TURBINE ENCLOSURE

C BIP Studio 2012

WIND TURBINE AND COURTYARD COVER Ayesha Husain Version 3 - 3/9/12 Mid-Review

DESIGN INTENT

Urban wind is underutilized in the city because of its unpredictability. Multi-directional turbines are able to capture turbulent wind in a productive way. My element is composed of two parts: the turbine and the enclosure. The turbine consists of structure, a motor, and the multi-directional blades. The location of the turbine is determined by the highest wind speed in the area. The overall size of the turbine determines the energy output. The enclosure consists of a taught ETFE panel with embedded optical fibers. This enclosure serves to enclose an exterior courtyard. As the heat builds up, the panel opens and releases heat. At night time, when the turbines are running during the strongest wind, the panel fibers light up illuminate the courtyard and create a functional courtyard space. The module can be instantiated along any surface. It is intended to cover a courtyard, but its scale and orientation is flexible enough for other proposed uses.

Green Code
WIND DEFICIENCIES

Executive Summary February 2010

The NYC Green Code Task force promotes multiple environmentally conscientious proposals to bring the city standard up near or past the standard created by LEED. The renewable energy sources in the task force feature roof-top solar generation; all other types of energy generation are ignored. Dense urban spaces tend to channel wind into tunnels, at time creating quite a bit of wind speed. I propose to utilize urban wind as a source for generating energy. My goal is to utilize the intent to the green code to provide renewable energy sources and propose a new section to be added regarding wind.

CODES
TASK FORCE
A REPORT TO MAYOR MICHAEL R. BLOOMBERG & SPEAKER CHRISTINE C. QUINN

NYC GREEN

GREEN CODE

CODE PROPOSAL

PROPOSAL BREAK DOWN, POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES

CITY CODE CRITERIA RANKING

PROPOSAL PERFORMANCE

My Green Code Proposal

WIND TURBINE AND COURTYARD COVER EF 18 Allow Large Wind Installations
Issue: Current regulations have only promoted use of solar panels. Research for urban wind turbines needs to be available to allow users to install wind energy generating units in, on, or around their buildings. Recommendations: Exempt wind-generating units from rooftop coverage, obstructions, and height regulations. Usable areas covered or enclosed by wind energy units are to be excluded from FAR and open area regulations. Benets Environment Health Savings Costs Cost

Energy from Wind

Wind is stronger higher up and at night. Building cut and slow down wind, but they also change the direction of it. As wind passes over buildings or between them, it gets channeled and stronger. The placement of wind turbines in urban environments requirements wind ow analysis.

100%
Interesting form.

100%
Will require a combination of materials.

100%
Will require a combination of technologies.

25%
ENERGY & CARBON EMISSIONS: FUNDAMENTALS

Will reduce some cost, but is an expensive installation.

ELEMENT RANKING

Solar Energy When We Need It Most. FORM

innovation in formal qualities

25%
Applicability is unsure.

Distributed solar panels reduce most energy when chances of a

our reliance MATERIAL on aging power

transmission grids materials use of new or different and produce the

TECHNOLOGY blackout or brownout are highestexplore hot days in mid-summer. on new science and technology

REDUCE
minimize cost impact

APPLICABILITY
be able to apply to multiple buildings

PERFORMANCE APPLICABILITY REDUCE TECHNOLOGY MATERIAL

FORM

Green Code Task Force

EF 14/15: Allow large solar rooftop installations/Remove zoning impediments to alternate energy EF 14 Allow Large Solar Rooftop Installations
Issue: Current regulations limit the area of roof that solar panels can cover without counting as another oor. This can increase the effective cost of solar panels, or prevent their installation. Recommendation: Exempt solar panels from limits on rooftop coverage. Benefits Savings Health & Safety Environment Costs Cost

EF 14: Solar panels on the roof of Silvercup Studios in Brooklyn.

EF 15 Remove Zoning Impediments to Alternative Energy

Issue: The Zoning Resolution allows many categories of mechanical equipment on a roof to exceed the allowable building height. However, equipment used for alternative or distributed energy is not treated as such a permitted obstruction. Recommendation: Treat alternative and distributed energy equipment, such as photovoltaic and solar thermal collectors, as permitted obstructions. Benefits Savings Health & Safety
ENERGY & CARBON EMISSIONS: FUNDAMENTALS

0%
This is a NYC restriction issue.

100%
This is a new proposal.

Costs Cost

75%
Adds a lot of initial cost but also a lot of return.

50%
Gives old buildings an opportunity to generate energy.
URBAN GREEN URBAN GREEN

Distributed solar panels reduce our reliance on aging power transmission grids and produce the most energy when chances of a blackout or brownout are higheston hot days in mid-summer.

31

NYC GREEN CODES TASK FORCE: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

85%
EF 14: Solar panels on the roof of Silvercup Studios in Brooklyn.

Allows for more innovation.

page 38, executive summary

EF 14 EF 15 Remove Zoning Impediments to Alternative Energy
Issue: The Zoning Resolution allows many categories of mechanical equipment on a roof to exceed the allowable building height. However, equipment used for alternative or distributed energy is not treated as such a permitted obstruction. Recommendation: Treat alternative and distributed energy equipment, such as photovoltaic and solar thermal collectors, as permitted obstructions. Benefits Savings Health & Safety Environment Costs Cost

CODE RANKING

STANDARD
adapt LEED & Ashrae to raise the city standard

Allow Large Solar Rooftop Installations

Issue: Current regulations limit the area of roof that solar panels can cover without counting as another oor. This can increase the effective cost of solar panels, or prevent their installation. Recommendation: Exempt solar panels from limits on rooftop coverage. Benefits Savings Health & Safety Environment Costs Cost

NEW
propose new requirements

REDUCE
reduce the cost for changes and increase payback

FIX
bring old buildings up to code

INNOVATE
allow for innovation
31 NYC GREEN CODES TASK FORCE: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY URBAN GREEN URBAN GREEN

PERFORMANCE

INNOVATE

FIX

Environment Solar Energy When We Need It Most.

REDUCE

NEW

STANDARD

Green Code Task Force

EF 16: Remove landmark impediments to alternate energy
ENERGY & CARBON EMISSIONS: FUNDAMENTALS

0%
This is a NYC specific issue.

EF 16 75%
While not a new proposal, it is a new application.

Recommendation: Treat alternative and distributed energy equipment the same as other rooftop mechanical equipment, which is allowed to be visible from the street. Benefits Savings Health & Safety Environment
ENERGY & CARBON EMISSIONS: OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE

0%
Adds a lot of initial cost because buildings are old.

Costs Cost

100%
Gives old buildings an opportunity to generate energy.

85%
Allows for more innovation.
page 39, executive summary

CODE RANKING

reducing resource consumption and air pollution. Issue: However, they are not permitted under thedrift away Even the best-designed building systems REDUCE Mechanical Code. for changes and increase payback from optimalcost reduce the performance over time, due to broken parts, changes in use, and the accumulation of small Recommendation: FIX changes in procedures and equipment. Revise the denition of fuel code allow the use of bring old buildings up to oil to alternative fuels. Recommendation: INNOVATE Every seven years, buildings larger than 50,000 Benefitsfeet innovation Costs allow square for must be retro-commissioned, retuning the major building systems to ensure they Savings Cost all work together correctly. A similar proposal was

propose new requirements

Issue: Heating oil, primarily #4 and #6 Current requirements responsible for 14% of do oil, is for building operators local not include training in efcient building operations, emissions of ne particulate matter energy efciency, or monitoring of overall building (known as PM 2.5) with high levels performance. of nickel, vanadium and elemental carbon. Because of heating oil and Recommendation: other sources, New York City does In buildings larger than 50,000 square feet, require not comply with federal Clean operators to be trained and certied for energyAir Act standards for PM 2.5. The efcient operations. Fund aheating oil emits large burning of study to establish the appropriate training and certication requirements.

PERFORMANCE

EF 17 EO 1 STANDARD Allow Use of Biofuels adapt LEED & Ashrae to raise the Re-tune Large Buildings city standard Issue: Every Seven Years NEW Biofuels can create energy from waste, while

EO 3

Train Building Operators in Energy Efciency

Heating Oil And Air Quality.

INNOVATE

FIX

REDUCE

Issue: In historic districts, rooftop equipment including solar panels, wind turbines and microturbines -- is not permitted if visible from the street without a lengthy review by the Landmarks Preservation Commission.

Even though NYC generates a signicant portion of its own energy, the great majority of electrical power is delivered to the city through a transmission grid that collects energy from distant power plants. As much as 70% of the fuel consumed in the generation of power for the grid is lost during generation and transmission. Removing impediments to renewable energy within NYC will make the power grid more reliable, reducing the risk of blackouts and brownouts.

NEW

Remove Landmarks Impediments to Alternative Energy

Energy From Away

STANDARD

Green Code Task Force

Health & Safety Environment

Savings

Cost

Environment

EO 2: Measure electricity use in tenant spaces STANDARD PERFORMANCE INNOVATE FIX REDUCE NEW

URBAN GREEN

NYC GREEN CODES TASK FORCE: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

32

100%
This is an existing proposal.

EO 2 Measure Electricity Use in Tenant Spaces

Issue: Because electricity is often unmetered in commercial tenant spaces, tenants are unaware of the energy they consume. This, in turn, can lead to excessive use and waste. Recommendation: All new commercial tenant spaces of 10,000 square feet or larger shall be metered for electricity. A similar proposal was incorporated into the Greener, Greater Buildings Plan, which became law prior to the issuance of this report. Benefits Savings Health & Safety Environment Costs Cost

Awareness = Efciency
New York State studies have shown that metering tenant electrical use in a multi-famliy building can reduce apartment electricity consumption by approximately 17%-27%.

75%
While not a new proposal, it is a new idea for awareness.

30%
Could reduce consumption.

75%
Old buildings can be metered but its more challenging.

10%
47 NYC GREEN CODES TASK FORCE: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY URBAN GREEN

page 54, executive summary

Metering could URBAN GREEN make apparent areas needing change.

CODE RANKING

STANDARD
adapt LEED & Ashrae to raise the city standard

NEW
propose new requirements

REDUCE
reduce the cost for changes and increase payback

FIX
bring old buildings up to code

INNOVATE
allow for innovation

C-BIP Process
How to address city and design as inputs and outputs
Executive Summary February 2010

INPUT

PROBLEM

PLAYERS

CITY

ARCHITECT

TASK FORCE

PRESCRIPTIVE SOLUTION

INPUT

CODES
A REPORT TO MAYOR MICHAEL R. BLOOMBERG & SPEAKER CHRISTINE C. QUINN

NYC GREEN

INTENT

HIGHLY PRESCRIPTIVE

SOMEWHAT PRESCRIPTIVE

ANALYSIS

TOOL

PERFORMATIVE SOLUTION

ELEMENT RANKING

FORM MATERIAL
use of new or different materials

TECHNOLOGY
explore new science and technology

Can the performative solution then inform the green codes?

REDUCE
minimize cost impact

APPLICABILITY
be able to apply to multiple buildings

PERFORMANCE

innovation in formal qualities

PRECEDENTS

Girasol

Kingsdale School

MATERIALS

Delight Cloth - woven optical fibers Watercube - ETFE Construction

Mycoply - flexible biomaterial

Media-Tic - Inflatable Solar Shade ETFE Panels

URBAN TURBINES

Multi-directional turbine

Vertical axis turbine Helix turbine

motorwind roof turbines

TURBINE TYPES

HORIZONTAL AXIS

VERTICAL AXIS

Ideal for high wind rural areas Requires start up energy, but yeilds higher output

Ideal for urban areas

No start up energy, but yeilds lower output

$2000/kw to build $ $0.07/kwh to sell

Lift Drag Ideal spacing: greater in wind direction, tighter perpendicular

SMALL TURBINE

POWER OUTPUT

= 1/2 x

REQTS

Max output of 100 kw Required wind speed = 9.0 - 11.0 mph

Efficiency and aerodynamics are not shown but play a role

FACTORS
= 1.29 kg/m^3

MANHATTAN
AVG. WIND SPEED
7.2 7.1 7.0 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.5 00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00

HOUR OF THE DAY NYC Average wind speed: 7.5 - 11.0 mph
DATA THROUGH 2002 NEW YORK C.PARK, NY JFK AP, Ny LAGUARDIA AP, NY YRS 65 44 54 JAN 10.6 13.0 13.7 FEB 10.7 13.3 13.8 MAR 11.0 13.5 13.9 APR 10.2 12.7 12.9 MAY 8.8 11.6 11.6 JUN 8.1 10.7 11.0 JUL 7.6 10.2 10.4 AUG 7.5 10.0 10.3 SEP 8.1 10.4 11.0 OCT 8.8 11.0 11.6 NOV 9.8 12.2 12.8 DEC 10.1 12.7 13.4 ANN 9.3 11.8 12.2

windiest: March

Typical wind directions

TURBINE ENCLOSURE

WORKFLOW

Height

Velocity 1 9682 2 10000 3 11064 4 11800 5 12446 6 12600 7 12792 8 13000 9 13250 10 13831

SELECT BUILDING

ANALYZE WIND FLOW WITH SURROUNDING BUILDINGS

DETERMINE VALUES

ENTER VALUES

CATIA

SOLIDWORKS

PHOTOSHOP

EXCEL

INPUTS/OUTPUTS
PROGRAMS excel catia INPUTS site info geometry measure parameter OUTPUTS geometry power corner points speed data ground plane distance

Height 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Velocity 9682 10000 11064 11800 12446 12600 12792 13000 13250 13831

enclosure

CATIA
module size

height factor
1-100

width ratio 1
0.01-0.1

turbine

turbine angle
30-120

width ratio 2
0.5-3.0

motor factor
0.1-0.3

swept area

power

open length
varies

ELEMENT
PROGRAMS excel catia INPUTS site info geometry measure parameter OUTPUTS geometry power point 4 motor factor enclosure
4 points and a plane

turbine height

1
speed data

height factor

x1000 ft

turbine

point 3

open length

point 2 point 1 ground plane

SURFACE
PROGRAMS solidworks excel catia INPUTS site info geometry measure parameter OUTPUTS geometry power turbine udf

3 lines and their start points

ground plane

TURBINE TIMELINE

0:00

Generating Energy
eds Spe nd Wi

Canopy Lit
Gainin gw ind

rtyard cou te ra ae

18:00

r he ig

6:00

Low Wind Sp ee ds

to

Powered Fan 12:00

Turbine usi gn

en er gy

Not Generating Energy

ENERGY USAGE

OR

VARIATIONS
height factor
30

width ratio 1
0.05

turbine angle
90 deg

width ratio 2
1

motor factor
0.1

open length
0 ft

vert. divisions
3

hor. divisions
2

power
204 kw

$ 41,698

yearly profit

136

961

2049

3415

4098

961

VARIATIONS
height factor 50 width ratio 1
0.05

turbine angle
90 deg

width ratio 2
1

motor factor
0.1

open length
0 ft

vert. divisions
3

hor. divisions
2

power
204 kw

$ 41,698

yearly profit

136

961

2049

3415

4098

961

VARIATIONS
height factor
50

width ratio 1 0.08 turbine angle

90 deg

width ratio 2
1

motor factor
0.1

open length
0 ft

vert. divisions
3

hor. divisions
2

power 274 kw yearly profit $ 56,006

182

1287

2742

4570

5484

15234

VARIATIONS
height factor
50

width ratio 1
0.08

turbine angle 140 deg width ratio 2

1

motor factor
0.1

open length
0 ft

vert. divisions
3

hor. divisions
2

power 167 kw yearly profit $ 34,135

111

786

1675

2792

3351

2792

VARIATIONS
height factor
50

width ratio 1
0.08

turbine angle
140 deg

width ratio 2 0.5 motor factor

0.1

open length
0 ft

vert. divisions
3

hor. divisions
2

power 175 kw yearly profit $ 55,770

116

823

1754

2923

3508

9745

VARIATIONS
height factor
50

width ratio 1
0.08

turbine angle
140 deg

width ratio 2
0.5

motor factor 0.2 open length

0 ft

vert. divisions
3

hor. divisions
2

power 137 kw yearly profit $ 28,003

91

645

1375

2291

2750

7639

VARIATIONS
height factor
50

width ratio 1
0.08

turbine angle
140 deg

width ratio 2
0.5

motor factor
0.2

open length 2 ft vert. divisions

3

hor. divisions
2

power 137 kw yearly profit $ 28,003

91

645

1375

2291

2750

7639

VARIATIONS
height factor
50

width ratio 1
0.08

turbine angle
140 deg

width ratio 2
0.5

motor factor
0.2

open length
2 ft

vert. divisions 6 hor. divisions

2

power 210 kw yearly profit $ 42,924

140

986

2101

3501

4202

11673

VARIATIONS
height factor
50

width ratio 1
0.08

turbine angle
140 deg

width ratio 2
0.5

motor factor
0.2

open length
2 ft

vert. divisions
6

hor. divisions 7 power 127 kw yearly profit $ 25,959

85

599

1276

2127

2552

7090

STEVENSON SCHOOL

IMPLEMENTATION
power 9400 kw yearly profit $ 1,921,360

5352 kw

2803 kw

1245 kw

CLOSED

OPEN

power 2302 kw yearly profit $ 470,529

THE END