Introduction: Importance of transport and communication Details 1) Write about any 2 modes of transport.

Stick the pictures on the plain side? 2) Write about any 2 means of communication. Stick the pictures on the plain side? 3) Write about the growth in the modes of transport over years? 4) Writ all he developments in the means of communication over years? 5) Reference books

Importance of Transport:
A country cannot develop so fast without a developed transport system. Development of roads facilitates utilization of natural resources lying unutilized in different hills, mountains, forests and mines. Transport system helps to send raw materials, fuel and machineries to different industries at right time and runs the industry. Transport system helps to raise the production of raw materials, fuels and machineries etc. by providing market to it. Transport system widens the size of the market. Due to selling of commodities in an extensive manner in large areas, it leads to large-scale production. As a result industry of firm gets the advantages of large-scale production.

Importance of Communication:

Communication is the medium of sending information and news. Communication system helps industrialists and business communities to take right decisions at right time by providing them informations and news related with business and financial matter. It is possible to know about the price of the commodity prevailing at any part of the world in no time and also helps to operate their business according to that through communication system. So, communication system facilitates economic development by sending information. It is possible to change the outlook and style of living of the people according to changing conditions of the world. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 1) Rail
Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks, known as a railway or railroad. The rails are anchored perpendicular to railroad train consists of one or more connected vehicles that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships. Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities; modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially built track. Regional and commutertrains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by highcapacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominant solution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.
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Road A road is an identifiable route,through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.[4] The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide.[citation needed] Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.[5] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

2) Posts and Telegraphs

The Government of India has a department of Posts and Telegraphs. It has thousands of post offices all over the country. The postal department carries our mail, money orders and parcels to all parts of India and the world and delivers it to our friends and relatives for whom they are meant. The mail is sent by road, rail or air. The Post and Telegraph Department is the second biggest department of the Central Government. The big cities have night post offices and mobile post offices. The mobile post

offices move to different parts of the city at fixed hours. Letters are the cheapest means of communication. In some of the larger cities, there are special letter boxes marked QMS, meaning Quick Mail Service. From here letters reach faster, but only if the address contains a PIN CODE NUMBER. This code number is different for different areas of a village, town or city. Now-a-days, a special type of fast postal service has been introduced by the post office called SPEED POST. Another kind of service, called COURIER SERVICE, is used by people to send their letters and parcels. We send urgent messages in telegrams through the Telegraph Department. Our telegrams can reach various places within a few hours.

Telephone
Telephone is another quick means of communication. It is a great improvement over the telegraphs. The people who live far away can talk to one another as if they are sitting face to face. Direct dialing system has been started in most of the cities and some villages in the country.- It is known as S.r.O. ( Subscribers Trunk Dialing ). You have to dial a Code No. allotted to a town and talk to a person on phone anywhere in India or in some other country of the world. Telephones are connected by wires known as cables. Now we have telephones which are not connected by cables. They can work within a certain range from the telephone connection. These are called Cordless phones. This type of phone can be carried by a person in a car, or even if he / she goes for a walk,

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3) Walking
In ancient times, people often covered long distances on foot. For instance, Adi Sankaracharyatravelled [8] [9] all over India. Walking still constitutes an important mode of transport in urban areas.

Palanquin
Palanquins, also known as palkis, were one of the luxurious methods used by the rich and noblemen for travelling. Modern use of the palanquin is limited to Indian weddings. ]Bullock

carts and horse carriages

Bullock carts have been traditionally used for transport, especially in rural India. The arrival of the British saw drastic improvements in the horse carriages which were used for transport since early days. Today, they are used in smaller towns and are referred as Tonga or buggies.

Bicycles
Bicycles are a common mode of travel in much of India. More people can now afford to own a cycle than ever before.

Hand-pulled rickshaw

This type of transport are still available in Kolkata wherein a person pulls the rickshaw by hand.

Cycle rickshaw
Cycle rickshaws were introduced into India in the 1940s. They are bigger than a tricycle where two people sit on an elevated seat at the back and a person pedals from the front.
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Trams
The advent of the British saw trams being introduced in many cities including Mumbai and Kolkata. They are still in use in Kolkata and provide an emission-free means of transport.

Buses
The oldest Indian state transport undertaking is "North Bengal State Transport Corporation" founded by the Raj Durbar regime in the year 1945, the 1st April.With three buses and three trucks.Is still vibrant and running providing service to hundreds of commuters of North Bengal region of West Bengal. link [34] nbstc.co.in Buses take up over 90% of public transport in Indian cities, and serve as a cheap and convenient mode of transport for all classes of society.

Taxi
Most of the traditional taxicabs in India are either Premier Padmini or Hindustan Ambassadorcars. In recent years, cars such as Chevrolet Tavera, Maruti Esteem, Maruti Omni, Mahindra Logan, Tata Indica, Toyota Innova, Hyundai Santro and Tata Indigo have become fairly popular among taxi operators.
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Auto Rickshaws
An auto rickshaw is a three wheeler vehicle for hire that has no doors and is generally characterised by a small cabin for the driver in the front and a seat for passengers in the rear

Suburban Railway
The present suburban railway services in India are limited and are operational only [29] in Mumbai,Kolkata, Chennai, Delhi and MMTS Hyderabad . The Mumbai Suburban Railway is the first rail system in India which began services in Mumbai in 1867, transports 6.3 million passengers daily and [53] has the highest passenger density in the world.

Rapid Transit
The first modern rapid transit in India was the Kolkata Metro, with operations starting in 1984.Chennai MRTS acts as second urban mass transit system since 1997 and differs from country's other MRTS suburban systems. The Delhi Metro in the capital city of New Delhi is third conventional metro beginning operations in 2002. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

4) Early communication
1) Cave drawings were murals that people painted onto the walls of caves and canyons to tell the story of their culture. They would tell stories of battles, hunts and culture.

2) Storytelling was used to tell stories, both fiction and nonfiction, before there were books. It was a way for families and communities to pass on information about their past. 3) Drums were one way to send signals to neighboring tribes and groups. The sound of the drumming patterns would tell them of concerns and events they needed to know. 4) Smoke signals were another way to send messages to people who were not close enough to use words with. Can you imagine living without your telephone? We sure have come a long way!

Printing press
1) The oldest printed book known is a Chinese religious book, The Diamond Sutra. Other
books like this were printed with wood blocks, usually made from Mulberry wood. Johann Gutenburg invented an actual printing press in 1450, it was a screw press that worked very much like a wine press. He discovered how to make a good ink that would print with metal type. Gutenburg was the first to use a press to print the Bible, it is the oldest full length volume printed. From Gutenburg's press in Mainz, Germany, printing spread all over Europe. 2) Rome developed a printing press in 1465, but, because the rulers of many countries felt that the printed word encouraged people to rebel against their authority, they strictly controlled the amount of material that printers were allowed to produce. Printing did not really grow again until the 18th century. 3) The mechanics of printing changed little between 1450 and the 1800s, when the power press was introduced. By the 1600's the art of printing was used in business. Printed news sheets, called corantos, which were somewhat like newspapers of today. 4) In 1728 Ben Franklin opened his own printing office in Philadelphia, he had learned about the business of printing while working, since age 12 with his brother James. He was a fully skilled printer by the age of 17. Ben Franklin printed newspaper he called The Pennsylvania Gazette and the Poor Richard's Almanac. He had a lot of new ideas for printing, more books and newspapers, he began printing cartoons and illustrated news stories, which he became famous for. He encouraged communication by introducing letters to the editor, and believed in the power of the press. He used his printing press to bring the news to the people. He was an strong supporter of reading and was the founder of the first Public Library in 1731. He wanted to use the printing press to help all people to understand the word around them.

Telegraph

The idea for the electric telegraph was not thought up in a scientific laboratory, but on the deck of a sailing ship called the Scully, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. The inventor was Samuel Finley Breese Morse, and in 1832, he was on of the most famous artists in the United States. Morse and ship passengers were talking about the invention of the electromagnet, which looked like a horseshoe with wire wrapped around it. They talked about how electricity traveled through the wire. Morse thought if electricity would travel a short distance through wire, it could travel long distances through wire also.

Telephone
A telephone is an instrument that sends and receives information, usually by means of electricity. The word telephone comes from Greek words meaing far and sound. The telephone is one of our best ways to communicate. In an emergency a telephone can save your life. You can save time with a telephone. You can make a telephone call almost anywhere in the world. Telephones are even used in cars, planes, ships, and on lots of different mechanical machines. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in Boston in 1876, 120 years later there are over 360 million telephone numbers, and that figure grows each year. The most familiar telephone is the desk telephone, which sits on a desk, table or shelf. Some phones have option like holding multiple calls or transferring calls to other phones. An intercom allows you to talk to other people in other rooms. Speaker phones have a microphone and a loud speaker. With a speaker phone more than two people can talk in a conversation. Cordless phones do not have wires connected to them, that is why they are called cordless phones, but they still need a to have some nearness to a unit that is wired to the telephone system. Cellular phones are true wireless phones.

Radio
Radios are used for many purposes. Some examples are communication, radar navigation and television broadcasting. Radios affect everyone's life in many ways. Radios help us get the weather reports. They help NASA speak to astronauts, they even allow us to speak to our friends on the telephone. Radio's send information through a process called electromagnetic waves. These waves are measured by a metric measurement called a hertz, one kilohertz is equal to 1,000 hertz and a megahertz is 1,000,000 hertz. The term hertz is named after the early radio pioneer Heinrich Hertz Because electromagnetic waves travel in a straight line and earth is round, long distance travel for radio waves are made in the ionosphere, this is known as short wave signals or low frequency. Wave length in short distance communication is called high frequency and does not use the ionosphere to reflect signals. Radios are made up of two main components; a transmitter and a receiver that send signals back and forth.

Although radio technology has advanced since the first radio. It would be hard to imagine what life would be like without radios.

TELEVISION Television is great entertainment for many people all over the earth. Television is not just about entertainment, it is about news and lots of information. Television makes it possible to teach lessons for kids and also allows workers to watch over radioactive materials. Television means to see from afar. Seeing far or nearby requires light. Light forms scenes you see on the television screen. But it is not light of the original scene, in television, images and sounds travel electronically, that is, by means of electrical energy. A television camera changes the light that is reflected from a scene into electronic signals. Then a device called a transmitter sends out the signals (along with signals for the accompanying sound, which has been picked up by a microphone). Finally, a television receives the signals and changes them back into sound and picture images. Television signals began with a television camera, the television camera has lenses that concentrate light to form images of objects. There are many things kids can lean from television on various days. The most favorite shows I like to watch are entertainment shows. Some days you can learn about past history and important news and also the cold and sunny weather conditions. On other days you can learn about educational jobs for when you get older. Some days I watch stations where I can learn different languages such as Spanish. Since I love animals I like to watch and learn more about them on television. There are two shows that probably most kids do not like to watch much. Those are learning to cook food and learning about our government.
Computer

Konrad Zuse is popularly recognized in Germany as the "father of computer" and his ZI, a programmable automation system build between 1936 and 1938, has been called the first computer in the world. Konrad Zuse realized that he could construct a system capable of doing sequences of mathematic operations, like those needed to construct mathematical tables. He had no formal training in electronics and was not familiar basic technological ideas, which allowed him to solve problems he came across, with new, creative and original solutions. Other nations reserve this honor for one of their own scientists, and there have been many long winded debates on the issue of the true inventor of the computer. Herman Hollerith was the first American to help in the invention of the computer in 1890. He invented the Tabulating Machine which was used by the U.S. Government. His company was

called the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company. Later the company changed its name to International Business Machines, we know the today as IBM, one of the worlds largest computer companies. The ENIAC (the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was built at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania in 1943-1945, and is said to be the first large scale general purpose electronic computer in the world. In the 1940-1950's one single computer filled an entire room and weighed about 30 tons. In the 50's and 60's the computers were smaller and faster, but still too big and expensive for home use. In the 1970's smaller computers were designed for smaller businesses and the microprocessors were introduced. They were now small enough for use in homes and schools. We still use computers with microprocessors and they keep getting smaller and smaller in size and price. What will computers be like in the future? They only thing we can be sure of is that they will be smaller, faster, more affordable, and will be able to process and store more and more information. What will they look like? We will have to wait to see what the future holds. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4) MEANS OF COMMUNICTION
The means of communication help us to send our messages and ideas from one place to another. In the modern world the means of communication have become very important. In old days it was very difficult to send our messages and receive messages from far off places. This sending and receiving of messages and ideas is known as commu-nication. In modern times we can communicate with far off places easily and quickly.

Posts and Telegraphs

The Government of India has a department of Posts and Telegraphs. It has thousands of post offices all over the country. The postal department carries our mail, money orders and parcels to all parts of India and the world and delivers it to our friends and relatives for whom they are meant. The mail is sent by road, rail or air.

Telephone
Telephone is another quick means of communication. It is a great improvement over the telegraphs. The people who live far away can talk to one another as if they are sitting face to face.

Radio and Television

Radio, television and the newspaper are mass-communicating media. Through these means we can communicate with thousands of people. There is a number of radio stations in the country. These stations broadcast radio programmes. It broadcasts news, music, plays, stories, agriculture information, speeches, advertisement and other important announcements.

Newspapers
Newspapers, magazines and books are a good means of mass-communication. This is a print medium which travels far and wide. The newspapers have a very wide circulation and every literate person tries to go through them. They

bring us the latest news, rates of the commodities, advertisements, employment news, matrimonials and many other information. In addition to the above there are some other means of communication. Hoardings and Billboards are used by the Government and the Advertisers to communicate the public.