ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

BASED

PROTECTIVE SCHEMES

Topics I will focus

Introduction ANN, What does it mean ? Mathematical modeling of ANN Application in Power system protection Conclusion

A bit of biology . . . Most important functional unit in human brain a class of cells called

NEURON
Dendrites

Cell Body
Axon Synapse

Dendrites Receive information Cell Body Process information Axon Carries processed information to other neurons Synapse Junction between Axon end and Dendrites of other Neurons

ANN What does it mean?

The complex neural structure inside the human brain forms a massive parallel information system ,the basic processing unit is the NEURON. This contrasts with conventional computers in which a single processor executes a series of instructions Neuro - Computing is something called the brain-like computations. It is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurons) working in unison to solve specific problems. From a mathematical point of view ANN, is a complex non-linear function with many parameters that are adjusted (calibrated, or trained) in such a way that the ANN output becomes similar to the desired output.

History
The first step toward artificial neural networks came in 1943 when Warre McCulloch, a neurophysiologist, and a young mathematician, Walter Pitts, wrote a paper on how neurons might work. They modeled a simple neural network with electrical circuits.

Mathematical Model of An Artificial Neuron

Dendrites
X1 X2 w1 w2

Cell Body

Axon y1

Direction of flow of Information

. . .
Xp wp

V = f(I)

y2 y3 y4

I = w1X1 + w2X2 + w3X3 + + wpXp

Receives Inputs X1 X2 Xp from environment Inputs fed-in through connections with weights Total Input = Weighted sum of inputs from all sources Transfer function (Activation function) converts the input to output Output goes to other neurons or environment

ANN Feed-forward Network A collection of neurons form a Layer X1

Direction of information flow

X2

X3

X4

Input Layer
- Each neuron gets ONLY one input, directly from outside

Hidden Layer
- Connects Input and Output layers

Output Layer
- Output of each neuron directly goes to outside

y1

y2

One particular Model an Example Input: X1 X2 X3 X1

0.6 0.5 -0.1

Output: Y X2 X3

Model: Y = f( X1 , X2 , X3 ) Parameters
# Input Neurons

Example
3
1 2 1 Specified

0.1

-0.2 0.7 # Hidden Layers # Hidden Layer Size # Output Neurons

0.1

-0.2 Weights

Decided by the structure of the problem

Free parameters

# Input Nrns = # of Xs # Output Nrns = # of Ys

Training the Model

How to train the Model ?
Start with a random set of weights. Feed forward the first observation through the net X1 Network V1 ; Error = (Y1 V1) Adjust the weights so that this error is reduced ( network fits the first observation well ) Feed forward the second observation. Adjust weights to fit the second observation well Keep repeating till you reach the last observation This finishes one CYCLE through the data Perform many such training cycles till the overall prediction error E is small.

E = ( Yi Vi )2

Back Propagation

Feed forward

Characteristics of the ANN

The NNs exhibits mapping capabilities, that is they can map input patterns
to their associated output patterns. The NNs learns by example. Thus NN architectures can be trained with known examples of the specific problem before they are tested for their

inference capability to unknown instance of the problem.

The NNs can process information in parallel, at high speed.

Learning of Ann
Supervised learning.

Unsupervised learning.

PROTECTIVE RELAYING MECHANISM Different parts of the fault clearance chain

BUS

LINE

CT TRIP COMMAND

RELAY

CVT

NEURAL NETWORK BASED FAULT DIAGNOSIS

DATA FROM POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION
ANN TRAINING (Supervised / Unsupervised )

INPUT DATA FROM CTs & CVTs

NEURAL NETWORK MODEL

SUBSTATION HISTORICAL DATABASE DETECTED

FAULT

NO
?

YES
TRIP COMMAND TO BREAKER

THE DESIGN PROCEDURE AND CONSIDERATIONS

Essential issues for formulating a neural network model can be outlined as follows

Preparation of suitable training data Selection of a suitable ANN structure Training of the ANN Pattern recognition and classification Evaluation of the trained network using test pattern

High Impendence fault detection

A high impedance arcing fault in a distribution feeder can not be easily

detected using the conventional over current relay.

Ebron, Lubkeman & White proposed the use of ANN for detecting high impedance fault. The network was trained by a set of current patterns of arcing faults of a 12KV feeder, arc welder and varying loads . The raw data obtained from the simulation are Peak values of transient currents over 3 phases Current before and after the largest transients 1st, 3rd, 5th harmonics of the transient currents Magnitude of positive sequence current

One training pattern consists of 10 cycles of the above data mentioned.

The range of input data are brought between 0 to 1. Contd

 The target output of the network is 1 in case a high impedance fault , otherwise it is set to 0. The input layer, hidden layer, output layer has 33,6 and 1 nodes respectively The trained network was tested by the data that was never seen by the n/w. Fig.1 shows the current and output of the neural network for an arcing fault.

Fig.2 shows the current and neural network response for an arc Welder.

Fig.1(a) Input current

Fig.1(b) ANN output for arcing fault

Fig.2(a) Input current

Fig.2(b) ANN output for arc Welder

Improvement of Distance Relaying

Among the components of an electric power system, the transmission line is the most susceptible element to experience faults, especially if its physical dimension is considerable. The principle of these techniques is the measurement of impedance at a fundamental frequency between the relay location and the fault point; thus, determining if a fault is internal or external to a protection zone. power system protection techniques involve identification of the pattern of the associated voltage and current waveforms measured at the relay location. As ANN provides excellent features for pattern classification and recognition, it can be successfully applied here.
Contd

 Conventional distance relaying doesn't produce satisfactory result, when fault occurs at very close distance to the protected zone. Pre-processed voltages and currents are used as inputs to the ANN, which determines the fault location. Finally, a logic unit issues the trip order based on the output of the ANN.
A simulation is done for a transmission line under different

faulted conditions assuming. The 100 km, 220kV transmission line used to train and test the proposed ANN as shown in figure .

Contd

 It is assumed that the relay is to protect 80% of the line, i.e., 80 km. Fault data are generated at different distances for various fault types, fault resistances.

Three phase voltages and currents taken and sampled at the rate 1 kHz. These values are scaled to have values between 1 and -1. Training is done by providing the historical data and the simulated data as obtained above.
For faults inside the protection zone, a trip signal will be sent to the circuit breaker through the logic unit as ANN output is 1.

Conclusion: The neural network approach is quite beneficial since it allows

For on-line learning, which is not available in conventional Techniques.

This biologically inspired computation technique , if trained properly it will produce more accurate and reliable outcomes.