Problem Set A 1.

If you know that Boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11, what do you know about the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in its atoms? Ans. Protons: 5, Electrons: 5, Neutrons: 6 2. What is special about the outer electron shell, and what can you predict from knowing how many electrons are there? Ans. The outer electron shell, called the Outer valence level, determines how reactive an element is based on the amount of electrons it has 3. a. What is an emergent property? Ans. An Emergent Property is a property that a substance obtained only by combining certain other substances. For example, Na+ is an explosive metal while Cl- is a poisonous gas, however when combined, it becomes salt, an ingredient used for food. b. What are the emergent properties of water, and what aspect of the water molecule gives rise to them? Ans: Some emergent properties of water is that it acts as an universal solvent. Water molecules are polar and exhibit H-bonding which allows for this feature. 4. Answer the following questions regarding pH: a. If the pH is 2, what is the [OH-]? Ans: 1 *10^ -12 b. If the [H+] is 1x10-4, what is the pH? pH is 4 c. If the [OH-] is 1x10-4, what is the pH? pH is 10 d. Why is it not possible to have a pH greater than 14? Because [H+][OH-] = 1 *10^-14 and that at 14, there are 0 H+ ions already, Its not possible to have less than 0 H+ ions 5. The molecular weight of sucrose is 342 Daltons, the sum of weights of all the atoms. How much sucrose would you need to add to water to make: a. 1 L of 0.5 M sucrose? Ans. Mol=(M*V) . .5mol* 342 =171 daltons b. 100 mL of 0.1 M sucrose? 3.42 daltons 6. Regarding moles and molarity, which has more total molecules in each case? a. A liter of 1 M NaCl (mw=58) or a liter of 1 M sucrose (mw 342)? Same b. 100 mL of 1 M NaCl or 500 mL of 0.5 M NaCl? The second NaCl c. 500 mL of 1 M NaCl or 500 mL of 0.5 M sucrose? The first Nacl

7. Draw the structure of the functional group that corresponds to each description: a. Adds acidic properties to an organic molecule b. Picks up protons from the surrounding solution c. Similar to a hydroxyl, with sulfur substituted for oxygen 8. What is the consequence of oxygen and nitrogen being very electronegative when they bond with other atoms? It would make the molecule polar and could change the Ph in the case of NH3 9. A researcher adds 0.4 kg of Calcium bromide (MW = 200 g/mol) to 10 L of water, in which it dissolves completely. a. What is the molarity of calcium bromide in the solution? b. What is the concentration of bromide ion in the solution?
c. How much water would the researcher need to add to the solution in order

to decrease the concentration nby a factor of 4? d. How would you characterize the bond between calcium and bromine in calcium bromide? 10. If 99% of the H3O+ ions are removed from a solution whose pH was originally 3, what will be its new pH? pH = 5