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XI International PhD Workshop

OWD 2009 , 1720 October 2009

Transient Analysis Of The Three-Phase Transformer With MATLAB/Simulink

Mihail Digalovski, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies (Prof. Lidija Petkovska, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies)
Abstract

In the paper is presented transient analysis of the three-phase transformer in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Various start-up regimes are analyzed: turn-on the power at no-load, at rated load and with the short circuited terminals. The simulation models of the transformer depend on the particular regime. The regime where the supply voltage is with nominal value, the transformer model is with saturated core; if the voltage is lower than nominal, the developed model is linear. In the study, different initial phase of the voltage supply is analyzed. The output simulation results are presented and analyzed. Keywords: Three-phase Transformer; Transient Analysis; Simulation models; Matlab/Simulink.
1. Introduction

Fig.1. Front view of t he trans former

3. MATLAB/Simulink model of the transformer

In the paper, various transient phenomena at connection of a three-phase transformer to power supply are studied. The special emphasis is put on the phenomena when a transformer is energized, that are the most unfavorable and may destroy it. The next task is to analyze the possibilities how to avoid, or to exclude, the conditions that may harm the transformer and shorten its working life. The most typical cases at start-up are studied: no-load, rated load with linear and saturated core, at different initial phases of the voltage supply. The particular attention is paid on the most dangerous regime at three-phase bolted short circuit, both at reduced and rated voltage. Transformer parameters are obtained from laboratory testing of the analyzed transformer.
2. Object of study

The object of study is a small three phase laboratory core-type transformer in open geometry design; there is a possibility to connect both primary and secondary windings either in star (wye) or in delta connection. In the paper, the investigated transformer is with wye-wye connections; the rated data for this case are: Sn=500 VA; U1/U2=380/42 V; I1/I2=0.78/6.9 A; fn=50 Hz; Yy0. The front view of the transformer is presented in Fig.1.

Three different transformer models, depending on the analyzed regime, are developed. The short description of transformer models is given in brief. Three sinusoidal voltage sources are used to supply the transformer model; their voltages are displaced for 1200, and all three together represent a balanced three-phase power system. The voltage value is setup to the amplitude (peak value) of the transformer primary voltage. Voltage sources are connected with transformer through a three-phase circuit breaker which serves as turn-on or turn-off switch. By inclusion of the internal timer in the model, the switch will be used to set-up the time, i.e. the moment for starting the simulation; the only task is to set the breaker to closed position. All outputs and measured signals are converted in per units; this is more convenient when the comparative transient analysis is performed. First, the primary voltage is converted from volts to per unit value, using the corresponding element in the model. To enable to observe their time changes, all the three signals are connected to the oscilloscope No. 1. In the model two other oscilloscopes are included; they are used for observing currents and fluxes in the primary windings of the transformer. Currents are measured by a multi-meter, connected to the three-phase breaker. However, for the fluxes, the voltage signals are used and converted into corresponding values expressed in per units, too.

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Fig.2.a) Simulation model of three-phase transformer for simulation of no-load regime

Fig.2.b) Simulation model of three-phase transformer for simulation of rated load regime

Fig.2.c) Simulation model of three-phase transformer for simulation of the bolted short-circuit

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The flux in each phase is obtained as the integral of the respective voltage. For this purpose, after the gain is installed in the respective integrator, the flux linkage of the correspondent phase is obtained as an output given in per units; the oscilloscope No. 2 is used to display the transient characteristics of fluxes. It is worth to emphasize another contribution of the developed transformer simulation model. Namely, in the model is added a multiplexer, at which output are presented separately all three phase flux linkages at the same diagram. This is enabling to carry out the comparative analysis of the time change of the phase fluxes more obvious. Further on, it is possible to compare their values at any arbitrary selected instant of time and to analyze the status of the core for each particular phase. The input values in the model are the voltage and the frequency rating. In the development of the simulation model it is comprehended to have available also the values of the transformer parameters: these are resistance and inductance of the both windings, as well as the impedance representing the magnetizing branch; usually, per unit values are in use. Several methods can be employed for their determination: analytical calculations, numerical field solutions, or testing and experimental measurements. As the only reliable results are measured, in the model the experimentally obtained parameters are implemented. In a particular database is written the magnetizing curve, which is obtained through laboratory testing. The curve is used when the transformer core is saturated, i.e. when the non-linear case is studied. In addition the winding connection is defined; in this case, it is prescribed as Ygyg0, meaning both windings are connected in star and grounded, while the voltages are in phase. Next to select is whether hysteresis is included in the simulations: it means that respective iron losses have to be taken into consideration. Also, the initial values of fluxes (if any) are set-up. These quantities are depending to the conditions in the particular operating regime that is going to be analyzed. It is important to point out that in dependence to which operating regime is simulated, the specific changes in secondary circuit of the transformer have to done. For example, when simulating transients at no-load conditions, the transformer secondary circuit is opened. While during the simulations of the bolted short circuit, the terminals of the secondary winding are joined together. In this case the winding currents may exceed several times their rated value; this regime, as harmful is always interesting for analyses. On the other hand, the operating regime at load is represented with the connection of a symmetrical three-phase RLC load; by changing their values, the secondary current I2 and the power factor cos are varied in a wide range. Thus, it is possible to simulate

the operation of the transformer in the full range of change the power factor -1cos1. The developed simulation models for the three described regimes are presented in Fig.2.a), Fig.2.b) and Fig.2.c), respectively.
4. MATLAB/Simulink results
4.1 Switch-on the saturated transformer to network with rated voltage, without load (noload startup regime I=I0); the initial angle of middle phase voltage UB is 00

First case study is a transient process at saturated magnetic core (non-linear case) when the initial condition is UB=0. Transient characteristics of the voltages and currents are presented in Fig.3, while the fluxes are shown in Fig.4. From diagram of fluxes clearly to viewed that value of flux and current in the phase B overtaken biggest value, nearly 90% bigger than rated value.

Fig.3. Voltages and curr en t in the pri mary winding when magn etic core is satu ra ted, at no-load startup

Fig.4. Phase fluxes in th e tra nsfor mer wh en magnetic core is satura ted, at no-load startup

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4.2 Switch-on the saturated transformer to the network with rated voltage and with rated load (nominal load startup regime I=In); the initial angle of the middle phase voltage UB is 00

In this case study, as can be expected, there exist currents in the transformer secondary; the transient characteristics are presented in Fig.7.

In this subchapter is analyzed a transient process of the transformer when it is connected to the power supply network with rated load at the terminals; this regime is nominal load startup. The focus is put on the phase B, i.e. on the electromagnetic occurrences in the middle core of the magnetic circuit. There are assumed the worst conditions for the phase B: the voltage is with nominal and the transients start at the instant of time when it passes through zero value. In the simulations the case is represented with UB=0; the results are obtained at power factor cos=1. As the voltage is nominal and the core is saturated, the non-linear analysis has to be considered. Transient characteristics of the three phase voltages and the primary current in the phase B, are presented in Fig.5, while fluxes are shown in Fig.6.
Fig.7. Phase cu rr ents in th e s econdary winding wh en magnetic core is saturat ed, a t rated load start up

From the presented diagrams the important conclusions are drawn out. Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 obviously show an increased value of the flux and the current, respectively, for approximately 50%. Their peak appears after the half of a period.
4.3 Switch-on of the transformer to power network with reduced voltage (U=Uk) at bolted short-circuit on the terminals (short-circuit startup regime I=In); the initial angle of the middle phase voltage UB is 00

Fig.5. Voltages and curr en t in the pri mary winding when magn etic core is satu ra ted, at ra ted load start up

Fig.6. Phase fluxes in th e tra nsfor mer wh en magnetic core is satura ted, at rat ed load startup

Next study is focused on transient process which will appear in the transformer while it is connected to the network at short circuited terminals, while the winding currents are forced to be with nominal values. This can be achieved if the transformer is supplied at the reduced voltage U=Uk; knowing that its value is 5-7% of the nominal voltage, it is obvious that the magnetic core is not saturated, meaning that the linear case of analysis is sufficient. It is assumed again the worst condition for the phase B and the phase voltage is set to zero, i.e. UB=0. For simulation of the transient characteristics is used the transformer model presented in Fig.2.c), but the magnetizing characteristic is omitted from the model. Transient characteristics of the voltages and currents in the primary winding are presented in Fig.8. The secondary voltage is zero, while the phase secondary currents are presented in Fig.9; it can be noticed that the peak value of current is almost 70 times higher than the rated value. But, the transients are suppressed after several cycles (periods), and the secondary currents get fast their rated values.

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magnetic core is saturated and the studied case is nonlinear. The secondary is short-circuited at the terminals, which are joined together through a direct connection. The simulated transient characteristics for voltages and currents are observed in the figures below. Three phase voltages in the primary winding and the current in the middle phase B, are presented in Fig.10, while the three phase secondary currents can be analyzed in Fig.11. In this case of study, the peak value of the secondary current under the worst conditions can be expected with the value of 120 times greater than rated value; this is an extremely dangerous regime, and shouldnt be allowed at any circumstances.

Fig.8. Voltages and curr en t in the pri mary winding with unsatu rat ed magn etic core (linear case) during short-circuited sta rtup at red uced voltage

Fig.10. Voltage and curr en t in the pri mary winding with saturat ed magn etic core (nonlinea r case) during short-circuited sta rtup at rat ed voltage

Fig.9. Phase cu rr ents o f th e s econdary winding with unsatu rated magnetic core (li near cas e) du ring short-circuited sta rtup at red uced voltage

4.4 Switch on of the transformer to power supply with rated voltage (U=Un) at bolted short-circuit on the terminals (direct short-circuit startup I=Ik); the initial angle of the middle phase voltage UB is 00

In this subchapter is analyzed the most dangerous situation in the transformer operation. In fact, this is very possible regime to appear, and consequently, the particular attention has to be pair on the proper protection of the transformer. The transient analysis is carried out under the following conditions: electromagnetic phenomena are observed in the phase B, which is supposed to be under the worst working conditions. Namely, the phase voltage at the moment when the startup occurs, is assumed to be UB=0, meaning initial angle of 00; the value is nominal, what means that the

Fig.11. Phase c urr ents o f th e secondary winding with saturat ed magn etic core (non linear case) d uring short-circuited sta rtup at rat ed voltage

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5. Conclusion

In the paper the most typical transient characteristics at a startup of the three phase transformer are presented and analyzed. The mathematical model of the transformer is implemented in the Matlab/Simulink environment and transient characteristics are obtained through the particular simulations. For the reference phase is adopted the phase B, which windings are placed on the middle leg of the transformer core. The analysis are carried out under the worst startup conditions, i.e. when the voltage in the analyzed phase passes through zero. Depending of the initial value of the voltage supply, both unsaturated and saturated magnetic core is considered; thus, both linear and nonlinear case is studied. From the detailed observation of the transient characteristics, important conclusion upon the expected quantities of the voltages and currents in the transformer windings are derived. It was shown that under some circumstances it is possible to reach the over-currents with values more than 100 times greater than the rated value. This is not only the problem with overheating of the transformer windings, but also a problem with the mechanical forces and stress over them. They can harm and destroy the transformer. The properly designed protection can prevent the transformer from such damages and reduce the maintenance costs.
Bibliography

[5] F. Mlakar, I. Kloar. Small Transformers and Inductors, Manual for Electrical Engineers, Vol. 8, Published by Elektrotehniski Vestnik, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1970. [6] Saffet Ayasun and Chika O. Nwankapa: Transformer tests using MATLAB/Simulink and their integration into undergraduate electric machinery courses, 2005. [7] N. Chiesa, A. Avendano, H. K.Hoidalen, B. A. Mork, D. Ishchenko amd A. P. Kunze: On the ring-down transient of transformers, 2008. [8] M. Popov, L. Van Der Sluis, G. C. Paap, and P. H. Schavemaker: On a hysteresis model for transient analysis, IEEE Power Engineering Review, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 53 55, May 2000.
Author:

[1] Digalovski Mihail and Petkovska Lidija: Finite element analysis of electromagnetic phenomena in a small three-phase, ELMA 2008, 16-18 October, Sofia-Bulgaria. [2] L. Petkovska & all: Analyses of transient and nonsymmetrical regimes of electric machines from aspect of power system, Scientific project, pages 212, 1999, September, Skopje-Republic of Macedonia. [3] L. Petkovska, G. Cvetkovski, V. Sarac. Different Aspects of Magnetic Field Computation in Electrical Machines, Book of Abstracts of 10th International Symposium IGTE2002, p.p. 73; on CD pp. 1-6, Graz, Austria, 2002. [4] Gregory Washington and Arun Rajagoplan: Simulink tutorial, Spring 2002.

Mihail Digalovski was born on September 16, 1980 in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. He studied the curriculum of Industrial Power Engineering and Automation at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering from the Ss. Cyril & Methodius University in Skopje. He graduated in 2004 and received the BSc EE degree. At the moment he is a young researcher and a PhD student of the course of Electrical Machines and Transformers at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies. His fields of interest include all topics of transformers, electrical machines and drives, electric power measurements and diagnostic. Mihail Digalovski is with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University. BSc. Mihail Digalovski Ss. Cyril and Methodius University Faculty of Electrical Engineering and IT Karpos II b.b., 1000 Skopje, Macedonia Tel. +389 2 3099-147 Fax +389 2 3064-262 email: mdigi2006@yahoo.com

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