Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Wavelet Analysis and Pattern Recognition, Hong Kong, 30-31 Aug.

2008

CABLE FAULT RECOGNITION USING MULTIPLE WAVELET NEURAL NETWORKS

MEI WANG1, 2, TANIA STATHAKI2
2

School of Electrical and Control Engineering, Xian University of Science and Technology, Xian, 710054, China Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom E-MAIL: wangm@xust.edu.cn, t.stathaki@imperial.ac.uk

Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to realize the online fault recognition instead of the current state-of-the-art of offline fault recognition of the power cable. A novel online fault recognition method of a multiple wavelet neural networks is proposed based on the wavelet energy function of the traveling wave. In the new method, the difference of the zero-order currents between the fault cable and the normal cable are selected as the original fault recognition features. Then the sub-band energy functions of wavelet package of the original features are designed and calculated to serve as the input vectors of the neural networks. Furthermore, an intelligent cable fault diagnosis system is designed. The system consists of 4 wavelet neural networks to recognize the fault and 1 wavelet fault locator to determine the fault position. Finally, the simulation results show that the cable fault recognitions can be implemented correctly. The fault classes include the 1-phase ground faults, the 2-phase short circuit faults, the 3-phase short circuit faults, and the open circuit faults. This presents the theoretical support for the online fault diagnosis of power cable.

Keywords:
Fault Recognition; Wavelet; Neural Network; Energy Function; Cable

1.

Introduction

In the electric power industry, the traveling wave method and the impedance method are the main methods for the power cable fault diagnosis. Both of them are the offline methods [1]. In the traveling wave method, the impulse signals or other testing signals are transmitted into the tested cable. The shape of the reflected wave of the testing signals from the fault point is used to judge the fault class. Meanwhile, the duration of the testing signals traveling from the testing point to the fault point is monitored and then the position of the fault is calculated after the wave speed is determined according to the cable 978-1-4244-2239-5/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE 221

parameters [2-3]. On the other hand, the fundamental principle of the impedance method is that the length of the cable is proportional to the impedances. In the offline state, the tested cable is supplied with a power, and then the relationship between the cable length and the voltage and the current is found. So the distance between the test end and the fault point is calculated [4-5]. In addition, the GPS technology is introduced into the cable fault location. The GPS systems include 3 main parts. They are the space part of satellite constellation and the ground control part and the user receiver part. The advantage of GPS systems is that the location precision is more accurate. The disadvantage is the difficulty for the developing faults and the short distance fault diagnosis [6]. In Japan, the optical fiber current sensors and the high speed A/D with sampling speed of 16MHz are used to sense and collect the surge current, and then the cable fault position is determined [7]. In addition, the real-time expert system based on the impulse current is proposed by some scientists in the other countries. Furthermore, the cable fault diagnosis method based on the characteristics of electric arc is studied by Chinese scientists [8]. Recently, the wavelet analyses and other intelligent technologies are studied for the cable fault diagnoses [9-11]. Being different from the above ideas, a novel online fault recognition method of a multiple wavelet neural networks is proposed based on the wavelet energy function of the travelling wave. Furthermore, an intelligent cable fault diagnosis system is designed in this paper. The system consists of 4 wavelet neural networks to recognize the cable fault patterns and 1 wavelet fault locator to determine the cable fault position. 2. Feature extraction For the online fault recognition of the electric power

Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Wavelet Analysis and Pattern Recognition, Hong Kong, 30-31 Aug. 2008 cable, the most difficult task is the fault feature selection and the fault feature extraction [12]. This is because finding the fault features in the online cable travelling waves which contains the heavy noises caused by the switches on or switches off of different users or by the cable joints and the material uniformity is a very complicated task. The qualities of the faulty cable features have strong effects on the design of the classifier and on the performance of the classifier. If the differences between the features of different classes are larger, it is easier to design a high-powered classifier. In contrast, if the differences between the features of different classes are smaller, it is difficult to design a high-powered classifier [13]. Therefore, the feature selection and feature extraction are regarded as the key problems with the increasing importance. For cable fault recognition, the original signals of a faulty cable should reflect a sufficient amount of fault information. Although voltages and currents of a tested cable may contain a sufficient amount of fault information the key problem is how to extract the fault features from these travelling waves [14]. The samples of each class of the faults are expected to be easily separated and their corresponding features to lie in different areas in the feature space. i Assuming YK and Yli are n-dimensional feature vectors in and Tj respectively, the average class Ti distance d m between all the feature vectors X of all classes is [15]
c 1 ni i i dm ( X ) = P ( Xk mi )T ( Xk mi ) + (mi m)T (mi m) i i =1 ni k =1

(5)

According the above analyses, the difference x of zero-order currents between the faulty state and the normal state of the test cable is selected as the original signals for the fault recognition. Because the noises caused by cable joints and the material uniformity are cancelled and the blind distance problem is overcame. The difference x of zero-order currents can be expressed below. (6) x = i fz inz where ifz and ifz is respectively the zero-order current of the faulty state and the normal state of the tested cable. We assume that the space of the signals x of the tested cable is a multi-resolution analysis space in L2(R). Then the tested cable original signals x can be expressed below [17]. x(t ) dl j ,n 2 j / 2 un (2 j t l ) (7)
j , nZ lZ

where the wavelet package coefficients dl j,n of the cable fault original signals x(t) are the projection coefficients in the individual wavelet package subspace un. After the wavelet package transform is applied to the original signals x(t), the energy function of the sub-band coefficients is designed to be the second stage feature.
E = f ( dl j , n )
2

(8)

dm ( X ) =

ni n j c 1 c i j Pi Pj d (Yk , Yl ) 2ni n j i =1 j =1 k =1l =1

(1)

where c is the number of classes, ni and nj are the number of samples in classes Ti and Tj respectively. Pi and Pj are the corresponding prior probabilities. In the multi-dimensional space, there are different ways to measure the distance between two vectors. For example, the Euclidian distance is (2) Provided that mi is the average feature vector of all the samples of class i and m is the average feature vector of all the samples of all classes, we have [16]
i i i d o ( X k , X l j ) = ( X k X l j )T ( X k X l j )

where the function f depends on the concrete situation, it can be the normal processing of the argument, or, the other operations, such as dilation operator or reduction operator. In the fault classification between the short circuit faults and the open circuit faults, the function f of equation (8) takes the proportionally magnification function of the energy of the lowest band after wavelet package transform.

E = k d l j ,n (i0 )

(9)

In the recognitions of the ranges of fault resistances, the voltage travelling wave of the faulty phase of the cable is selected as the original signal. The function f of equation (8) is to conduct the normal processing of the data. That is
E = d l j , n (u )
2 j 1 n=0 2

(10)
2

mi =

1 ni i Xk ni k =1
c i =1

(3) (4)

j ,n d l (u )

m = Pi mi

3. Fault recognition method of multiple wavelet neural networks After the above expatiation, the fault recognition method of the multiple wavelet neural networks is

Therefore, the average distance dm between all the vectors of all classes is

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Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Wavelet Analysis and Pattern Recognition, Hong Kong, 30-31 Aug. 2008 presented below. Firstly, the difference of the zero-order currents between the faulty state and the normal state is selected to be the alternative representation of the original signal. Furthermore, the sub-band energy functions of the original signals after wavelet package decompositions are designed to serve as the input feature vectors for the neural network. Finally, the multiple wavelet networks and the minimum distance criterion are used for the required pattern recognitions applied to cable fault detection. The original vector X of a faulty cable is decomposed using the orthogonal wavelet package function that is
X =
2s 1

l ( X , T j ) = Y T j = yi t i
i =1

(17)

where l denotes the distance between the neural network output corresponding to the fault feature X and Tj is the teacher feature vector of the class jth of the neural network. For any fault feature X, there is X Tj , l ( X , Tj ) = minl ( X , Tj ), j q, q = 1,L, c (18) 4. Design of intelligent fault diagnosis system

k = 0 lZ

dl j ,n 2 s / 2 un (2 s t l )

(11)

where X is the difference of the zero-order currents of the cable between the faulty state and the normal state as follows. (12) X = I f In In equation (11), 2 j / 2 un are the wavelet bases in group k on the layer j in the space V L2 ( R ) in which

X exists and dl j ,n are the coefficients of X which corresponds to wavelet package bases in group k . That is
2 dm 2 dm
j j

1,2 n

= =

d
lZ lZ

2 j ,n g 2 j 2m , l 2 j ,n h2 j 2 m , l

mZ mZ

(13) (14)

1,2 n +1

The energy functions E of the sub-band of the original feature vectors after wavelet transform are designed and calculated to be the second features.
j E = f ( d m,n )
2

(15)

where function f is the linearly proportional operation or the normal processing for simplification of the neural network training. Suppose that the sub-band energy function E is the input vector to the neural network for cable fault recognition, the output of the node i of the output layer in the neural network is

yi = woi + w ji o j
j =1

(16)

Assuming that Y is the n -dimensional output vector of the neural network when the input feature vector is X , the i th state variable ti T j T , where T j represents the fault class j and T is the class space which contains c classes. We define

The block diagram of the cable fault diagnosis system structure is designed in Figure 1. It contains 4 wavelet neural networks to recognize the fault class and 1 wavelet locator to decide the position of the cable fault. The wavelet locator was firstly proposed [18]. The fault recognition using multiple wavelet neural networks formulates an important part in the intelligent cable fault diagnosis system. The difference of zero-order currents of the faulty cable passes though the wavelet neural networks 1, 2, 3, and 4 and then the fault class is decided. The network 1 implements the recognition between the short circuit faults and the open circuit faults. The network 2 decides the class among the 1-phase ground faults, the 2-phase short circuit faults or the 3-phase short circuit faults. The network 3 determines whether the fault belongs to the 1-phase ground fault with a high resistance or with a low resistance. The network 4 distinguishes the fault belonging to the 2-phase short circuit fault with a high resistance or the 2-phase short circuit fault with a low resistance. At the same time, the original features are put into the wavelet locator to calculate the fault distance by using the central distance theorem described in the reference 18. The advantages of the proposed intelligent cable fault diagnosis system are that every block uses the same original signals of the tested cable. In addition, every network has an independent structure and is trained independently. Therefore, the learning efficiencies and the convergence precisions do not affect each other and the fault recognition and location can be implemented at the same time.The multiple wavelet neural networks can ensure that the learning rate and the convergence precision are kept within acceptable levels. As a result, the classification ability of the multiple wavelet neural networks is improved.

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Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Wavelet Analysis and Pattern Recognition, Hong Kong, 30-31 Aug. 2008

Difference of zero-order currents of tested cable

Wavelet neural network classifier to recognize short circuit faults and open circuit Short Wavelet neural network classifier to recognize short circuit faults among 1-phase and 2-phase as well as 3-phase 1-phase 2-phase 3-phase Open

Wavelet fault locator

Wavelet neural network classifier to recognize resistance ranges of 1-phase short circuit faults

Wavelet neural network classifier to recognize resistance ranges of 2-phase short circuit faults

Fault classifier output

Fault diagnosis output

Figure 1

Diagnosis system structure of cable fault using multiple wavelet neural T1=0, T2=10 where T1 represents the open circuit fault and T2 represents the short circuit fault. If the cable fault patterns are more than 2, the 1-phase ground faults and the 2-phase short circuit faults and the 3-phase short circuit faults, 2 nodes are used in the output layer of the BP neural network. In this situation, the class number c=3 and the output T is designed as follows. T1= [0, 0] T, T2= [0, 1] T, T3= [1, 1] T where T1, T2 and T3 represent the 1-phase ground faults, the 2-phase short circuit faults and the 3-phase short circuit faults respectively. T represents the transpose of the matrix. The number of nodes in hidden layers depends on the specific situation. Smaller number of nodes can be used initially. If the results are not satisfying after a certain period of training the nodes can be added gradually until an efficient number of nodes is used. 6. Simulation results In order to illustrate the fault recognition using the multiple wavelet neural networks with the difference of zero-order currents of the faulty cable, the first 2 blocks in the intelligent fault diagnosis system are demonstrated in this section. The original signals used for the classification between the short circuit faults and the open circuit faults are the

5. Structure design of the wavelet neural network The incompact model of the wavelet neural network is used. The difference of the zero-order currents of the faulty cable is set as the original signal. The wavelet package decompositions are used and the energies of the coefficients of the wavelet package decompositions are calculated. Therefore, the input vectors for the neural network are obtained. The Back-Propagation neural network is selected to decide the class of the cable fault. The tangent function is used as the activation function of neurons in the hidden layer of the BP neural network and the linear functions are used as the activation function of neurons in the output layer of the BP neural network. The adaptive learning algorithm is used to train the BP neural networks. The number of the nodes in the input layer of the BP neural network is equal to the number of the vector dimension of the energy function of the difference of the zero-order current after the wavelet package decompositions. The number of the nodes in the output layer of the BP neural network depends on the class number of the faults. If the fault classes have 2 patterns, the open circuit fault and the short circuit fault, the node number in the output layer of the BP neural network is 1. In the first case, the class number c=2 and the output T is designed as follows.

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Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Wavelet Analysis and Pattern Recognition, Hong Kong, 30-31 Aug. 2008 differences of the zero-order currents of the cable between the faulty state and the normal state. Figure 2(a) shows the zero-order currents izof1, izon1 and izofn1. They are the zero-order currents of the cable in open fault state, normal state and their difference, respectively. All the sub-band energies E are shown in the logarithmic form in Figure 2(b). The horizontal axis is the index j of the sub-bands. We set the parameter k=1010 in the proportional magnification function f. The test results of the wavelet neural network are shown in Figure3 (a) and (b). In the left figure (a), the horizontal axis k is the index of the test samples. The vertical axis T represents the fault class, the value of 0 represents the short circuit faults, and the value of 10 represents the open circuit faults or both the open circuit and the short circuit faults existing at the same time. The symbols are the training outputs and the symbols o are the test outputs with the different input vectors from the training samples. The results show that the negligible errors do not affect the recognition results of the cable faults, and all the test samples are mapped to the correct classes. It is calculated that the absolute error is lesser than 0.15. In the right figure (b), the class of the cable fault of the 1-phase ground is at the point(0,0) in the x-y plane, and the class of the short circuit faults between 2 phases is at the point (0,1), and the class of the short circuit faults among 3 phases is at the point (1,1). The symbols are the training outputs and the symbols o are the test outputs. The absolute test errors are smaller than 0.11. It is similar that the negligible errors do not affect the recognition results of the cable faults, and all the test samples are mapped to the correct classes. The error rates of the both recognitions are zeros. 7. Conclusion recognition features. Then the sub-band energy functions of wavelet package of the original features are designed and calculated to serve as the input vectors of the neural networks. Finally, the multiple wavelet networks and the minimum distance criterion are used to implement the fault recognition. In addition, an intelligent cable fault diagnosis system is designed. There are 4 multiple wavelet neural
40 20 0 0 izof1 / A
15

0.01
-12

0.02 0.03 t/S

0.04

0.05
10

x 10 2 1 0 0 0.01 40 20 0 0

izon1 / A

0.02 0.03 t/S

0.04

0.05

logE

izofn1 / A

0.01

0.02 0.03 t/S

0.04

0.05

0 0

Figure 2 (a) (b)

(a) Zero-order currents izof1, izon1 and izofn1 of the 1-phase open circuit fault (b) Subband energy distribution of zero-order current difference of 3-phase open and 1-phase short circuit fault
10

25
8 6 T 4 2 0 0 2 4 k 6 8

20 15 i 10 5 0 2 1 0 y of T -1 -1 0 x of T 1 2

Figure 3 (a) (b)

(a) Classifier test between short circuit faults and open circuit faults (b) Test results of recognition among 1-phase ground fault and 2-phase short circuit fault and 3-phase short circuit fault

The online fault recognition of faulty cables is of great significance for the cable line running safety. The travelling waves of the power cable contain the information related to the early hidden fault. The crucial problem is how to extract the fault information. The difference of the zero-order currents between the faulty state and the normal state of the cable forms a better representation of the original signal for the fault recognition, because it both keeps the fault information and eliminates the non-fault information, such as the information about the joint points of the cable. Aiming at the online fault recognition of a power cable, a novel online fault recognition method of a multiple wavelet neural networks is proposed based on the wavelet energy function of the traveling wave. In the new method, the difference of the zero-order currents between the fault cable and the normal cable are selected as the original fault

networks to identify the class of the cable fault and 1 wavelet fault locator to calculate the fault distance. The intelligent cable fault diagnosis system uses the same traveling wave of the tested cable. Each network which has the independent structure is trained independently. The learning efficiencies and the convergence precisions do not affect each other and the fault recognition and location can be implemented at the same time. The simulation results demonstrate that the cable fault recognitions between the short circuit faults and the open circuit faults and the recognition among the 1-phase ground faults, the 2-phase short circuit faults and the 3-phase short circuit faults can be carried out accurately by the multiple wavelet neural networks. The absolute errors of recognitions of the system are less than 0.15. All the classifications of the test samples are correct. This paper presents the theoretical support for the online fault diagnosis of the power cable. Although the

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Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Wavelet Analysis and Pattern Recognition, Hong Kong, 30-31 Aug. 2008 novel fault recognition method and the intelligent cable fault diagnosis system are theoretically very effective in the cable fault diagnosis, they are not connected to the monitoring of the insulation state of the cable. In order to realize the monitoring and the recognition and the location of cable line, many researches should be developed. Acknowledgements This paper is supported by the Science and Technology Foundation of Shaanxi province, China (2003K06G19). References [1] Enjie Ding, Chaonan Wang, Liancheng Cui. Study on Fault location Method of Mine Power Line. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 2006, 35(38), pp. 311-316 [2] Mei Wang, Zheng Wang, Changjiang Liu. Study on hardware Circuit of New Device for Cable Fault Location. Journal of Xian University of Science and Technology, 2002, 22(Supplement), pp. 83-84 [3] Mei Wang, Yuanbin Hou and Jianping Wang. Intelligent System of Cable Fault Location and its Data Fusion, Proceeding of IEEE 2002 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics. 2002, pp. 788-790 [4] Zhengtuan Zhang, Feng Wen, Bingyin Xu. Cable Fault Location Based on Wavelet Analysis. Automation of Electric Power System, 2003, 27(1), pp. 49-52 [5] Mei Wang, Yuan-Bin Hou. Modeling of Cable Fault System Proceeding of IEEE 2004 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics. 2004, pp. 3283-3286 [6] Harry Lee, Abdul M. Mousa. GPS Travelling Wave Fault Locator System: Investigation into the Anomalous Measurement Related to Lightning Strikes. IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vo.11, no3, July, 1996, pp. 1214-1223 [7] Nakayama T. On-line Cable Monitor Developed in Japan. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1991, 6(4), pp. 1359-1366 [8] Qunfeng Zhang, Xishan Wen, Yanping Chen. Online Cable Fault Location Method Based on the Characteristic of Electric Arc. High Voltage Technology, 2003, 29(7), pp. 30-44 [9] Qingchao Zhang, Hui Duan. Fault Measure of Transmit Electricity Line Based on Wavelet Neural Network. Journal of Tianjin University, 2003, 36(6), pp. 710-713 [10] Mei Wang. Study on Cable Fault Diagnoses Method Based on Wavelet and Neural Network. Thesis of Doctors Degree of Xian University of Science and Technology, 2006, pp. 52-66 [11] Mei Wang, Yuan-Bin Hou. Neural Network Model Based on Anti-Error Data Fusion, Proceeding of IEEE 2005 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Vol. 7, pp. 4163-4166. [12] Zhengyou He; Xiaoqing Chen; Bin Zhang. Wavelet Entropy Measure Definition and Its Application for Transmission Line Fault Detection and Identification. (Part I: Transmission line faults transients identification), Power System Technology, 2006. PowerCon 2006. International Conference on Oct. 2006, pp. 1-6 [13] Sergios Theodoridis and Konstantinos Koutroumbas, Pattern Recognition, Beijing: China Machine Press, 2004, pp. 249-251 [14] Deshuang Huang. Pattern Recognition System Theory by Using Neural Network. Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 1996, pp. 31-43 [15] Bicheng Li, Jianshu Luo. Wavelet Analysis and Applications. Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2003, pp. 172-178 [16] Zhihua Li, Xixiang Wang. Wavelet Neural Network Applied to Fault Diagnosis. Manufacturing Technology and Machine Tool2005 (8), pp. 86-90 [17] Qingliang Wang. Fault Line Recognition of Mine Electric Net by Using Information Fusion TechnologyIndustry and Mine Automation, 2007.04, pp. 20-23 [18] Mei Wang, Yuan-Bin Hou. Central distance Theorem and Cable Fault Location, Proceeding of IEEE 2006 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, pp. 2862-2867

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