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Forum Power Divider for Stacking 2 Bays or 4 Bays Antenna

Guestbook Written by BuSan
Sunday, 04 November 2007
Contact Us One of the ways to improve the over all performance of any radio station is to put up bigger antennas. Antenna improvements affect both the transmitted and
RBS Crew received signal and thus increase your operating range. Once you reach a certain point, the only practical way to get "bigger" antennas is to put up multiple
antennas phased in such a way so that the total gain of the array increases (hopefully). For VHF and above this usually requires the ubiquitous power divider.
About Us Over the years I have built power dividers using coaxial cable or round copper tubing to achieve the necessary matching of the various antennas in an array.
Recently, I have been using waveguide to construct 2 and 4 way power dividers. The waveguide has the advantage of being rectangular which greatly facilitates
the attachment of the coaxial cable connectors. It is also made of copper, unlike power dividers made of square or rectangular aluminum tubing, which means the
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whole assembly can be soldered for long lasting, waterproof, electrical connections.
Coaxial Dipole, Loaded
Dipole and Quagi-uda The Theory
Antenna
Vertical, Quagi and A few words on how power dividers work is in order. Once you understand the simple theory of operation of a power divider (combiner also) then you may come
Discone Antenna up with another way of building 1/4 lambda transmission line transformers that better suits your needs or available materials list. The basic objective is to build
Log Periodic Broadband
transmission lines with the proper characteristic impedance to match two different RF impedances. The shape or size of the transmission line doesn't matter as
long as it is the right impedance.
Antenna
Antenna Principles The two most common configurations are intended to combine either 2 or 4 antennas, each with a nominal impedance of 50 ohms. If you were to merely connect
Demokratisasi Pemancar 2 antennas with equal lengths of 50-ohm cable together the resulting impedance at the joined ends would be 25 ohms. This really isn't too bad, but we can do
Radio better. If we could somehow "transform" the 50 ohms at the end of each cable to 100 ohms, then when we joined the new ends together we would be back to 50
6 dB Colinear VHF
ohms (The impedances combine like resistors in parallel).
Antenna.
Circularly-Polarized
Antenna
Quad Antenna
Super J-Pole Antenna
Skyhopper and
Parabolic Antenna
Capacitors, Gamma
Figure 1. Quarter Wave Transformer
Match and Feedline
Such an impedance transforming device is an electrical 1/4 lambda (compensated for the velocity factor of the transmission line at the frequency of interest)
Discone - VHF to UHF
piece of transmission line having a characteristic impedance (Z0) determined by the following equation:
Broadband Antenna
Z0=Square Root ( Z1 x Z2)
With Z1=Input Impedance, Z2=Output Impedance (Figure 1 .)
In the above example we want to take the 50 ohms at the end of the cable and 'step it up' to 100 ohms. The formula predicts that if the 1/4 lambda transmission
line impedance is 70.7 ohms from [Sq. Rt. (50x100)], then we will achieve the desired impedance transformation (See diagram below). This 'transformer' effect
also works with any odd number of quarter wavelengths (i.e. 3/4 lambda, 5/4 lambda, 7/4 lambda, etc.). Aha! So this is why we used RG-11 (75 ohms) to match
two antennas in the good old days. The trick was to get the RG-11 the right length (Odd number of electrical quarter wavelengths). In this case the whole piece
of RG-11 was the transformer. If a power divider is being used then the only requirement is that all the 50 ohm 'phasing' lines have to be the same length, any
length, but all the same. Much easier! Figure 2 . is an impedance diagram for matching two antennas.

Figure 2. Two Way Power Divider

In the case of 4 antennas, if we connect two of the antenna feeds together (parallel) with equal lengths of 50-ohm cable then the impedance at this point is 25
ohms. The transformer has to then step up this 25-ohm load to 100 ohms. Thus when we connect the transformed 100 ohms from the other two antennas, the
resulting impedance at the center will be back to 50 ohms (See Figure 3 .). From the formula above the transformers required must have a characteristic of
impedance of 50 ohms. Once again this could all be done with coaxial cables of the proper length, but it is much easier with a power divider.

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RBS FM 92.60 MHz the Best Radio Station in Tulungagung - Power Divid... http://rbsfm.ej.am/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id...

Figure 3. Four Way Power Divider

What is described here is just one way of building power dividers. There are other configurations such as having two or four antennas connected to one end of a
power divider and use a single 1/4 lambda transformer to step up to 50 ohms. The theory is the same for all cases, just different numbers. I think you will find the
construction of the actual device is easier in the configurations described here.

Real Power Divider

I make mine with 1 inch (25.4 mm OD) square section tube ("D"); it has 2 mm wall thickness, and a round centre conductor, using the formula:

Z0 =138log{1.08*D/d}

With Z0 = impedance λ/4 line (70.7 Ω for two way or 50 Ω for four way)
D = inside dimension of outer conductor (23.4 mm ID)
d = outside diameter of inner conductor (7.9 mm OD for two way or 11 mm OD for four way)
ID = Inner Diameter
OD = Outer Diameter
Now all you need to do is calculating the length of λ/4 transmission line transformers that frequency dependent!!!

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Figure 4. Two Way Power Divider

Figure 5. Four Way Power Divider

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