, nitrate, iron, etc.
# or #/day = Vol (MG) or Flow (MGD) x 8.34 x Concentration (mg/L) Volume always in million gallons (MG, or Mgal) Flow always in million gallons per day (MGD) Concentration always in milligrams per liter (mg/L) = ppm 8.34 = weight of water = 8.34 #/gallon # = V, MG x C, mg/L x 8.34, or #/day = Q, MGD x C, mg/L x 8.34

Milligrams-per-litre to Pounds-per-day
Continuous feed for water supply #/day = Q, MGD x dose, mg/L x 8.34 lb/gal One-time feed for tank, pipe, well # = Vol, Mgal x dose, mg/L x 8.34 lb/gal

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Concentration to Mass Shortcut Calculations

#/day Q
Conc 8.34

# V
Conc
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8.34

Chemical Dosage
A water plants daily flow is 10,000 gallons. The chlorine dose is 1.5 mg/L. How may pounds of chlorine is being fed per day? Lbs/day = Flow (MGD) x 8.34 x Concentration (mg/L) 10,000 x 8.34 x 1.5 = 0.1251 lbs chlorine/day 1,000,000 How many gallons of Sodium Hypochlorite is needed? Assume a 5% available chlorine solution. 0.1251 = 2.502 lbs of NaOCl .05 2.502 lbs = 0.3 gals per day 8.34 lbs/gal

Chemical Dosage
A new water storage tank needs to be disinfected prior to use. The new tank capacity is 15,000 gallons. How many gallons of 7% sodium hypochlorite will be needed to disinfect the tank with a 0.5 mg/L chlorine residual? Step 1: How many lbs of chorine will be needed? 15,000 x 8.34 x 0.5 = 0.06255 lbs chlorine 1,000,000 Step 2: How many lbs of NaOCl will be needed? 0.06255 = 0.893571 lbs of NaOCl 0.07 Step 3: How many gallons of NaOCl will be needed? 0.893571 = 0.107143 gallons of NaOCl 8.34
Note: 1 pint = 0.125 gallons 1 liter = 0.26417 gallons

PERCENT STRENGTH of SOLUTIONS

Percent Strength
1. The percent strength of a solution can be expressed as percent-by weight. 2. % strength (by Wt.) = Wt. of Solute X 100% Wt. of Solution Solute = Wt. of Chemical Solution = the combined Wt. of Solute and Solvent If 25 lbs. of chemical is added to 400 lbs. of water, what is the percent strength of the solution by weight? Wt. of Solution = Wt. of Solute + Wt. of Solvent = 25 lbs. + 400 lbs. = 425 lbs.
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Percent Strength
% Strength (by Wt.) = Wt. of Solute X 100% Wt. of Solution = 25 lbs. X 100% 425 lbs. = 0.059 X 100% = 5.9 %
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Percent Strength
If 40 lbs. chemical is added to 120 gals. of water, what is the percent strength of the solution by weight? 1. % strength (by Wt) = Wt of Solute X 100% Wt of Solution Solute = Wt. of Chemical Solution = the combined Wt of Solute and Solvent Convert 120 gals. of water to pounds of water. (120 lbs) (8.334lbs/gal) = 1001 lbs Wt. of Solution = Wt. of Solute + Wt. of Solvent = 40 lbs + 1001lbs = 1041 lbs
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Percent Strength
% Strength (by Wt.) = Wt. of Solute X 100% Wt. of Solution = 40 lbs X 100% 1041 lbs = 0.038 X 100% = 3.8 %
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PRESSURE and FEET OF HEAD

PRESSURE VS FEET OF HEAD

Pressure & Head Calculations

Pressure is the weight per unit area Pounds per square inch, lbs/in Pounds per square foot, lbs/ft Pressure on the bottom of a container is not related to the volume of the container, nor the size of the bottom. Pressure is dependant on the height of the fluid in the container. The height of the fluid in a container is referred to as Head. Head is a direct measurement in feet 46 & directly related to pressure.

Relationship between Feet & Head

Weight of Water is 62.4 pounds per cu.ft. Water is 62.4 pounds per cu.ft. 7.48 gal/cuft x 8.34 lbs/gal = 62.4 lbs/cuft

1 ft

1cuft 1 ft 1 ft.
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Pressure & Head

Imagine a cube of water 1ft x 1ft x 1ft. Then, the surface area of any one side of the cube will contain 144 in (12in x 12in = 144 in). The cube will also contain 144 columns of water one foot tall & one inch square.
Weight = 62.4lbs/144in = 0.433lbs/in or = 0.433 psi Therefore, 1 Feet of head = 1ft 0.433psi = 2.31 ft/psi So, 1ft = 0.433 psi, and 1psi = 2.31 feet
1in 1in

12in

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Remember these conversion factors

PSI x 2.31 ft/psi = FEET FEET x 0.433 psi/ft = PSI Examples

PRESSURE GAUGES

PSIG = PSI GAUGE PSIA = PSI ABSOLUTE

HYDRAULICS of PUMPING SYSTEMS

Static Head
In a system where the reservoir feeding the pump is higher than the pump, the difference in elevation between the pump centerline and the free water surface of the reservoir feeding the pump is called static suction head
Static discharge head
Reservoir Reservoir 2

Total static head

Reservoir 1

Static suction head Pump CL

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Static head
Static Discharge Head is defined as the difference in height between the pump centerline and the level of the free water surface on the discharge side of the pump. Total Static Head is the total height that the pump must lift the water when moving it from reservoir #1 to reservoir #2.

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Static Lift
In a system where the reservoir feeding the pump is lower than the pump, the difference in elevation between the centerline and the free water surface of the reservoir feeding the pump is called static suction lift

Static suction lift

Total static head Static discharge head

#2

Pump CL
#1
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Example
Locate, label and calculate (in feet): Static suction head or static suction lift Static discharge head Total static head
( 927 ft
Reservoir 2

)
742 ft
Reservoir 1

(
722 ft

) Pump CL
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NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD, NPSH

NPSH is the total energy available to move water into the volute and the eye of the impeller (max lift) At sea level NPSH = 1 atm = 14.7 psi = 34 ft However, this energy is reduced by: static suction lift (biggest factor) velocity head, VH to get water moving head loss, HL Vapor pressure (based on temperature) Portion of water evaporates when placed under a vacuum (at the eye of impeller) NPSHR = net positive suction head required NPSHA = net positive suction head available

CHANGES IN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE WITH HEIGHT

Vapor Pressure vs Temperature

Temperature, oF 32 59 68 100 150 200 Vapor Pressure, feet 0.204 0.565 0.774 2.17 8.56 26.45
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Total Dynamic Head, TDH

Total energy in feet required to move water from fluid level suction side to fluid level discharge side combination of EH, VH and HL of suction and discharge lines VH discharge side > VH suction side due to reduced diameter of discharge piping Total dynamic suction lift, TDSL fluid level suction side below eye of impeller TDSL = static suction lift + VH + HL Compare to net positive suction head, NPSH energy reqd to move water into volute or impeller eye available NPSH = Patm Pv static suction lift HL Check pump curve to compare available vs required NPSH Total dynamic suction head, TDSH fluid level suction side above eye of impeller NPSH = static suction head + Patm Pv HL pump choice ok if static suction head NPSH required TDSH = static suction head + Patm VH HL

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PUMPING SYSTEM COSTS

Pump and Motor Efficiencies

motor or wire HP, MHP = electrical energy in HP

supplied to motor; motor efficiency determines brake HP brake HP, BHP = mechanical energy in HP supplied to pump shaft from motor; pump efficiency determines water HP water HP, WHP = mechanical energy in HP transferred to water by pump
MHP Motor, % efficiency BHP Pump, % efficiency WHP

Horsepower Requirements
Water HP energy transferred to water by pump HP = (Q, gpm x 8.34 #/gal x TDH, ft)/33,000 ft-#/min WHP = (Q x TDH)/3960 Brake HP energy transferred to shaft of pump from shaft of motor Brake HP = WHP/Effpump Motor or Wire HP energy required in electrical input to the motor Motor or Wire HP = BHP/Effmotor used to calculate cost of pump operation