A SEMINAR REPORT ON

ULTRASONIC MOTOR
Submitted in partial fulfillment For the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (Rajasthan Technical University, Kota) IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SESSION (2011-2012)

SUBMITTED TO: Mr. RAHUL GARG HOD OF EEE DEPT.

SUBMITTED BY: MADHURI KUMAWAT EEE, VIII Sem 08EEMEX023

GOVT.MAHILA ENGINEERING COLLEGE AJMER NASIRABAD ROAD, MAKHUPURA, AJMER-305002 (AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE OF GOVT. OF RAJASTHAN)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere thanks to my seminar guide, Mr. RAHUL GARG, Designation AJMER, Deptt ELECTRICAL& ELECTRONICS, for guiding me right form the inception till the successful completion of the seminar. I sincerely acknowledge him/her/them for extending their valuable guidance, support for literature, critical reviews of seminar and the report and above all the moral support he/she/they had provided to me with all stages of this seminar. I would also like to thank the supporting staff MR. S.N. JOSHI, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS Department, for their help and cooperation throughout our seminar.

Name of the Students NAME- PARUL SHAKYA BRANCH - EEE

CONTENTS

TITLE
1. INTRODUCTION 2. WHAT IS INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY 3. PRINCIPLE OF THERMAL IMAGING 4. ENERGY REVIEWS FROM EMS 5. HERE'S HOW THERMAL IMAGING WORKS 6. TYPES OF THERMAL IMAGING DEVICES 7. THERMAL IMAGING CAMERA 8. CONSTRUCTION 9. USAGE 10. WHAT ARE THERMAL IMAGERS 11. HOW DOES THE TECHNOLOGY WORK 12. APPLICATIONS 13THERMAL IMAGING APPLICATION OVERVIEW 14. FUTURE DIRECTION IN THERMAL IMAGING 15. WHY IS THERMAL IMAGINGIMPORTANT 16. HOW DOES THERMAL IMAGING HELP YOUR BUSINESS 17. ADVANTAGES OF THERMAL IMAGING 18. CONCLUSION 19. REFRENCE

1. INTRODUCTION
Thermal imaging: n. The detection of surface temperatures by capturing the emitted infrared radiation. Thats how we define thermal imaging, but how is it applicable and useful to you? Thermal imaging can help detect much inefficiency around your work place and even your home. In the workplace you can identify problems that could create down time as well as inefficiencies in both time and costs. In your home or building you could save money by identifying and fixing areas of potential energy loss that should result in savings quickly. Watch this video for an explanation about thermal imaging and its many functions.

2. WHAT IS INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY? Infrared light or Thermography is the use of an infrared imaging and measurement camera to "see" and "measure thermal energy emitted from an object. Thermography is an inexpensive technique that can be used to survey buildings, flat roofs, machinery, in fact pretty much anything without disruption. EMS specialize in providing this technology for the surveying of buildings and structures by Way of an Energy Review

3. PRINCIPLE OF THERMAL IMAGING All materials, which are above 0 degrees Kelvin (-273 degrees C), emit infrared energy. The infrared energy emitted from the measured object is converted into an electrical Signal by the imaging sensor (micro bolometer) in the camera and displayed on a monitor as a color or monochrome thermal image. The basic principle is explained as follows: 3.1 INFRARED RADIATION: The infrared ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation the same as radio waves, microwaves, ultraviolet rays, visible light, X-rays, and gamma rays. All these forms, which collectively make up 4

the electromagnetic spectrum, are similar in that they emit energy in the form of electromagnetic waves traveling at the speed of light. The major difference between each band in the spectrum is in their wavelength, which correlates to the amount of energy the waves carry. For example, while gamma rays have wavelengths Millions of times smaller than those of visible light, radio waves have wavelengths that are billions of times longer than those of visible light.

The wavelength of the infrared radiation band is 0.78 to 1000m (micrometers). This is Longer than the wavelength of visible light yet shorter that radio waves. The wavelengths radiations are classified from the near infrared to the far infrared. 3.2 EMISSIVITY: Infrared radiation is energy radiated by the motion of atoms and molecules on the Surface of object, where the temperature of the object is more than absolute zero. The intensity of the emittance is a function of the temperature of the material. In other words, the higher the temperature, the greater the intensity of infrared energy that is emitted. As well as emitting infrared energy, materials also reflect infrared, absorb infrared and, in of Infrared

some cases, transmit infrared. When the temperature of the material equals that of its surroundings, the amount of thermal radiation absorbed by the object equals the amount emitted by the object.

The figure above shows the three modes by which the radiant energy striking an object may be dissipated. These modes of dissipation are: a t r = = = absorption transmission reflection

The fractions of the total radiant energy, which are associated with each of the above modes of dissipation, are referred to as the absorptivity (a) transmissivity (t) and the reflectivity (r) of the body. According to the theory of conservation of energy, the extent to which materials reflect, absorb and transmit IR energy is known as the emissivity of the material.

"But what about emissivity," everyone asks. We saw that the amount of radiated energy was proportional to a factor called emissivity. The practical effect of lower emissivity is for IR 6

instruments to indicate a lower temperature than the true surface temperature. For this reason most systems and instruments provide the ability for the operator to set them to a value which corresponds to the value of the object being measured. Alternative techniques call for changing the emissivity through the use of spray paints, powders and tape or "emissivity dots." Fig. shows an image of an aluminum housing used to shield an RF module.

The image in fig. is of the backside of the aluminum housing. Inside is a circuit board containing some relatively high power devices at one end and low power devices over the balance of the board. Since aluminum has a low emissivity, "emissivity dots" (e=.95) were placed on the surface in several key locations so that thermal gradients across the surface could be determined. The red and yellow circles (dots) show a distinct warming from the right side of the housing to the left. Also, the aluminum shows up as a cool temperature everywhere but where the dots have been placed. The same correction could have been applied after the image had been gathered by changing the emissivity value for the stored image.

4. ENERGY REVIEWS FROM EMS: Determining where heat loss occurs using our FLIR (Forward Looking Infrared) devices enables us to identify theses areas and advise upon possible solutions. If a building is losing heat through masonry, windows, doors, roofs, in fact anywhere, you are burning money and increasing your energy costs.

Thermal imaging can help locate problems with slumping or missing insulation in building walls as the lack of insulation allows more heat to escape through the fabric of the walls. An external building survey allows the householder to see at a glance were there are problems with lack of insulation, displaced render and poor seals on doors and windows which are allowing heat to escape from the building. Another aspect that thermal imaging can pick up on is water damage and leaks. A leak can travel far from its source point and a thermal camera allows us to locate the source. This is because water has a high thermal capacitance which means it absorbs a lot of heat from the surroundings and this shows up as a hot spot on our thermal images. Cold air ingress shows up clearly as dark areas on a thermal image as the colder air displaces warmer air within a property. Thermal imaging shows at a glance were seals may be deficient. Thermal Imaging surveys start from as little as 150 By identifying areas of heat loss, water damage, or poor insulation you will be able to determine where you are wasting energy and take steps to reduce your energy bills permanently.

Thermal imaging is a technology that enables detection of people and objects in total darkness and in very diverse weather conditions. A typical application for thermal imaging is border security, where most threats occur at night. Watchtowers spaced at 4km intervals or more have to be able to detect threats at ranges up to 2km or more to guarantee full coverage of the border. Knowing how far you can see with a thermal imaging camera and at which distance you can detect a possible threat is of the utmost importance. 8

The distance you can see a given target with a thermal imaging camera is called the range in the thermal imaging industry. To correctly determine the range of a thermal imaging camera requires some sophisticated modeling. There are many variables to consider including the type of thermal imaging camera you are using, the type of lens you are using, the nature and size of the object you want to detect, the atmospheric conditions and the very definition of what it means to see a target.

Seeing an object: To define what is meant by seeing a target, the so-called Johnsons criteria can be used. John Johnson, a Night Vision & Electronic Sensors Directorate scientist, developed criteria that relate to the effective range of infrared cameras. Although developed for the military (hence the use of the term target to refer to the object of interest), the Johnson criteria are widely used in the commercial marketplace to characterize thermal imaging systems. According to these criteria a distinction needs to be made between degrees of seeing a target: Detection: In order to detect if an object is present or not, its critical dimension needs to be covered by 1.5 or more pixels. 1.5 pixels in a staring array is equivalent to 0.75 cycles, which is the unit of system resolution originally used in Johnsons definition. Recognition: Recognizing an object is defined as seeing what type of object it is. It means being able to make the distinction between a person, a car, a truck or any other object. In order to recognize an object it needs to be subtended by at least 6 pixels across its critical dimension.

Nomograph: uncooled 320 x 240 detector with 38 micron pitch Pixels across 0.75 m critical dimension of man-sized target versus range

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Nomograph: cooled 640 x 480 detect with 15 micron pitch Pixels across 0.75 m critical dimension of man-sized target versus range

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5. HERE'S HOW THERMAL IMAGING WORKS: 1. A special lens focuses the infrared light emitted by all of the objects in view. 2. The focused light is scanned by a phased array of infrared-detector elements. The detector elements create a very detailed temperature pattern called a thermogram. It only takes about one-thirtieth of a second for the detector array to obtain the temperature information to make the thermogram. This information is obtained from several thousand points in the field of view of the detector array. 3. The thermogram created by the detector elements is translated into electric impulses. 4. The impulses are sent to a signal-processing unit, a circuit board with a dedicated chip that translates the information from the elements into data for the display. 5. The signal-processing unit sends the information to the display, where it appears as various colors depending on the intensity of the infrared emission. The combination of all the impulses from all of the elements creates the image.

The basic components of a thermal-imaging system

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6. TYPES OF THERMAL IMAGING DEVICES:

Most thermal-imaging devices scan at a rate of 30 times per second. They can sense temperatures ranging from -4 degrees Fahrenheit (-20 degrees Celsius) to 3,600 F (2,000 C), and can normally detect changes in temperature of about 0.4 F (0.2 C).

It is quite easy to see everything during the day...

but at night, you can see very little.

Thermal imaging lets you see again. There are two common types of thermal-imaging devices:

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Un-cooled - This is the most common type of thermal-imaging device. The infrared-detector elements are contained in a unit that operates at room temperature. This type of system is completely quiet, activates immediately and has the battery built right in.

Cryogenically cooled - More expensive and more susceptible to damage from rugged use, these systems have the elements sealed inside a container that cools them to below 32 F (zero C). The advantage of such a system is the incredible resolution and sensitivity that result from cooling the elements. Cryogenically-cooled systems can "see" a difference as small as 0.2 F (0.1 C) from more than 1,000 ft (300 m) away, which is enough to tell if a person is holding a gun at that distance!

While thermal imaging is great for detecting people or working in near-absolute darkness, most night-vision equipment uses image-enhancement technology.

7. THERMAL IMAGING CAMERA A Thermal Imaging Camera (colloquially known as a TIC) is a type of thermographic camera used in firefighting. By rendering infrared radiation as visible light, such cameras allow firefighters to see areas of heat through smoke, darkness, or heat-permeable barriers. Thermal imaging cameras are typically handheld, but may be helmet-mounted. They are constructed using heat- and water-resistant housings, and ruggedized to withstand the hazards of fireground operations. While they are expensive pieces of equipment, their popularity and adoption by firefighters in the United States is increasing markedly due to the increased availability of government equipment grants following the September 11 attacks in 2001. Thermal imaging cameras pick up body heat, and they are normally used in cases where people are trapped where rescuers cannot find them

8. CONSTRUCTION A thermal imaging camera consists of five components: an optic system, detector, amplifier, signal processing, and display. Fire-service specific thermal imaging cameras incorporate these components in a heat-resistant,ruggedized, and waterproof housing.These parts work together to render infrared 14

radiation, such as that given off by warm objects or flames, into a visible light representation in real time. The camera display shows infrared output differentials, so two objects with the same temperature will appear to be the same "color".Many thermal imaging cameras use grayscale to represent normal temperature objects, but highlight dangerously hot surfaces in different colors.

Cameras may be handheld or helmet-mounted.A handheld camera requires one hand to position and operate, leaving only one free hand for other tasks, but can be easily transferred between firefighters. The majority of thermal imaging cameras in use in the fire service are handheld models. The National Institute of Standards and Technology Fire Research division is the lead government agency developing performance standards for fire service thermal imaging cameras in the United States, although the U.S. Army Night Vision Laboratory has contributed to the effort. Preliminary recommendations from the field include visible low-battery warnings, ability to withstand full immersion in water, and the ability to provide meaningful visual readouts beyond 2,000F (~1,100C).

9. USAGE View of a fire apparatus tire through an MSA Evolution 5000 thermal imaging camera Since thermal imaging cameras can "see" through darkness or smoke, they allow firefighters to quickly find the seat of a structure fire; or see the heat signature of visually obscured victims.They can be used to search for victims outdoors on a cool night, spot smoldering fires inside a wall, or detect overheating 15

electrical wiring. Thermal imaging cameras were credited with saving multiple lives per year through victim identification and removal from low visibility conditions as early as 1999.

In addition to the ability to see through dense smoke, thermal imaging cameras also can see materials involved in spontaneous, low level combustion. In one documented instance, a TIC was used to isolate a smoldering hot spot in a grain storage facility; by isolating and removing only the affected grain, 75% of the stored crop was saved. In another, Tennessee firefighters used a thermal imaging camera to detect a hidden fire inside a cinder railroad bed, resulting in an estimated $500,000 cost avoidance.Thermal imaging cameras have also been reported to be particularly useful for fighting fires in cellulose insulation. and for ascertaining that a structure is safe to reenter after a fire has been put out.Ventura County, California firefighters used their TIC to find a cat which had become sealed inside a walkway during construction. Prototypes of helmet-mounted thermal imaging cameras were first publicized in 1992,but a detailed evaluation of their performance in real world situations was not published until 2007. The model evaluated in 2007 weighed approximately 1.5 lbs, substantially increasing weight over an unadorned helmet. However, the ability to "use the devices while they were also pulling hose and carrying tools" was favorably received by firefighters evaluating the product. Benefits of helmet mounted TICs included that multiple firefighters each observed different aspects of a fire, while drawbacks included firefighters relaxing safety discipline. In timed testing, teams of firefighters with helmetmounted cameras completed search tasks substantially faster, were less disoriented, and used less air than teams with a single handheld camera, who in turn fared better than teams with no TIC at all.

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A limitation of these and similar devices has been their poor depth perception (the user has a hard time judging how far away objects are). This increases the likelihood that the user will trip over or run into obstacles, or have other distance-related problems. An additional limitation of infrared technology is that since materials at the same temperature are shown as the same color, the display will not depict many details normally viewable in visible light.

10. WHAT ARE THERMAL IMAGERS? Thermal imagers are instruments that create pictures of heat rather than light. They measure radiated IR energy and convert the data to corresponding maps of temperatures. Today, instruments provide temperature data at each image pixel and, typically, cursors can be positioned to each point with the corresponding temperature read out on the screen or display. Images may be digitized, stored, manipulated, processed and printed out. Industry-standard image formats, such as the tagged image file format (TIFF), permit files to work with a wide array of commercially available software packages. Fig 1, below, is typical of what a thermal image might look like.

Figure 1 Background Early IR detector development was directed towards military applications. As early as World War II work had been undertaken to develop IR detectors for applications in target location, tracking, weapons guidance and intelligence gathering. Application areas expanded to surveillance 17

and intrusion during the Vietnam era and shortly thereafter space-based applications for natural resource, pollution monitoring, and astronomy were developed. More recently, efforts have been aimed at expanding IR sensing to applications including temperature measurement and mapping, forest fire sensing and suppression, surveillance and multispectral earth imaging, etc. Many of these applications have been over long distances, through the atmosphere, and absorption of IR energy has a been factor in the performance of these systems. Military and space-based applications, generally, can be addressed by detectors whose operating wavelengths fall between 8.015 microns where atmospheric absorption is minimized. Other applications fall in the broader waveband of .09-300 microns. Since military applications were the early driving force in detector development, it is no surprise that sensors would be optimized so that the effects of atmospheric absorption would be minimized. Sensitivity, signal-to-noise and image acquisition speed were optimized and cost was not a major factor. The net result was that IR imaging technology developed for the military spilled over into commercial markets. Initial applications were in laboratory level R&D, preventative maintenance applications, and airborne surveill

11. HOW DOES THE TECHNOLOGY WORK? The basis for IR imaging technology is that any object whose temperature is above 0 K radiates infrared energy. The amount of radiated energy is a function of the object's temperature and its relative efficiency of thermal radiation, known as emissivity. Radiated energy (power) is proportional to the body's temperature, raised to the 4th power. For example, a black body (emissivity of 100%) at 30 C would have a radiation density of 5.4 mW/cm . That same blackbody at a temperature of 150 C would have a radiation density of 139.2mW/cm . This energy can be measured and an instrument calibrated to indicate the

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corresponding temperature of the surface it's "looking at." Instruments which "scan" an object and create an image or spatial map of surface temperatures are referred to as thermal imagers. There are a variety of scanning techniques and IR detectors found in instruments today. Temperature resolution, the ability to measure small temperature differences, can be as fine as 0.1 C. Spatial resolution, the ability to measure temperatures on small areas, can be as fine as 15 microns. Temperature sensitivity and measurement range cover broad ranges. Applications extend from microelectronic levels to scanning wide areas of the earth from space. Airborne systems can be used to see through smoke at forest fires. Portable, hand-held units can be used for equipment monitoring in preventative maintenance (PM) programs.When considering the purchase or rental of an imaging system it's important to have an understanding of your measurement requirements. The performance requirements will dictate the type of system needed. In some instances temperatures change rapidly, in others it changes very slowly or not at all. In thermal testing, particularly reliability testing, there is transient analysis and then there is steady state analysis. Steady state analysis is normally used in determining reliability characteristics. If steady-state analysis is required and the temperature range to be monitored is 0 C-150 C, acquiring a real-time system with ranges from -40 C to 1500 C may be overkill. It will certainly be costly. As you'll see later, prices for thermal imaging systems can extend over a very broad range and performance requirements will be the determinant of system cost.

12. APPLICATIONS
To determine reliability many companies use the methodology set forth in MIL-H-217E or Bellcore Technical Reference, TR-NWT-000322, "Reliability Prediction Procedures for Electronic Equipment." Temperatures of the key components can be measured through thermal imaging and the resultant data is fed into the MTBF models and reliability calculated. Tektronix, Inc., for example, claims they've been able to get more reliable predictions as compared with the old method of counting pins, connectors, number of active devices.

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In many fields, heat can be a contributor to unreliability. In electronics, a key reliability factor is semiconductor junction temperature. The higher this temperature, the shorter the time to failure. When operating, a semiconductor is dissipating power and generating heat. As long as the device is generating heat, the temperature of the junction will rise until the heat finds a path to flow from the device. At that point, heat flow from the device will be equal to the heat being generated and thermal equilibrium will be reached. Thermal images can provide measurements of semiconductor case temperatures. Assuming one knows the value for thermal resistance, the junction temperatures can be determined. These values can be used in the MIL-H-217X calculations. A second and less well recognized thermal problem occurs in manufacturing when circuit boards are reflow soldered. As a result of the high temperatures to which they are subjected and their complex structure, some boards become misshapen or warped. Others exhibit mechanical problems with components or solder connections due to thermal stresses. IR reflow ovens assume a fairly homogeneous object is being heated while in fact the temperatures across the board are frequently non- uniform. In Fig. 1 we saw a circuit board which had just come from an IR reflow machine. Ideally, one would expect this board to look fairly uniform since it had just come from the oven. In this situation, this obviously isn't the case. The significant point to note in this image is the large swing in temperature from minimum to maximum. This board's temperatures showed a delta T of more than 70 C. The traditional method of characterizing this oven profile with thermocouples failed to detect this situation. Since the temperature profile for the machine was based on thermocouple placement, the board stayed cooler in some areas than in others. This could have resulted in bad solder connections. The value of seeing the whole temperature presentation on one display shows the power of thermal imaging.

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Figure 2 Fig 2 is an image of a heat sink and a TO-3 style semiconductor mounted to it. This was part of an experiment to determine the efficiency of a new mounting material for semiconductors compared to zinc oxide compounds traditionally used. The image shows some localized hot spots on the case of the device, which indicates that heat is not being evenly carried away. Viewing the surface thermal profile also shows a thermal discontinuity between the transistor and the heat sink.The conclusion was that the mounting material had a high thermal resistance compared with the paste.

Figure 3 Fig. 3 shows the thermal image of a burn-in board used by a semiconductor manufacturer. Devices are placed in sockets, power is applied and then the test fixture is periodically scanned and recorded. Uniformity of power dissipation and condition of the devices can be quickly determined. If a device should exhibit an early failure, it will be seen as a darker or lighter spot on the "matrix." If the system is connected to a computer, image data and manipulation can be performed and temperature records made. Systems might be used to monitor a production process as part of a closed-loop 21

system. Thermal data would be monitored and variations to the control limits would be used to correct variations. Thermal data could also be used for statistical process control.

These applications are different but they all share one thing in common. They provide a comprehensive map of the thermal factors effecting the device or process being monitored. If an engineer were to try to gather similar levels of information using thermocouples or temperature probes it would be a major undertaking requiring many man hours of technical labor. Clearly, thermal imaging is a fast, cost effective way to perform detailed thermal analysis.

13. THERMAL IMAGING APPLICATION OVERVIEW

Thermal imagers use infrared technology to give law enforcement officers a reliable heat picture of their surroundings, providing them a range of abilities they do not have when using night vision or flashlights. TacSight detects extremely small differences in temperature, so officers can easily distinguish people from their immediate surroundings. Needing no light to operate, TacSight generates high quality images on the darkest nights, even through smoke. With the help of TacSight, officers can more effectively manage surveillance activities, locate and apprehend suspects, investigate crime scenes and conduct search and rescue operations. Proper use of the technology is shown to help officers detect potential dangers and stay safer on the job. Thermal imagers can assist officers at any emergency incident in which normal visibility is reduced, impaired or ineffective. Conventional night vision equipment requires light or special illuminators and is incapacitated by smoke and other particulates. While darkness, camouflage and environmental conditions can defeat night vision, suspects cannot hide from TacSight. Their own body heat gives them away. Below are brief notes and graphics that describe how thermal imagers are used in a number of law enforcement applications.

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A suspect peering around a bush does not realize he is being monitored by a thermal imager, as there is no tell-tale beam projected at him.

13.1 FUGITIVE SEARCHES While most people understand how to hide from sight, they rarely consider hiding their body heat. When ambient light, flashlights or searchlight there is still a good chance that the suspects body heat is visible to the thermal imager. This makes detection, tracking and apprehension easier. Additionally, since the thermal imager does not project any beam, the suspect is unaware that he is being monitored. As a result, officers can regain the upper hand against the suspect.

13.2 OFFICER SAFETY A thermal imager can contribute to officer safety at a number of scenes. At a collision, it could help identify fluid leaks or power lines that have been knocked to the ground. When entering a field or yard, the thermal imager can help identify fences, dogs and other hazards that may be lurking beyond the range of an officers flashlight. An officer could also use a thermal imager to identify people who may be hiding, or who may simply be observing in obscurity.

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13.3SURVEILLANCE Because the thermal imager does not require light and only receives heat energy, it can be used to observe potential criminal activity at a distance. Whether a suspect is dealing drugs on the street, or trying to steal purses and stereos from cars, low-light conditions work to his benefit. An officer can use a thermal imager to observe the suspect from a distance, watching his activity and building further reasonable suspicion or probable cause. The thermal imagery can be recorded for use as evidence later, or it can be used to justify specific interaction with the suspect. Officers with thermal imagers can also help maintain perimeters when fleeing suspects are confined within a small area. Again, since the thermal imager emits no beams of energy, it will not alert the suspect that the perimeter is monitored, which may lead him to cross the line and be more easily apprehended. 13.4 HIDDEN COMPARTMENTS Because the heat signature of a surface is affected by its material as well as its density, hidden compartments can be identified with a thermal imager. When the difference in density between the compartment and the surrounding surface is great, the likelihood of identifying it with the thermal imager is higher. For example the space in a car door is normally empty. However, if the door is packed with drugs or money, its density will be different in the areas where the contraband is stored. As a result, the thermal image will show a suspicious heat signature that can lead an officer to further investigation.

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The passenger of this vehicle left a distinct heat impression in his seat, indicating that he may have been thrown from the car in the collision. Rescuers now know to look for an additional victim.

13.5 DISTURBED SURFACES When earth is removed and replaced in order to hide or remove evidence, the heat signature of the ground is altered. A thermal imager can help detect areas that have been disturbed from their original state, potentially indicating where suspects may have buried evidence. Even structural changes in a wall or on a vehicle may be significant enough to be detected with a thermal imager. Patches made in drywall to cover bullet holes may have a different temperature than the rest of the wall, indicating anomalies when viewed with the thermal imager. Similarly, vehicles that have undergone rapid repairs through the use of Bondo-type materials may project unique thermal signatures. This can aid in the identification of vehicles that flee collisions.

In total darkness, a swimmer in distress is found struggling in the water.

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14. FUTURE DIRECTION IN THERMAL IMAGING The latest trend in imaging systems is the mating of imaging cameras to the power of the personal computer (PC). The electronics are contained on a card which can plug directly into the computer and take advantage of the high resolution display, processing capability and mass storage. The camera connects directly to a port on the computer. The cost overhead associated with separate displays, separate memory and enclosures is thus avoided. New focal plane arrays, based on thermal effects, will result in high resolution cameras which can be fabricated in significantly smaller configurations and at much lower cost. As they don't need cryogenic cooling, they should be considerably more reliable and will first find their way into thermal viewers. Versions capable of making thermo-metric measurements will quickly follow. These trends will further spur the growth in thermal imaging. The broad number of applications utilizing imaging attests to its viability and growth in new applications will be dramatic

Thermal imaging is a low cost, effective method of protecting your businesss assets and giving you peace of mind. It is an essential part of every commercial and industrial businesss preventative maintenance plan. Specialised and highly sensitive equipment is used by a skilled technician to identify equipment faults that are not visible to the naked eye. The thermal images are accurate to one tenth of a degree and will show if any components such as electrical switches are too hot.

15. WHY IS THERMAL IMAGINGIMPORTANT?

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A Thermal imaging inspection is a very effective way of highlighting deficiencies in equipment that would not otherwise be apparent. It can pinpoint the exact location of faults and allow componentry to be replaced before a problem occurs. Without this service, unidentified equipment faults can lead to equipment failure, loss in electricity supply or electrical fire. It is often recommended by insurance companies that Thermal imaging is undertaken on an annual basis to reduce risk. With regard to refrigeration systems, unidentified cold air loss due to faulty door seals will reduce the efficiency of your cooling system and lead to energy waste. It is important to undertake Thermal imaging on a regular basis, ideally annually, to ensure up to date assessment of the safety and efficiency of your businesss equipment.

16. HOW DOES THERMAL IMAGING HELP YOUR BUSINESS?

The Thermal imaging service provided by Country Energys energy answers identifies areas where corrective action is required. The benefits to your business may include: A planned approach to equipment maintenance A response to issues before they become critical Reduced downtime due to equipment failure Reduced repair costs Reduced risk of electrical Protection of your assets Reduced insurance premiums Peace of mind for surprisingly little cost fire

17. ADVANTAGES OF THERMAL IMAGING 27

Thermal imaging cameras, sometimes refered to as FLIR cameras or IR infrared imager cameras increase the safety, effectiveness and efficiency of operations both night and day. How can my department afford thermal imaging? Perhaps the better question is- how can your department afford NOT to have it? Is the safety of your officers and community really something you can put a price on? The results speak for themselves, and are not only measured in dollars, but in other ways.

18. CONCLUSION:

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This was to evaluate integrity of terminations The thermal imaging shows a hot terminal block this indicative of either a loose terminal or a high resistant joint, check connection for tightness and fitting for good contact and the Integrity of all terminals.

19. REFRENCE 29

1. www.thermalimager.com 2. http://books.google.co.in 3. www.ieee.com 4. http://www.radio101.info/thermographie/pictures.htm 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_image 6. http://www.compix.com/articles.npconint.html

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