The theme of our experiment is to determine the strength of Hydrochloric acid with a standard Sodium Carbonate solution.

The neutralization reaction takes place into two steps. So we have to use indicator Bromocresol green to determine the two end point of this reaction.

Procedures:
The balanced equation for the complete neutralization of sodium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid is:

Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

Standardization of HCl Soltuion: -1- Weigh 4 samples of 0.5g of THAM into labeled Erlenmeyer flasks. -2- Add 50ml of deionized water to each Erlenmeyer and swirl to dissolve the THAM. -3- Add 3-4 drops of bromocresol green indicator. -4- Titrate with your HCl solution. (Titrate four times; the first can be performed rapidly just to have an idea about the volume needed to reach equivalence. Then repeat until results are reproducible)

Determination of Na2CO3: -1- Add 1.20g anhydrous Na2CO3 to a clean, dry beaker -2- Add 30ml distilled water and allow dissolving completely. -3- Transfer the solution to a 250ml volumetric flask. -4- Rinse the beaker with distilled water 2-3 times, transferring the wash water to the volumetric flask.

-5- Add sufficient water to just reach the 250ml mark on the volumetric flask. (We used a pipet for the last few ml!) -6- Calculate the molarity of the Na2CO3 solution and record the data (moles Na2CO3/L solution) -7- Pipet a 50ml aliquot of the solution into 250ml Erlenmeyer flask. -8- Add 2-4 drops of bromocresol green indicator solution. -9- Titrate the Na2CO3 with 0.1M HCl. -a- Count the number of drops until u see a color change ( pure blue color changes to a sharp permanent green. -10- Repeat titration 4 times (To have an idea about the volume needed to reach equivalence) -a- Calculate average molarity of the Na2CO3 solution M1V1 = M2V2

Lab report #: 1 Chemistry 216: Analytical Chemistry Date performed: 23 February 2012 Date submitted: 8 March 2012

Lab Partners: -1- Zeinab Darwish -2- Nourhane Hamadeh

With the HCl being left overnight before it was used in the experiment there is a possibility that the HCl absorbed some water from the air and therefor became slightly weaker as a result. This would cause the end mass to be calculated as larger, because the concentration was weaker than the actual value used in the calculations. This decreases the overall accuracy of the experiment and is very bad. If any of the Na2CO3 used to make up the primary standard was caught in the funnel as the Na2CO3 was poured into the volumetric flask and this did not get mixed in with the solution, then the concentration of the primary standard would be less than the calculated concentration. This would make it inaccurate and so the concentration of the HCl would be determined to be higher than was actually true,

this in turn would end up in the calculating of the mass of Na2CO3 in the contaminated sample to be larger than actual and therefore inaccurate. If any of the contaminated Na2CO3 was to get stuck on the funnel and not get into the volumetric flask, then the concentration would be less and it would take less HCl to neutralize it. This would make the number of moles calculated to be less than the actual number of moles, therefor making the end calculated mass, less than the actual mass of the Na2CO3 in the contaminated sample. Any errors in calculation would affect the end result in a way specific to the error that had been made. If a decimal point had been accidentally left out, or a number misplaced then the calculated answer would be inaccurate but to what degree can only be known it the exact nature of the error is known. If you fill the volumetric flask for the primary standard up too much then the volume of the Na2CO3 will be more than the calculated amount and therefore the concentration less. Therefor the end mass will be calculated as less than actual. If you misread the burette and record less volume than there actually is then the number of moles in the Na2CO3 is larger than the calculated value and then the end mass of Na2CO3 ends up to be more than the calculated mass.