ISSUING A NEW 10/= RS COIN

Submitted by: Syed Osama Ali Tanveer Ali Syed Zohaib Ali Rizwan Ali 09ME01 09ME29 09ME30 09ME40

Submitted to: Sir Ashfaque Ahmed Memon

WHAT IS COIN?
A flat, typically round piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money. Synonyms: noun. money - currency - coinage verb. mint - invent strike

HISTORY OF COINS
The history of coins extends from ancient times to the present, and is related to economic history, the history of minting technologies, the history shown by the images on coins, and the history of coin collecting. Coins are still widely used for monetary and other purposes. All western histories of coins begin with their invention at some time slightly before or after 700 B.C. in Aegina Island or according to others in Ephesus, Lydia, 650 B.C. Since that time, coins have been the most universal embodiment of money. These first coins were made of electrum, a naturally occurring pale yellow mixture of gold and silver that was further alloyed with silver and copper. Some of the earliest coins to be made purely from silver and gold were the silver Dirham and gold Dinar in the early Islamic Caliphate from the 7th century.

A bronze coin (5 Zhu, ) of the Chinese Han Dynastycirca 1st century BC.

Silver Dirham of the Umayyad Caliphate, minted at Balkh in AH 111 (= 729/30 CE).

An ancient Greek coin, struck under Roman rule, circa 268 AD.

Coins were first made of scraps of metal. Ancient coins were produced through a process of hitting a hammer positioned over an anvil. The Chinese produced primarily cast coinage, and this spread to South-East Asia and Japan. Relatively few non-Chinese cast coins were produced by governments, however it was a common practice amongst counterfeiters. Since the early 18th century and before, presses (normally referred to as mills in coin collecting circles) have been used in the west, beginning with screw presses and progressing in the 19th century towards steam driven presses. The first of these presses were developed in France and Germany, and quickly spreading to Britain. Recently modern minting techniques involving electric and hydraulic presses have been more commonly employed.

HOW TO MAKE COINS??

Making coins is a very difficult and intricate process. Obviously, anyone who makes money in any denomination besides the United State Treasury is committing a felony. However, the following steps will explain the interesting process in which coins are made.

INSTRUCTIONS
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Melt the material that will become the coin. This can be copper or silver. The material should be placed into a furnace and melted. Place the material on a flat surface so the melted material will also be flat Roll the melted material through the roller machine that will press the material to the desired thickness of the coin. Blank the material. This means the coin material is placed under a machine and blanks, or coins with no markings, are pressed out. This process is very similar to that of a hole punching machine. Edge the coins for smoothness and to remove any sharp or unshapely places. This machine will also place calculated notches into the rim of the coin when this design is called for. Stamp the coins. This is done by putting each coin in a press which places particular markings on both sides of the coin. Inspect the coins for disfigurement or other imperfections that make the coin void. Throw the incorrect ones into another melting group. They can be used as a whole or parts of other coins so as to not waste materials.

HISTORY OF COINAGE IN PAKISTAN :In the ancient times metals like gold, silver, iron, pots and axes were used as a medium of exchange in the old India. We find in the history that gupats, King Altamash and Mohammad Bin Tughlaq tried their best to introduce coins in the country. Sher Shah Suri introduced the silver rupee and copper coin. Akbar and Aurangzeb also contributed in this process. After the fall of Mughal Empire the state was divided in to small states. Every state has its own coins. There were more than 1000 different coins of various types in the subcontinent when English came in the India, they introduced the standard coins in 1818. The coinage of gold standard remained continued. The ratio of exchange one gold coin was equal to 15 silver rupees. People started hoarding and melting the silver coins during the world war second because its face value was equal to the original value of metal. The British Government demonetized silver rupee in 1941 and 1943. A pure nickle rupee was introduced in 1946. Later on the independence reserve bank of India issued the coins till June 30, 1948. Which were used as a legal tender money upto one year. Now a days two rupee, one rupee, two rupee and five rupee coins are circulating in the country. Govt of Pakistan had finished the two rupee and one rupee note in circulation from 1st January 2002.

New ten rupees coin.

Agencies involved. State bank of Pakistan Bank chests SBP presses Govt: presses Railways Police Mints