Chapter 1

Abnormal Psychology: Past and Present Dr. Ashlea Worrell

What Is Psychological Abnormality?

Deviance (different from societys view of Norm) Distress (Impacts all aspects of life) Dysfunction (Interferes with ADLs-Activities of D il Li i D f i (I f i h ADL A i i i f Daily Livinggrooming etc.) Danger (DTO Danger to others, DTS Danger to Self, ex. Cutting, self-injury) The Elusive Nature of Abnormality (abnormal patterns of functioning considered to be all the above)
Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, Fifth Edition Chapter 1

Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, Fifth Edition Chapter 1

Jeffrey Dahmer

Charles Manson

Ted Bundy

Blanche Taylor Moore

Marilyn Monroe

Deviance
39% of People confess to snooping in their hosts medicine cabinets (tell story of addicts) 30% Those of people refuse to sit on a public toilet seat 27% Of People admit to taking too many items through the express line 10% of People believe they have seen a ghost 5% of sunbathed in the nude

Treatment/Therapy

What Is Treatment?

Seek treatment as last resort Crisis/intake to gather medical history (hx) (signs, symptoms, observations, talk to family, signif. Others) Personalized to each indiv.

Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, Fifth Edition Chapter 1

Psychological testing Diagnostic criteria Evaluate DTO/DTS behavior Hx of substance abuse In/outpatient Medication Therapy/support groups/counseling

Treatment Team
Includes but not limited to: Case managers Psychiatric Social workers Psychiatrist (M.D., D.O.) Psychologist (Ph.D., Psy. D., Ed.D.) Recreational Therapist/ OT/PT Dieticians Psychiatric Nurses Behavioral Technician/Psych Techs

Video
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/26447010 #26447010 (Part one) http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/26447041 #26447041 (Part two) http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/26447026 http://www msnbc msn com/id/21134540/vp/26447026 #26447026 (Part three)

How Was Abnormality Viewed and Treated in the Past?

Ancient Views and Treatments Greek and Roman Views and Treatments Europe in the Middle Ages: Demonology Returns

How Was Abnormality Viewed and Treated in the Past? (continued)

The Renaissance and the Rise of Asylums Eugenics The Nineteenth Century: Reform and Moral Treatment The Early Twentieth Century: y y: The Somatogenic and Psychogenic Perspectives

Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, Fifth Edition Chapter 1

Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, Fifth Edition Chapter 1

Ancient Views (Stone Age/Cavemen Time)

Body/Mind controlled by good v. evil Abnormal behavior=evil spirits taken over body Treatment/cure=Trephination Exorcism Use of Shamans/priests Beliefs about disease/disability=devil, punishment, germs, & evil spirits (common theme throughout) Treatment more accessible by rich (common throughout hx)

Greeks/Romans
Hippocrates (460-377 BC) Father of modern medicine Abnormal behavior=brain disease, imbalance of humors Humors consist of: black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm

Europe Middle Ages

Power of the Clergy Science rejected Religion controlled all education and all aspects of life Superstition and demons Conflict btw C fli b good v. evil d il Exorcism Alternative tx (i.e.. Whipping, bleeding, scalding hot water, stretching etc.)

The Renaissance Asylums

Witchcraft Johann Weyer (1515-1588) Founded Modern Psychopathology Mind and body could experience physical illness/sickness Hospitals Monasteries converted i l H i l &M i d into asylums Initially intended to provide good, quality care for people w/ mental illness later became more like prisons

Eugenics
See Table 1.1 pg 12 in book Social philosophy to improve the passing down of hereditary traits More perfect race Selective breeding S l i b di Methods to carry this out: sterilization, marriage regulation, lethal chamber etc.

19th Century
Moral treatment Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) State hospitals=state run/funded institutions that house people with severe mental illness

Early 20th century

Decline of moral movement Key Perspectives: somatogenic and psychogenic Somatogenic=biological causes Psychogenic=psychological causes within brain Deinstitutionalization movement

Current Trends
How Are People with Severe Disturbances Cared For?=medication, in/out patient, residential centers, private psychotherapy, state hospitals, group homes, counseling etc., acute care hospital stays How Are People with Less Severe Disturbances Treated? See above A Growing Emphasis on Preventing Disorders and Promoting Mental Health Target those at risk=people in lower SES, poverty, crime-affected areas to implement programs in the community Positive psychology=positive feelings/thinking to promote wellbeing
Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, Fifth Edition Chapter 1

Current Trends (continued)

The Growing Influence of Insurance Coverage Private insurance PPO, HMO (Managed care programs), state funded programs, out of pocket pay What Are Todays Leading Theories and Professions? Psychiatrists Psychologists P h l i Counselors/therapists Social Workers Nurses Dieticians Case Managers
Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, Fifth Edition Chapter 1

What Do Clinical Researchers Do?

Need for research to explain why people do the things they do 3 Primary methods below The Case Study The Correlational Method The Experimental Method What Are the Limits of Clinical Investigations?

Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, Fifth Edition Chapter 1

Case Study
Detailed account lots of information on one single person Description of psychological problems/life Unique Can not generalize to population Phineas Gage

Correlational Study
relationship btw variables Subjects/participants-people chosen or volunteer to participate in research 2 Forms: Epidemiological (incidence of new cases) (prevalence of total # in a population) Longitudinal observe same subjects over a period of time (years) IV predictor variable causes change in DV DV response variable Two groups: Control v. Experimental Random selection Ethics/Subjects Rights

Experimental Design
Blind design=participants do not know if they are in the control or experimental group avoid bias Quasi-experimental-mixed methods group already exists in the world Natural experiment=research to study natural events: Hurricane Katrina, 911, floods, earthquakes, etc. Analogue experiments=conducted in lab to mimic abnormal behavior signs/symptoms ex: repeatedly showing pictures of snakes etc. Single subject=conducted in a lab observe before and after treatment to compare potential differences

Putting It Together: A Work in Progress

Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, Fifth Edition Chapter 1