Excel College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Aeronautical Engineering HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER UNIT I (CONDUCTION)

2-Mark Questions
1) Define Heat Transfer 2) What are the modes of heat transfer 3) What is conduction 4) Define Convection 5) Define Radiation 6) State Fouriers law of conduction 7) Define Thermal conductivity 8) Write down the three dimensional heat conduction equation in Cartesian co-ordinate system 9) Write down the three dimensional heat conduction equation in cylindrical co-ordinate system 10) List down the three types of boundary conductions 11) Write down the equation for conduction of heat through the slab or plane wall 12) Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a hollow cylinder 13) Write down the equation for conduction of heat through hollow sphere 14) State Newtons law of cooling or convection law 15) Write down the equation for heat transfer through a composite plane wall 16) Write down the equation for heat transfer through composite pipes or cylinder 17) Write down one dimensional, steady state conduction equation without internal heat generation 18) Write down steady state, three dimensional conduction equation without heat generation 19) Write down the general equation for one dimensional steady state heat transfer in slab or plane wall without heat generation 20) Define overall heat transfer co-efficient 21) Write down the general equation for one dimensional steady state heat transfer in slab with heat generation 22) What is critical radius of insulation or critical thickness? 23) Define fins or Extended Surfaces 24) State the applications of fins 25) Define Fin Efficiency 26) Define Fin Effectiveness 27) What is meant by steady state heat conduction 28) What is meant by transient heat conduction or unsteady state conduction 29) What is periodic heat flow 30) What is non periodic heat flow 31) What is meant by Newtonian heating or cooling process 32) What is meant by lumped heat analysis 33) What is meant by semi-infinite solids 34) What is meant by infinite solids 35) Define Biot number 36) What is the significance of Biot number 37) Explain the significance of fourier number 38) What are the factors affecting the thermal conductivity 39) Explain the significance of thermal diffusivity 40) What are Heisler charts 1

16-Mark Questions
CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATES 41) A wall of 0.6m thickness having thermal conductivity of 1.2w/mk. The wall is to be insulated with the material having an average thermal conductivity of 0.3w/mk. Inner and outer surface temperatures are 10000c and 100c respectively. If heat transfer rate is 1400w/m2, calculate the thickness of the insulation. 42) Wall of a cold room is compressed of three layers. The outer layer is brick 20cm thick. The middle layer is cork 10cm thick. Inside the layer is cement 5cm thick. The temperature of the outside air is 25 0c and that of the inside air is -200c. The film coefficient for outside air and brick is 45.4w/m2k and for inside air and cement is 17w/m2k. Find(A)Thermal resistance (B) Heat flow rate (C) Take k for brick is = 3.45W/mk, k for cork=0.043W/mk, k for cement =0.294W/mk 43) A mild steel of tank of wall thickness 20mm contains water at 1000c. Estimate the loss of heat per square meter area of the tank surface, If the tank is exposed to an atmosphere at 150c. Thermal conductivity of steel is 50W/mk while heat transfer coefficient of outside and inside of the tank are 10W/m2k and 2850W/m2k. What will be the temperature of the outside of the tank wall. 44) A wall is constructed of several layers. The first layer consists of masonary brick 20cm thick of thermal conductivity 0.66W/mk, the second layer consists of 3cmthick mortar of thermal conductivity 0.6W/mk, the third layer consists of 8cm thick limestone of thermal conductivity 0.6W/mk. The heat transfer coefficient of the interior and exterior of the wall are 5.6W/m2k and 11W/m2k respectively. Interior room temperature is 220c and outside air temperature is -50c. Calculate (A)Overall heat transfer coefficient (B) Overall heat resistance (C) The rate of heat transfer (D) The temperature at the junction between the mortar and the limestone CYLINDERS 45) A hollow cylinder 5cm inner radius and 10cm outer radius has inner surface temperature of 2000c and outer surface temperature of 1000c. If the thermal conductivity is 70W/mk. Find heat transfer per unit length. 46) Determine thermal conductivity of the asbestos powder packed in between two concentric copper pipes 25mm and 36mm diameter length. The inner pipe housing has a heating coil to which 120W power is supplied. The average temperatures of inner and outer pipes are 42.40c and 27.90c respectively. 47) A insulated steel pipe carrying a hot liquid. The inner diameter of the pipe is 25cm and the wall thickness is 2cm, thickness of insulation is 5cm. The temperature of the hot liquid is 1000c, temperature of the surrounding is 200c, inside heat transfer coefficient is 730W/m2k and outside heat transfer coefficient is 12W/m2k. Calculate the heat loss per meter length of the pipe. Take ks=55w/mk, kins=0.22W/mk 48) Air at 900c flows in a copper tube of 5cm inner diameter with thermal conductivity 380 W/mk and with 0.7cm thick wall which is heated from the outside by water at 1200c. A scale of 0.4cm thick is deposited on the outer surface of the tube whose thermal conductivity is 1.82W/mk. The air and water side unit surface conductants are 220W/m2k and 3650W/m2k respectively. Calculate (A)Overall water to air transmittance (B) Water to air heat exchange (C) Temperature drop across the scale deposit 49) A steel pipe of 120mm inner diameter, 140mm outer diameter with thermal conductivity of 55W/mk is covered with two layers of insulation each having a thickness of 55mm. The thermal conductivity of the first insulation material is 0.05W/mk and that of second is 0.11W/mk. The temperature inside the tube is 240 0c and that of outside surface of the insulation is 600c. Calculate the loss of heat per meter length of the pipe and the interface temperature between the two layers of insulation 50) A steel tube with 5cm ID and 7.6cm of OD and k=15W/m0C is covered with an insulative cover of thickness 2cm and k=0.2W/m0C. A hot gas at 3300c with h=400W/m2 0c flows inside the tube. The outer surface of the insulation is exposed to cooler air at 300c with h=60W/m2 0C. Calculate the heat loss from the tube to the air for 10m of the tube and the temperature drops resulting from the thermal resistance of the hot gas flow, the steel tube, the insulation layer and the outside air 2

CRITICAL THICKNESS 51) A wire of 7mm diameter is covered with an insulating material(k=1W/mk). The wire temperature and ambient temperature are 800c and 150c. If the inside convective heat transfer coefficient is 8.2w/m2k, find the minimum thickness of insulation and also find the percentage of increase in the heat dissipation EXTENDED SURFACES 52) Find the heat loss from the rod of 3mm in diameter and in diameter and infinitely long when its base is maintained at 1400c. The conductivity of the material is 150W/mk and the heat transfer coefficient of the surface of the rod is 300W/m2k. The temperature of the air surrounding the rod is 150c. 53) A long rod 5cm diameter its base is connected to a furnace wall at 1500c, while the end is projecting into the room at 200c. The temperature of the rod at a distance of 20cm apart from its base is 60 0c. The conductivity of the material is 200W/mk. Determine the convective heat transfer coefficient. 54) One end of the long solid rod of 50mm diameter is inserted into a furnace with other end is projecting the atmosphere at 250c. Once the study state is reached the temperature of the rod is measured at two points 20cm apart are found to be 1500c and 1000c. The convective heat transfer coefficient between the rod and the surrounding air is 30W/m2k. Calculate the thermal conductivity of the rod material 55) A carbon steel (k=55W/mk) 90mm long rod with cross sectional area 5X10 -3 m2 and the perimeter 0.69m is attached to the plain wall which is maintained at a temperature of 400 0c. The surrounding environment is at 500c and the heat transfer coefficient is 90W/m2k. Calculate the heat dissipated by the rod. 56) An aluminium alloy of 5mm thick and 40mm long protrudes from the wall. The base temperature is 4200c and the ambient air temperature is 250c. The heat transfer coefficient between the aluminium and the environment is 25W/m2k. Calculate the heat loss from the fin on the material taking its thermal conductivity as 200W/mk. LUMPED-HEAT ANALYSIS 57) An aluminium sphere weighing 7kg and initially at temperature of 3200c is suddenly immersed in a liquid at 250c. The convective heat transfer coefficient is 50W/m2k. Determine the time required for the sphere to reach 1000c 58) A mild steel sphere of 15mm diameter is planned to be cooled by an air flow at 200c. The convective heat transfer coefficient is 110W/m2k. Calculate the following i. Time required to cool the sphere from 7000c to 1500c ii. Instantaneous heat transfer rate at 1500c iii. Total heat transferred upto 1500c. Take for mild steel =7850kg/m3 ,Cp=474J/kg K, =0.044m2/h, k=43W/mk 59) An aluminium plate (k=160W/m0 C ,=2790kg/m3, Cp=0.88KJ/kg 0C) of thickness L=3cm and at a uniform temperature of 2250c is suddenly immersed at time t=0 in a well stirred fluid maintained at a constant temperature T=250c. Take h=320W/m2 0C. Determine the time required for the center of the plate to reach 500c. 60) A steel ball (specific heat =0.46KJ/kg K and thermal conductivity=35W/mk) having 5cm diameter and initially at a uniform temperature of 4500c is suddenly placed in a control environment in which the temperature is maintained at 1000c. Calculate the time required for the ball to attain the temperature of 1500c. Take h=10W/m2k. 61) One end of long rod 1cm diameter having a thermal conductivity of 45w/mk is placed in a furnace. The rod is exposed to air at 3600 C. Over its surface and the convection co-efficient is estimated at 35w/m2k. The temperature is read as 2650c at distance of 39.3mm from the furnace end. Determine the base temperature of the rod. 62) One end of a long rod of 1cm diameter is maintained at 5000c by placing in it a furnace. The rod is exposed to a air 300c with a convection co-efficient of 35w/m2k. The temperature measured at a distance of 78.6mm was 147.50c. Determine the thermal conductivity of the material

63) Determine the heat flow for (1) Rectangular Fins (2) Triangular fin on 20mm length and 3mm base thickness. Thermal conductivity is 45w/mk. Convection co-efficient is 100w/m2k, Base temperature is 1200c. Surrounding fluid temperature is 350c. Determine also fin effectiveness. Use the chart. 64) An aluminium fin (k=200w/mk) 3mm thick and 7.5cm long protrudes from a wall at 300 0c. The ambient temperature is 500c with h=10w/m2k. Compute heat loss from the fin per unit depth of the material. Also calculate its efficiency and effectiveness. 65) A one meter long, 5cm diameter cylinder placed in a atmosphere at 400c is provided with 12 longitudinal straight fins (k=75.6w/mk). The fins are 0.8mm thick and protrude 2.5cm from the cylinder surface. The heat transfer coefficient is 23.25w/m2k. Calculate the rate of heat transfer with the surface temperature is 1500c. 66) A long aluminium cylinder 5cm in diameter and initially at 2000c is suddenly exposed to a convection environment at 700c and h=525w/m2k. Determine the temperature at the radius of 1.25cm and the heat lost per unit length 1 minutes after the cylinder is exposed to environment. Take =2700kg/m3, C=0.9kj/kg K, k=215w/mk, =8.4x105m2/s. 67) A slab of rubber of thickness 40cm, initially at a uniform temperature of 3000c. It is exposed to air at 300c, the convection coefficient being 240kj/hr m2 0c. Assuming that it is a large slab, find the mid plane temperature after 15 minutes. 68) A steel plate(=1.25x10-5m2/s, =7833kg/m3, Cp=465j/kg 0c, k=43w/m 0c) Thickness 5cm initially at uniform temperature of 2000c is suddenly immersed in an oil bath at 200c. The convection heat transfer co-efficient between the fluid and the surface is 500w/m2 0c. How long will it take for center plane to cool to 1000c. 69) A metallic sphere of radius 10mm is initially at a uniform temperature of 4000c. It is heat treated by first cooling it in air(h=10w/m2k) at 200c until its central temperature reaches 3350c. It is then quenched in a water bath at 200c with h=6000w/m2k until the center of the sphere cools from 3350c to 500c. Compute the time required for cooling in an air and water for the following physical properties of sphere. { =3000kg/m3 C=1000j/kg K ,k=20w/mk, =6.6x10-6m2/s.} 70) A 15 cm thick plate initially at 200c is suddenly put in to a furnace at 11000c. The values of thermal conductivity and diffusion co-efficient of plate are k=30w/mK, and =0.042m2/hr. The average heat transfer co-efficient is 350w/m2K.find the temperature at surface and at the center after 5 minutes of heating. SEMI INFINITE SOILDS 71) A large concrete high way initially at a temperature of 700c and stream water is directed on the high way so that the surface temperature is suddenly lowered 400C. Determine the time required to reach 550C at a depth of 4cm from the surface. 72) A large block of steel is initially at 350c. the surfaces temperature is suddenly raised and maintained at 2500c. Calculate the temperature at a depth of 2.5cm after a time of 30s. The thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of steel are 1.4x10-5m2/s and 45 w/mk respectively. 73) A large wall 2cm thick has uniform temperature 300c initially and the wall temperature is suddenly raised and maintained at 4000c .find i) The temperature at a depth of 0.8cm from the surface of the wall after 10s ii) Instantaneous heat flow rate through that surface per m2 per hour.Take =0.008m2/hr, k=6 W/mo C. 74) A large cast iron 750oC is taken out from a furnace and it is one of its surfaces suddenly lowered and maintained at 45oC. Calculate the following i) The time required to reach the temperature 350oC at a depth of 45mm from the surface ii) Instantaneous heat flow rate at a depth of 45mm and on surface after 30minutes iii) Total heat energy after 2hr for ingot,Take =0.06 m2/hr, k=48.5 W/mK 75) A large slab initially at a temperature of 600oC and its surface temperature is suddenly lowered to 50oC. Calculate the following (i)Temperature at a depth of 3 cm after 6 minutes. ii .How much time required, the temperature at a depth of 3cm will reach to 350oC. iii.The quantity of cumulative heat passed through the plate at a depth of 3 cm within first one hour. Take =0.004 m2/hr, k=1.2 W/mK

INFINITE SOLIDS 76) A aluminium slab of 5 cm thick initially at a temperature of 400oC. It is suddenly immersed in a water 90oC. Calculate the mid plane temperature after 1 minute and also calculate the temperature inside the plate at a distance of 10mm from the mid plane.Take h=1800W/m2K 77) A slab of aluminium 120 mm thick is initially at a temperature of 600oC. It is suddenly immersed in a liquid at 120oC, resulting in a heat transfer coefficient of 1400W/m2K. Calculate the following(A)Temperature at the center line after 1 minute. (B) Temperature at the surface. (C) Total thermal energy removed per unit area. 78) A long steel cylinder 15 cm diameter originally at a temperature of 35oC. Is is placed into a furnace at 950oC. Calculate the following, Time required for the axis temperature to reach 820oC. and Corresponding temperature at a radius of 6cm at that time Take =6.1110-6 m2/s, k=20 W/mK, h=150w/m2K. 79) A Sphere of 30mm diameter initially at a uniform temperature of 450oC. It is placed in air at 22oC until its center line temperature reaches 350oC with the local heat transfer coefficient h=15 W/m2K. After that the sphere is immersed in a water at 22oC with heat transfer coefficient of 5500 W/m2K until the center line temperature reaches from 350oC to 60oC. Calculate the following, Time required for cooling in air,Time required for cooling in water andSurface temperature after cooling in air.Take =3100 kg/m3, Cp =1005 J/kg, k=22 W/mK, =6.610-6 m2/s. 80) A long aluminium cylinder 5cm in diameter and initially at 200oC is suddenly exposed to a convection environment at 70oC and h=525 W/m2K. determine the temperature at a radius of 1.25cm and heat lost per unit length 1 minute after the cylinder is exposed to environment. a) Take =2700 kg/m3, C =0.9 kJ/kg, k=215 W/mK, =8.4105 m2/s. HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Unit II (CONVECTION)
1) What is dimensional analysis 2) State buckinghams Theorem 3) What are all the advantages of dimensional analysis 4) What are all the limitations of dimensional analysis 5) Define Reynolds Number 6) Define Prandtl Number 7) Define Nusselt Number 8) Define Grashof Number 9) Define Stanton Number 10) What is meant my Newtonian And Non Newtonian Fluids 11) What is meant by laminar and turbulent flow 12) What is hydrodynamic boundary layer 13) What is thermal boundary layer 14) Define Convection 15) State Newtons law of convection 16) What is meant by free or natural convection 17) What is forced convection 18) According to Newtons law of conducting the amount of heat transfer from a solid surface of area A at a temperature Tw to Fluid at a temperature T is given by --------19) What is the form of equation used to calculate the heat transfer for flow through cylindrical pipes 20) What are the dimensionless parameters used in forced convection 21) Define Boundary layer thickness 22) Indicate the concept or Significance of boundary layer 23) An electrically heated plate dissipates the heat by convection at a rate of 8000W/m2 into the ambient air at 250c and surface temp 1250c, Calculate the heat transfer coefficient for convection between the plate and air. 5

24) Write down the momentum equation for a study, 2D flow of an incompressible, Constant property Newtonian fluid in the rectangular coordinate system and mention the physical significance of each term 25) Sketch the boundary development of a flow 26) Define Displacement thickness 27) Define momentum thickness 28) Define Energy Thickness 16-Mark Questions 29) Air at 200c and at atm pressure flows at a velocity of 2m/sec over a plate maintained at 100 0c. The length and width of the plate are 800mm and 400mm respectively. Calculate heat transfer rate from 1. First half of the plate 2. Full plate Next Half of the plate 30) Air at 250c flows past a flat plate at 2.5m/s. The plate measures 600mmX300mm and is maintained at a uniform temperature of 950c. Calculate the heat loss from the plate if the air flows parallel to 600mm side. How much this heat loss be affected if the flow of air is made parallel to 300mm side? 31) Calculate the mean heat transfer coefficient and the rate of heat flow from the plate, if it is kept at 500c. 32) Air at atmospheric pressure and at a temperature of 350c flows over a heated cylinder of 50mm diameter whose surface is maintained at 1500c. Determine the loss of heat from the cylinder if the air velocity is 50m/s. 33) Water at 100c with a free stream velocity of 1.524m/s flows across the cylinder of 2.54cm diameter whose surface is kept at 65.60c. Compute the average heat transfer coefficeient. 34) Air at 270c flows across the heated 30mm diameter pipe at 770c with a velocity of 1m/s. Compute the heat transfer rate per unit length of the pipe. 35) Find the convective heat loss from a radiator 0.5m wide and 1m height maintained at a temperature of 84 0c in a room at 200c. Consider the radiator as a vertical plate. 36) A horizontal steam pipe of 0.1m diameter is placed horizontally in a room at 200c. The outside surface temperature is 800c and the emissivity of the pipe material is 0.93. Estimate the total heat loss from the pipe per meter length due to free convection and radiation 37) A plate of size 20cmX30cm is used as a water heater in a process plant. The temperature of water is 20 0c, While the heater is maintained at the temperature of 1200c. Determine the heat transfer rate by free convection when 20cm side of heater is kept vertical. Over The Plates 38) Air at 250c flows over a flat plate at a speed of 5m/s and heated to 1350c. The plate is 3m long and 1.5m wide, Calculate the local heat transfer at X=0.5m and the heat transferred from the first 0.5m of the plate. 39) Air at 200c at atm pressure flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 3m/sec. If the plate is 1m wide and 800c, Calculate the following at X=300mm. 1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness, 2. Thermal boundary layer thickness,3. Local friction coefficient,4. Average friction coefficient,5. Local heat transfer coefficient,6. Average heat transfer coefficient,7. Heat Transfer 40) Air at 200c at atm pressure flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 3.5m/s. If the plate is 0.5m wide and at 60 0c ,calculate the following at x=0.400m , Determine the following Boundary layer thickness, Local friction coefficient, Average friction coefficient, Shearing stress due to friction, Thermal boundary layer thickness, Local convective heat transfer coefficient, Average convective heat transfer coefficient, Rate of heat transfer by convection, Total drag force on the plate and Total mass flow rate through the boundary 41) Air at 200c flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 3.5m/s. The plate is 5m long and 2m wide. Calculate the following, Length of plate over which the boundary layer is laminar. (A)Thickness of the boundary layer (B) Shear stress at the location where the boundary layer is laminar (C) Total drag force on both sides of the plate where the boundary layer is laminar (D) Take =1.205kg/m3, v=15.06X10-6m2/s. 42) Air at 300c flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 2m/s. The plate is 2m long and 1.5m wide. Calculate the following 1. Hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of the plate, 2. Total drag force 3. Total mass flow rate through the boundary layer between x=40cm and x=85cm. 6

43) Air at 300c flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 4m/s. The plate measures 50X30cm and is maintained at a uniform temperature of 900c. Compare the heat loss from the plate when the air flows. 1. Parallel to 50cm, 2.Parallel to 30cm andAlso calculate the percentage of heat loss 0 44) Air at 30 c flows over a flat plate of 4m/s. The plate is maintained at 900c. The plate dimensions is 90X30cm2. Calculate the heat transfer for the following condition 1. First half of the plate, 2Full plate and 3.Next half of the plate Forced Convection 45) Air at atm pressure and 2000c flows over a plate with a velocity of 5m/s. The Plate is 15mm wide and maintained at a temperature of 1200c. Calculate of the thickness of hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer and the local heat transfer coefficient at a distance of 0.5m from the leading edge. Assume that the flow is on one side of the plate. Take =0.815kg/m3, =24.5X10-6Ns/m2. Pr=0.7,K=0.0364W/mk 46) Air at 200c is flowing along a heated plate at 1340c at a velocity of 3m/s. The plate is 2m long and 1.5m wide. Calculate the thickness of the hydrodynamic boundary layer and the skin friction coefficient at 40cm from the leading edge of the plate. The kinematic viscosity of air at 200c is 15.06X10-6m2/s. 47) Air at 250c flows over 1mX3m (3m long) horizontal plate maintained at 2000c at 10m/sec. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficients for both laminar and turbulent regions. Take Re(critical)=3.5X105. 48) A flat plate 1m wide and 1.5m long is to be maintained at 900c in air with a free stream temperature of 100c.Determine the velocity with which the air must flow over flat plate along 1.5m side, so that the rate of energy dissipation from the plate is 3.75kw. Take the following properties of air at 500c. =1.90kg/m3, k=0.028w/m0C, Cp=1.007kg/kg0c,=2.03X10-5kg/ms,Pr=0.7 49) Atmospheric air at 275K and a free stream velocity of 20m/s flows over a flat plate 1.5m long that is maintained at a uniform temperature of 325K. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient over the region where the boundary layer is laminar. The average heat transfer coefficient over the entire length of the plate and total heat transfer from the plate to the air over the length 1.5m and width 1m. Assume transition occurs at Rec =2X105 Flow Over Cylinders 50) Air at 150c, 30km/hr flows over a cylinder of 400mm diameter and 1500mm height with surface temperature of 450c. Calculate the heat loss 51) Air at 300c, 0.2m/s flows across a 120W electric bulb at 1300c. Find heat transfer and power lost due to convection if bulb diameter is 70mm 52) Air at 400c flows over a tube with a velocity of 30m/s. The tube surface temperature is 120 0c, Calculate the heat transfer coefficient for the following cases 1. Tube could be square with the side of 6cm 2. Tube is circular cylinder of diameter 6cm 53) In a surface condenser, water flows through staggered tubes while the air is passed in cross flow over the tubes. The temperature and velocity of air are 300c and 8m/s respectively. The longitudinal and Transverse pitches are 22mm and 20mm respectively. The tube outside diameter is 18mm and the tube surface temperature is 900c. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient. Flow Through Cylinders 54) Water flows inside a tube of 20mm diameter and 3m long at a velocity of 0.03m/s. The water gets heated from 400c to 1200c while passing through the tube. The tube wall is maintained at a constant temperature of 160 0c. Find the heat transfer 55) When 0.6kg of water per minute is passed through a tube of 2cm diameter, it is found to be heated from 200c to 600c. The heating is achieved by condensing steam on the surface of the tube subsequently. The surface temperature of the tube is maintained at 900c. Determine the length of the tube required for fully developed flow. 7

56) Water flows through 0.8cm diameter, 3m long tube at an average temperature of 400c. The flow velocity of 0.65m/s and tube wall temperature is 1400c. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient. 57) 205kg/hr of air are cooled from 1000c to 300c by flowing through a 3.5cm inner diameter pipe coil bend into a helix of 0.6m diameter. Calculate the value of air side heat transfer coefficient if the properties of air at 65 0c are k=0.0298W/mk, =0.003kg/hr m, Pr=0.7, =1.044kg/m3. 58) In a long annulus (3.125cm ID and 5cm OD) the air is heated by maintaining the temperature of the outer surface of inner tube at 500c. The air enters at 160c and leaves at 320c. Its flow rate is 30m/s. Estimate the heat transfer coefficient between the air and the inner tube. 59) A system for heating water from an inlet temperature of 200c to an outlet temperature of 400c involves passing the water through a 2.5cm diameter steel pipe. The pipe surface temperature is maintained at 110 0c by condensing steam on its surface. For a water mass flow rate of 0.5kg/min, Find the length of the tube desired. Free Convection 60) A vertical plate of 0.75m height is at 1700c and is exposed to air at a temperature of 1050c and one atmosphere. Calculate 1. Mean heat transfer coefficient 2. Rate of heat transfer per unit width of the plate 61) A vertical plate of 0.7m wide and 1.2 height maintained at a temperature of 90 0c in a room at 300c. Calculate the convective heat loss. 62) Air flows through a long rectangular of 300mm height X 800mm width air conditioning duct maintains the outer duct surface temperature at 200c. If the duct is uninsulated and exposed to air at 400c. Calculate the heat gained by the duct. Assuming duct to be horizontal. 63) A plate of 6cm X 8cm X 14cm size maintained at a temperature of 600c and heat lost to the air is at 00c. The Vertical dimension is 14cm. Determine heat transfer coefficient. 64) A large vertical plate 5m height is maintained at 1000c and exposed to air at 300c. Calculate the convective heat transfer coefficient. 65) A steam pipe 10cm outside diameter runs horizontally in a room at 230c. Take the outside surface temperature of pipe as 1650c. Determine the heat loss per meter length of the pipe. 66) A hot plate 1.2m wide, 0.35m height and at 1150c is exposed to the ambient still air at 250c. Calculate the following 1. Maximum Velocity at 180mm from the leading edge of the plate. 2. The boundary layer thickness at 180mm from the leading edge of the plate 3. Local heat transfer coefficient at 180mm from the leading edge of the plate 4. Average heat transfer coefficient over the surface of the plate 5. Total mass flow through the boundary. 6. Heat loss from the plate 7. Rise in temperature of the air passing through the boundary. Use approximate solution. Unit-III (RADIATION) TWO MARKS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Define Radiation Define Emissive Power(Eb) Define Monochromatic Emissive Power(Eb) What is meant by absorptivity What is Reflectivity What is meant by Transmissivity What is Black Body State Plancks Distribution law State Wiens Displacement law State Stefan-Boltzmann law 8

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

Define Emissivity What is meant by Gray Body State Kirchoffs law of radiation Define Intensity of radiation(Ib) State Lamberts Cosine Law What is the purpose of radiation shield Define Irradiation(G) What is radiosity(J) What are the assumptions made to calculate radiation exchange between the surfaces What is meant by shape factor and mention its physical significance The heat transfer by radiation takes place by means of _________________ A perfect black body is one which ________________________ Two plates spaced 150mm apart are maintained at 10000c and 700c. The heat transfer will take place mainly by______________According to Stefan-Boltzmann law, ideal radiators emit radiant energy at a rate propotional to ________________ When the heat is transferred from a hot body to cold body, in a straight line without affecting the intervening the medium, It is referred to as heat transfer by ___________ The amount of radiation mainly depends on ________________ The heat transfer equation Q=AT4 is known as __________________ Discuss the radiation characteristics of carbon di-oxide and water vapour 16-MARKS

29. Assuming sun to be black body emitting radiation with maximum intensity at =0.5, calculate its surface temperature and emissive power. 30. A black body at 3000K emits radiation. Calculate the following, (A)Monochromatic emissive power at 1m wave length (B) Wave length at which emission is maximum (C) Maximum Emissive power (D) Total Emissive power (E) Calculate the total emissive of the furnace if it is assumed as a real surface having emissivity equal to 0.85 31. A grey surface is maintained at a temperature of 9000c and maximum emissive power at that temperature is 1.4X1010W/m2. Calculate the emissivity of the body and the wavelength corresponding to the maximum intensity of radiation 32. Assuming sun to be black body emitting radiation at 6000K at a mean distance of 12X1010m from the earth. The diameter of the sun is 1.5X109m and that of the earth is 13.2X106m. Calculate the following. 1. Total energy emitted by the sun. 2. The emission received per m2 just outside the earths atmosphere 3. The total energy received by the earth if no radiation is blocked by the earths atmosphere 4. The energy received by a 2X2m solar collector whose normal is inclined at 45 0 to the sun. The energy loss through the atmosphere is 50% and the diffuse radiation is 20% of direct radiation 33. The sun emits maximum radiation at =0.52. Assuming the sun to be a black body, Calculate the surface temperature of the sun. Also calculate the monochromatic emissive power of the suns surface. 34. Assuming sun to be black body emitting radiation with maximum intensity at =0.5, Calculate the temperature of the surface of the sun and the heat flux at its surface 35. Two large parallel plates are maintained at a temperature of 900K and 500K respectively. Each plate has an area of 6m2. Compare the net heat exchange between the plates for the following cases (A)Both plates are black (B) Plates have an emissivity of 0.5

36. A liquid oxygen is stored in double walled spherical vessel. Inner wall temperature is -1600c and outer 0 wall temperature is 30 c. Inner diameter of sphere is 20cm and outer diameter is 32cm. Calculate the following 1. Heat transfer if emissivity of spherical surface is 0.05 2. Rate of evaporation of liquid oxygen if its rate of vaporization of latent heat is 200Kj/Kg 37. A pipe of outside diameter 30cm having emissivity 0.6 and at a temperature of 600K runs centrally in a brick duck of 40cm side square section having emissivity 0.8 and at a temperature of 300K. Calculate the following. (A)Heat exchange per meter length (B) Convective heat transfer coefficient when surrounding of duck is 280K. 38. Two very large parallel planes with emissivity 0.3 and 0.8 exchange heat by radiation. Find the percentage reduction in heat transfer when a polished aluminium radiation shield of emissivity=0.04 is placed between them. 39. Two circular discs of diameter 0.3m each are placed parallel to each other at a distance of 0.2m. One disc is maintained at a temperature of 7500c and the other at 3500c and the corresponding emissivities are 0.3 and 0.6. Calculate the heat exchange between the discs. 40. A gas mixture contains 20% CO2 and 10% of H2O by volume. The total pressure is 2 atm. The temperature of the gas is 9270c. The mean beam length is 0.3m. Calculate the emissivity of the mixture 41. A chamber is filled with the gas mixture at a pressure of 2 atm and 1000 0c. The gas mixture is transparent to radiation except CO2 whose partial pressure is 0.3atm. Assuming the mean beam length of 1.2m, Estimate the emissivity of the gas volume. 42. A steam main (=0.79) having a outside diameter of 80mm runs in a large room in which the air temperature is 270c. The surface temperature of the steam main is 3000c. Calculate the loss of heat to surroundings per meter length of pipe due to radiation. Calculate also the reduction in heat loss if the above pipe is enclosed in a brick conduit(at 270c) of emissivity 0.93 43. Two parallel plates each of emissivity 0.8 are maintained at temperatures of 400K and 600K in an evacuated space. A screen of emissivity 0.05 is now introduced between these plates. Determine the temperature of the screen and also the heat flux per unit area of the screen. 44. Two equal discs of diameter 200mm each are arranged in 2 parallel planes 400m apart. The temperature of first disc is 5000c and that of second disc is 2000c. Determine the radiant heat flux between them, if these are a. Black b. Grey with emissivities 0.3 and 0.5 Respectively 45. Two large parallel planes of emissivity 0.8 and 0.6 are maintained at a temperature of 560 0c and 3000c respectively. Compute the radiant heat exchange per square meter between them. 46. A Double walled spherical Vessel used for storing liquid oxygen consists of an inner sphere of 30cm diameter and an outer sphere of 36cm diameter. Both the surfaces are covered with a paint of emissivity 0.5. The temperature of liquid oxygen stored is -1830c whereas the temperature of the outer sphere is 200c. Calculate the radiation heat through the walls into the vessel and the rate of evaporation of liquid oxygen if its latent heat of vaporization is 213.54Kj/Kg. 47. Two parallel plates 0.5 by 1.0m are spaced 0.5 apart. One plate is maintained at 10000c and the other at 5000c. The emissivities of plates are 0.2 and 0.5 respectively. The plates are located in a very large room, The walls which are maintained at 270c. The plates exchange heat with each other and with the room, But only the plate surfaces facing each other are to be considered in the analysis. Find the net heat transfer to each plate and to the room. 48. Two parallel plates 2mX1m are placed 1m apart facing each other. Their temperature and emissivity values are 5000c and 0.8, and 3000c and 0.5 respectively. Estimate the net radiant heat transfer between the two plates if another identical plate(=0.6) is introduced between the two plates equi-distant from each, find its temperature and the heat gained by the colder plate due to its presence. 49. Two parallel plates 3mX2m placed 1m apart, are maintained at 5000c and 2000c; the respective emissivities being 0.3 and 0.5. If the temperature of the room in which these plates are located at 40 0c, estimate the heat lost by the hotter plate. Consider radiation only. A black body at 3000 K emits radiation. Calculate the following: 10

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) 50.

51.

52.

53. 54.

Monochromatic emissive power at 1m wave length, Wave length at which emission is maximum, Maximum emissive power. Total emissive power, Calculate the total emissive of the furnace if it is assumed as a real surface having emissivity equal to 0.85. 800 W/m2 of radiant energy is incident upon a surface, out of which 300 W/m2 is absorbed, 100 W/m2is reflected and the remainder is transmitted through the surface. Calculate the following: (i) Absorptivity (ii) Reflectivity (iii) Transmissivity Two large parallel plates are maintained at a temperature of 900 K and 500 K respectively. Each plate has an area of 6 m2. Compare the net heat exchange between the plates for the following cases: (i) Both plates are black, (ii) Plates have an emissivity of 0.5. Two large parallel plates are remained at a temperature of 600 K and 900 K and emissive of 0.4 and 0.7 respectively. Determine heat transfer by radiation and also calculate percentage of reduction in heat transfer and shield temperature when another plate of emissivity 0.05 introduced in between them. Emissivity of two large parallel planes maintained at 8000 C and 3000 C are 0.3 and 0.5 respectively. Find the net radiant heat exchange per square metre for these plates. Derive an equation for heat exchange between two gray parallel planes. UNIT-4 (HEAT EXCHANGERS) 2-MARK

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

What is meant by condensation Give the applications of condensation What are the modes of condensation Write the force balance equation on a volume element for film wise condensation on a vertical plane surface Draw different regions of boiling and what is nucleate boiling What is heat exchanger What are the types of heat exchanger What is meant by direct heat exchanger (or) open heat exchanger What is meant by indirect contact heat exchanger What is meant by regenerators What is meant by recuperators (or) surface heat exchangers What is meant by parallel flow heat exchanger What is meant by counter flow heat exchanger What is meant by cross flow heat exchanger What is meant by shell and tube heat exchanger What is meant by compact heat exchangers What is meant by LMTD What is meant by fouling factor What is meant by effectiveness Sketch the temperature variations in parallel flow and counter flow heat exchangers 16-Mark

21. Exhaust gases flowing through a tubular heat exchanger at a rate of 0.4Kg/Sec are cooled from 4150c to 1500c by water initially at 150c. The specific heat of exhaust gases and water may be taken as 1.13 and 4.19Kj/Kg0c respectively, and the overall heat transfer coefficient from gases to water is 140W/m2 0c. Calculate the surface area required for the following cases, when the cooling water flow is 0.5Kg/sec; (A) Parallel flow (B) Counter flow 11

22. 16.67kg/sec of the product at 7000c(Cp=3.6kj/kg0c) in a chemical plant are to be used to heat 20kg/sec of the incoming fluid from 1000c(Cp=4.2Kj/Kg 0c). If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 1Kw/m2 0c and the installed heat transfer surface is 42m2, calculate the fluid outer temperatures for the counter flow and the parallel flow arrangements. 23. 8000kg/hr of air at 1050c is cooled by passing it through a counter flow heat exchanger. Find the exit temperature of air if the water enters at 150c and close at a rate of 7500kg/hr. Heat exchanger has heat transfer area equal to 20m2 and the overall heat transfer coefficient corresponding to this area to is 145w/m2 0c. 24. A shell-and-tube type of heat exchanger is designed to cool 1.512kg/sec of oil (Cp=2093j/Kg K) from 65.560c to 42.220c by using 1.008Kg/sec of water at a inlet temperature of 26.670c. Assuming an overall heat transfer coefficient of 681.6W/m2 K and a single-shell, two tube pass type of heat exchanger. Determine the Required heat transfer area. Use the effectiveness method. 25. In a cross flow heat exchanger hot exhaust gases (Cp=1000J/Kg K) entering at 300 0Cand leaving at 1000 C are used to heat water, flowing at 1 Kg/sec from 350c to 1250c. The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the gas side surface area has been found to be 100W/m2K, using the NTU method, estimate the required gas side surface area. 26. Water flows at the rate of 65kg/min through s double pipe, counter flow heat exchanger. Water is heated from 500 C to 750 C by oil flowing through the tube. The specific heat of the oil is 1.780 kJ/kg K. The oil enter at 1150 C and leaves at 700 C. The overall heat transfer co-efficient is 340 W/m2K. Calculate the following (i) Heat exchanger area (ii) Rate of heat transfer 27. In a double pipe heat exchanger, hot fluid with a specific heat of 2300 J/kg K enters at 380 0 C and leaves at 3000 C. Cold fluid enters at 250 C and leaves at 2100 C. Calculate the heat exchanger area required for counter flow and what would be the percentage of increase in area if fluid flows were parallel. Take overall heat transfer co-efficient is 750 W/m0 K and mass flow rate of hot fluid is 1 kg/s. 28. Saturated steam at 1260C is condensing on the outer tube surface of a single pass heat exchanger. The heat exchanger heat 1050 kg/h of water from 200 C to950 C. The overall heat transfer co-efficient is 1800 W/m2K. Calculate the following (i) Area of heat exchange (ii) Rate of condensation of steam. 29. In a cross flow heat exchanger, both fluid unmixed, hot fluid with a specific heat of 2300 J/kg K enters at 380 0 C and leaves at 3000C. Cold fluid enters at 250 C and leaves at 2100 C. calculate the required surface area of heat exchanger. Take overall heat transfer co-efficient is 750 W/m2K. Mass flow rate of hot fluid is 1 kg/s. 30. In a refrigerating plant water is cooled from 200 C to 70 C by brine solution entering at -20 C and leaving at 30 C. The design heat load is 5500 W and the overall heat transfer co-efficient is 800 W/m2 K.What area required when using a shell and tube heat exchange with the water making one shell pass and the brine making two tube passes.

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