TECHNICAL PAPER

SUBJECT:

TALL BUILDING ENGINEERING BUILDING CASE STUDY

PAPER TITLE:

TWO INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CENTRE, HONG KONG

AUTHORS:

MOHD AZUAN TUKIAR MOHD FIRDAUS BARJUMIN

SUBMISSION DATE:

03rd JANUARY 2012

PREPARED FOR:

PROF. IR DR HJH SITI HAWA HAMZAH

TWO I TER ATIO AL FI A CE CE TRE, HO G KO G

Tukiar M.A.1, Barjumin. M. F.2
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M Sc. Eng, Faculty of Civil Engineering, UiTM, Shah Alam, Malaysia. E-mail add: mohdazuantukiar@yahoo.com.my Engineer, Public Work Department, Malaysia. E-mail Add: FirdausB@jkr.gov.my

2.

______________________________________________________________________________ 1. I TRODUCTIO The history of skyscraper in Hong Kong were began in 1935 with the completion of the Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank building as first high rise in city with 70m tall consist of 13 floors. Hong Kong was ranked first in the world in both skyscraper and high rise count with at least 52 skyscraper completed over height 200m, 272 skyscraper over 150m and more than 7687 high rise buildings. There are three significant tall buildings in Hong Kong which are International Commerce Center with 484 meter height, Two International Finance Centre 412 meter height and Central Plaza with 374 meter height. Two International Finance Centre was part of the development International Finance Centre completed in year 2003. The development of International Finance Centre comprises of 4.7 million sq. ft prime estate of which 2.8 million sq. ft office, 0.8 million sq. ft of retails, 2 hotels including 6 Star Four Season Hotel totally over 1,000 rooms altogether, 140,000 sq. ft designed public open space, amenities and 1,800 car parking space (Luk J. W. K., Lau J. M. K., and Mak T. M. T, 2005). Originally, Master layout plan had 5 towers, however due to environmental and commercial reason it was decided to combine two towers that resulted formation of Two International Finance Centre. With height of 412 meter Two International Finance Centre was ranked at number 12th for tallest building in the world. Two International Finance Centre was comprises of 88 storey with a centric form that taper towards the top with dimension of 57x57 meter at base and 39x39 meter at roof level (Luong A., Gibbons C., Lee A. and Mac Arthur J., 2004). The massing of tower becomes more sculpture near the top enhancing the expression of the building. Vertical fins on the external facades which gradually lighten in colors as it ascends to its top have emphasized the height. The fin also gave faade an extra dimension in aesthetic. In oblique manner, the color of building will appear to have varying shades (Luk J. W. K., Lau J. M. K., and Mak T. M. T, 2005). Joint venture between Sun Hung Kai Properties Ltd, Henderson Land Development Co Ltd, Bank of China Group Investment Ltd, and Hong Kong & China Gas Co Ltd has become the developers for International Finance Centre (Luong A., Gibbons C., Lee A. and Mac Arthur J., 2004). The design, construction and leasing process is managed by Central Waterfront Property Project Management which is jointly owned by Sun Hung Kai Properties Ltd and Henderson Land Development Co Ltd (Gibbons C., Luo M. and Dumigan D., 2003). Architect for the project was Cesar Pelli & Associates and Rocco Design Limited. Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong (Arup) was providing structural and geotechnical engineering consultancy services while J. Roger Preston Ltd provide for mechanical and electrical consultancy. The main contractor for the tower and development was a joint venture of E. Man and Sanfield Contractors. The Steelwork
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for the tower was awarded into two stages. For mega column below 6/F level was fabricated and installed by NKK Corporation Japan while steelwork for above 6/F floor it was done by NKK Corporation and Sumimoto Corporation (Luong A., Gibbons C., Lee A. and Mac Arthur J., 2004).

2. SUPER-STRUCTURAL DESIG OF TWO I TER ATIO AL FI A CE CE TRE Basically, there are several types of structural form being used in design of tall building which is rigid frame, braced frame, in-filled frame, shear wall, frame tube, tube in tube and outriggers. All of these structural forms are used to fulfill the design criteria of tall building which is the strength, serviceability, stability and human comfort (Jayachandran P., 2009). Types of structural form will be selected based on the architecture layout and requirement or purpose of the building. For Two International Finance Centre it is required to maximize the view from the tower and also to have flexible office layout by minimized the numbers of perimeter structure (Luk J. W. K., Lau J. M. K., and Mak T. M. T, 2005) (Gibbons C., Luo M. and Dumigan D., 2003). Thus, the outriggers with belt truss have been adopted as structural form for Two International Finance Centre. This system is comprises of four main elements which is central core wall, outriggers beam, external mega column and also belt truss system.

Figure 1: Typical Floor Framing of Two International Finance Centre

The central core wall of Two International Finance Centre at base was 27 x 29 meter with perimeter walls 1.5 meter and 1.25 meter thick. The core is constructed using conventional reinforced concrete with grade of 60 N/mm2 (Luong A., Gibbons C., Lee A. and Mac Arthur J.,
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2004). The use of core-wall system can be very effective and efficient structural system used in reducing responses due to lateral load. However, the core system more inefficient as the height of the building increases. The core system alone generates excessive uplift forces in the core structure along with high overturning forces in the foundation system (Bennetts I.D, 1995). Central core wall then was stabilized by three levels of triple storey steel outriggers. From the study it has been proven the performance of outrigger system was influenced by the size of the core wall and location of the outrigger beam (Samat A.R., Ali N.M. and Marsono A.K, 2008). Three levels of triple steel outrigger help in tying-down the mega columns to the core wall. The movement of the core is reduced as compared to a free-standing core alone resisting the lateral loads. The stiffness created by the inclusion of the outrigger is increased up to 25 to 30 percent of the original structure without the outrigger in place (Taranath B.S, 1988). Three outrigger levels were required for Two International Finance Centre and it was located at 30th, 50th and 70th floor level. The locations of outrigger trusses were effectively compromise between the optimum structural arrangements and constrain imposed by vertical planning and lift zoning as triple floor height steel outrigger trusses has thru refuge and double mechanical floor levels (Luong A., Gibbons C., Lee A. and Mac Arthur J., 2004). Thus, it was eliminating the disadvantages of the outriggers structural form. Initially, a punched concrete core wall type outriggers are considered, however this will provide insufficient stiffness for providing an opening of significant M&E access. Therefore, it is necessary for steel truss to increase the strength and stiffeners of perforated core. Extensive analysis was carried out to assess the characteristic of the interface between the steel truss and concrete core wall component to ensure strain compatibility and minimizing the potential of cracking in the core. The analysis has taken into account the flexural stiffness of the shear stud and anchorage that were used to transmit force from outriggers to concrete. Study found that it was necessary to restrict the shear stress in the shear stud to half their design capacity that also essentially restricting the flexural performance of the stud to elastic range and will maximizing the stiffness of the reinforced core wall (Luong A., Gibbons C., Lee A. and Mac Arthur J., 2004). The outriggers connect to the column directly without the need for transfer through a belt truss system. However, from the study it showed that the use of outrigger and the belt truss has improved the serviceability criteria of the structure (Fawzia S. and Fatima T., 2010). Belt truss in Two International Finance Centre are used to increase serviceability criteria and to tie the peripheral column building. The belt truss incorporated at outrigger floors are also to allow the heavy plant room floor loadings and transfer the secondary corner column load into mega columns (Luong A., Gibbons C., Lee A. and Mac Arthur J., 2004). Two International Finance Centre employing eight numbers of mega column with two mega column per building face to allow for unobstructed panoramic views along the external wall. Eight mega-columns was raise from the raft at the base of the cofferdam up to the roof, supporting the external frame of the entire building at 24 meters center to center. A deep edge girder spanning up to 24 m is provided to support the floor between the main columns. The first section of the mega-columns, stretching from basement level 5 to the 6/F level where the transfer truss is located has six sub-stanchions formed by 90 mm-thick plates with average weights of steel up to 9.7 ton/m. The mega-columns are of a concrete-encased composite design, rectangular in section with the narrow side facing outward to minimize visual obstruction. These columns are composed of six I-section columns (sub-stanchions) arranged in three pairs for the lower
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floors, and reduced to three, two and one in number for the upper floors. They are used as the main load bearing elements for the building's exterior frame. In order to reduce costs and increase the stiffness of the columns, reinforcement bars ranging from 4 per cent to 2 percent of the column section are positioned around the perimeter of the stanchions. The encasing concrete used for the columns is of grade 60 for basement up to 52/F and grade 45 for 53/F and above (Luong A., Gibbons C., Lee A. and Mac Arthur J., 2004).

Figure 2: Column Schedule according to floor level for Two IFC (Luong A., Gibbons C., Lee A. and Mac Arthur J., 2004)

Secondary column in corners with two small columns in corners will support gravity load only. The column are extending a maximum of 20 storey which supported by the belt trusses at each outrigger levels. The load from the secondary column will effectively collect to belt trusses and then directly transfer to mega column. Since Two International Finance Centre was staggered back as height increase, the secondary columns are removed and the floor plate will cantilever from the mega column. There is also study conducted to evaluate the structural performance if these secondary column throughout removed, then it discovered cost of the additional weight of floor steel involved. Thus, the secondary column is decided to remains at the position (Luong A., Gibbons C., Lee A. and Mac Arthur J., 2004). The floor systems below 6/F level the floor was constructed with conventional reinforced concrete commensurate with the podium and basement construction. However, above of the 6/F the building was purposely to be use as an office and trading floors. Initial design for this level was conducted to compare pre-stressed concrete and composite steel/concrete floor system. For concrete solution it proposed to have 275mm post tensioned slab with 2000mm x 650mm deep perimeter reinforced concrete band beam while, for composite steel/concrete floor it proposed to have 125mm thick slab acting compositely with the permanent decking supported at up to 3m
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intervals of variety steel beam size. Study discovered that cost of concrete floor was slightly lower than composite slab and the cycle times for these two systems were similar. However, if considered the increasing of dead load for concrete floor that gave cost impact to columns and foundation design, the composite solution was preferable (Luong A., Gibbons C., Lee A. and Mac Arthur J., 2004). The typical floor to floor height was 4.17m. the floor component is comprises of 460mm deep steel secondary beam spanning 11.4m to 13.5m from the core to 900mm deep primary girders spanning 24m between the mega column. The inclusion of diagonal beam which conjunction with the primary girder on the main faces provided continuous tension ring around the floor plate and this will enhanced robustness and provide direct buckling restraint to the column. The 24m primary girder comprised of asymmetric fabricated section was structurally continuous with the mega column. The weight of floor beam steel is 36kg/m2 based on the gross constructed floor area (Luong A., Gibbons C., Lee A. and Mac Arthur J., 2004).

3. SUB-STRUCTURE DESIG FOR TWO I TER ATIO AL FI A CE CE TRE The foundation of the high rise development in Hong Kong has traditionally been piles or caisson bearing on the un-weathered rock normally at depth of up to 40 meter or 50 meter. With the extension of land reclamation into the harbor the depth to rock has generally increased up to 70 to 80 meter (Davies J., Lui J., Pappin J., Yin K.K. and Law C.W, 2004). For Two IFC building, Grade 3 granite with permissible bearing capacity of 5MPa was found approximately 35 meters below ground level. Above of this are layers of decomposed granite and alluvium and over the top 20 meters were layers of fill that have been reclaimed for three years earlier. Dynamic compaction has done at the certain area of the fill to enable diaphragm walling to take place. With the total load of building were 5, 2000 MN, it was decide to take foundation to rock head (Davies J., Lui J., Pappin J., Yin K.K. and Law C.W, 2004). Initially, the foundation was decided to have 72nos 3 meter diameter end bearing bored piled with 4.2 meter diameter bell outs in rock (Davies J., Lui J., Pappin J., Yin K.K. and Law C.W, 2004). However, due to the constant rock head level, the sub-contractor for foundation, Bachy Soletanche Group, had proposed to have an alternative foundation. They are proposed to have pile cape/raft to be cast bearing directly on rock thus eliminating the earlier proposed pile and pile cap as foundation. A 61.5 meter diameter of cofferdam down to bedrock using 1.5 meter diaphragm wall keyed into the rock and three reinforced concrete ring beams was constructed for foundation. The circular nature of the cofferdam has eliminated the requirement of internal props to provide lateral support. The cofferdam provides very stiff lateral support and consequently further ensured that the ground movement kept to minimum with respect to the operational MTRC tunnels running alongside the development (Luong A., Gibbons C., Lee A. and Mac Arthur J., 2004). During the excavation they have founded a localized depression of the rock level to the south west of the tower base appeared with a maximum depth of rock up to approximately -55 m PD, which was too deep for normal open excavation. In this location, mixed foundation solution was adopted by using barrettes (rectangular-section piles). Barrettes were installed to provide support to the building raft. Mass concrete had been used locally to fill up between rock head and the underside of the cape in the area where the rock head sloped away. The whole excavation process was carried out down to the formation level at -32 m PD (Luong A., Gibbons C., Lee A. and Mac Arthur J., 2004). All of foundation work including the treatment to the localized bedrock has taken about 16 months to complete.
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Figure 3: Cross Section of Soil and Scheme of Foundation Proposed (Davies J., Lui J., Pappin J., Yin K.K. and Law C.W, 2004)

4. METHOD OF CO STRUCTIO Construction of high rise building such Two International Finance Centre was very challenging task with more than 1,200 workers from 50 different trades working at same time on site, daily consumption and delivery of material to the site could be as much as 300 tons per day and cash flow that close to $100 million per month. The accomplishment of the Two International Finance Centre is masterpiece that sets a milestone showcasing the overall achievement of the Hong Kongs construction industries. In construction of Two International Finance Centre the most method use to construct was climbing formwork. Climbing formwork is a special type of formwork for vertical concrete structures that rises with the building process. It will represent an effective solution for structures that require seamless wall or their form is very repetitive. Two International Finance centre, Hong Kong was started used climbing form at ground level. The formwork is constructed from steel and concrete form panels are attached to this frame. After the concrete walls are poured, the formwork is released and moved away from the wall. The cycle continues, which is normally three to five days. Jacks lift used to up the climbing form to next level or to the next area. Two towers crane also used for effective installation and mobilize material. There are certain area of construction that will need to be highlight for method of construction such as the construction of cofferdam, construction of central reinforced concrete core wall, construction of mega columns and construction of super structure that consist of outrigger trusses, belt truss and flooring system.

Cofferdam A 61.5 meter internal diameter cofferdam, lined with 1.5m thick diaphragm wall panels has constructed to facilitate the excavation and construction of proposed raft foundation for the entire office tower. The circular nature of the cofferdam has eliminated the requirement of internal props to provide lateral support. The cofferdam provides very stiff lateral support and consequently further ensured that the ground movement kept to minimum. The diaphragm wall panels were excavated by the hydrofraise. Average depth of the panels was about 55m, with the toe grouted and installed with shear pins to ensure their stability. Mobile cranes stationed on the ground level around the cofferdam were used to facilitate the installation process. Core Wall Construction of the core wall started in May 2000. The construction of core wall was started from the raft at the bottom of the cofferdam. Due to the non-typical layout and to save time in making modifications to the form in the confined environment inside the cofferdam, a gang form system composed of timber panel-type shutters stiffened by aluminum studs was used. The mobile cranes stationed around the cofferdam on ground level were used for the installation of the formwork. The construction technique followed a bottom-up and floor-by-floor approach, with the vertical wall sections completed first and followed by the floor slabs until reaching ground level. Construction joints were also provided at the sides bounded by the mega-columns to allow separation between the slab and the cofferdam, as well as provide future connection to the basement of the podium portion. Starting from the ground level, another set of steel shutter formwork was used to replace the original timber panel-type setup up to the 3/F level. From the 4/F level onwards, the form was modified with the addition of a girder frame, hydraulic jack and clamp system, transforming it into a climb form. In order to achieve more effective operation, the core wall was sub-divided into two portions by the use of two independently controllable lifting systems, with construction jointing in the middle where the tie members were located. The floor cycle for typical floors was maintained at four to five days, with certain expected delays at floors where the outrigger system was located, or where the wall started to reduce in size. Mega-Columns As previous statement on the mega column, there are eight mega-columns rising from the raft at the base of the cofferdam up to the roof. The first section of the mega-columns, stretching from basement level 5 to the 6/F level where the transfer truss is located, has six sub- stanchions formed by 90 mm-thick plates with average weights of steel up to 9.7 ton/m. Due to the heavy weight, the stanchions were installed in short sections and connected by welding and non-welded bearing splices. Mobile cranes stationed on the ground level around the cofferdam were used to facilitate the installation process. A climb form has specially designed to form a mega column. In order to speed up the work by allowing the mega-columns to be installed at the earliest float, the contract for structural steel works was subdivided into two stages, for installation of the mega-columns below 6/F and the rest of the works for the superstructure above 6/F, and awarded to two independent nominated sub-contractors, corresponding to approximately 5,000 tons and 19,000 tons of structural steel works respectively. As construction of the basement slab proceeded in a bottom-up manner, the mega-columns were then encased in concrete, with reinforcing steel bars fixed around the stanchions to increase the strength and stiffness of the columns.
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Outrigger and Belt Truss System Other spectacular features in the superstructure are the belt truss and outrigger systems provided in the composite frame to stiffen the entire 88-storey structure. The outrigger and belt truss systems in general include a built-in inner steel frame serving as an anchor truss, which is embedded in the RC core using a two-stage casting (retro-installation) process, and an external frame in the form of belt truss acting as an external stiffening member and taking up the gravity loads from the corner columns. The outriggers and the belt trusses are connected by semi-rigid joints located inside column slots, which can be made adjustable with a series of packing shims. This design is to cater for the differential shortening between the RC core and the perimeter columns during construction of the tower as well as the slight shortening that occurs throughout the life span of the building. This design concept was originally used in the construction of Cheung Kong Center. Floor System The separate process for constructed the floor slabs to make sure the cycle construction on the schedule. First step is installation of floor plate. It is in the form of reinforced concrete topping composite to the steel beams by shear studs. The floor plate is further connected to the core wall by starter bars which are already embedded in the wall. Thickness of the slab is around 180 to 200 mm which forms a very strong lateral restrain to provide additional stiffness to entire building structure.

5. BUILDI G SERVICES Vertical Transportation It is one of the few buildings in the world equipped with double-deck elevators. Double-deck elevators are designed with two elevators, one on top of the other. This allows passengers on two consecutive floors to be able to use the elevator simultaneously, significantly increasing the passenger capacity of an elevator shaft. It is one of efficient system in buildings where the volume of traffic would normally have a single elevator stopping at every floor especially for office building. The elevator serving even floors is actually on top of the elevator serving odd floors in the same lift shaft. In architecturally, this is important as double-deck elevators occupy less building core space than traditional single-deck elevators. There had 62 double-deck elevators that service the building and average waiting time only 30 seconds. Air Conditioning System One of sustainable tall building where use nature resources as using seawater to cooled the building.The sea is an ideal source for district cooling. Even in tropical areas where seawater surface temperatures can reach 25 to 29 C. The sea is warmed by solar radiation. Waves and currents mix the top layer which creates a layer with a similar temperature (surface layer). Under the warm top layer is a border (thermocline). This border separates the top layer and the deep sea. In the deep sea layer the temperature will drop to 4 C. The seawater runs to the heat exchanger in the central cooling station. The cold seawater (6 to 7 C) cools the district cooling network via the heat exchanger. The hydraulic separation prevents seawater entering the building
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installations. The heated seawater (+/- 17 C) is pumped back to sea, which recovers in its natural state. In the central cooling station chillers could be used for sub-cooling or backup. From the central cooling station a buried pipe runs to the cooling users. Hotels, Offices, Industry and other utility buildings with a cooling demand can be connected to this grid. When designing a cooling grid special attention goes to optimizing heat-loss, hydraulic resistance, and corrosion to minimize the distribution system running costs.

Figure 4: Schematic drawing of the Functioning of District Cooling For additional, two international finance centre, Hong Kong one of the building was using Integrated Building Management System (IBMS). This system is a complete information delivery system where monitors and controls all system provided in this building such as fire fighting, security, lighting, communication, lift and other. It does can give optimal level of efficiency and save up to 24% compared to a traditional installation. These systems will also save up to 36% on operational cost and saving energy.

6.0 CO CLUSIO This paper has presented an overview on the super-structure, sub-structure design of Two International Finance Centre. It also presented the construction method and also the building services adopted for Two International Finance Centre.

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References 1. Bayati Z., Mahdikhani M. and Rahaei A. (October 12-17, 2008). Optimized Use of MultiOutriggers System to Stiffen Tall Buildings. Beijing,China: The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. 2. Bennetts I.D. (1995). Structural Systems for Tall Buildings. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . 3. Chang K.L. and Chen C. C. (October 10-13, 2004). Outrigger System Study for Tall Building Structure with Central Core and Square Floor Plate. Seoul: CTBUH. 4. Davies J., Lui J., Pappin J., Yin K.K. and Law C.W. (2004). The Foundation Design for Two Super High Rise Buildings in Hong Kong. Seoul: CTBUH. 5. El-Leithy N.F., Hussien M.M. and Attia W.A. (2011). Comparative Study of Structural System for Tall Buildings. 7(4). 6. Fawzia S. and Fatima T. (2010). Deflection Control in Composite Building Using Belt Truss and Outriggers Systems. 72. Brisbane, Australia: World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. 7. Gibbons C., Luo M. and Dumigan D. (2003). Assessment of Life Safety Aspect and Structural Robustness of High Rise Buildings in Hong Kong. Kuala Lumpur: CTBUH. 8. Herath N., Haritos N., Ngo T., and Mendis P. . (2009). Behavior of Outrigger Beams in High Rise Buildings under Earthquake Loads. Australian Earthquake Engineering Society Conferences. 9. Jayachandran P. (2009). Design of Tall Buildings: Preliminary Design and Optimization. Hyderabad, India: National Workshop on High-rise and Tall Buildings, University of Hyderabad. 10. Leung J., To A. and Leung V. (2004). Two IFC, Building Service Development in Hong Kong. (pp. 76-92). Hong Kong: CIBSE. 11. Luk J. W. K., Lau J. M. K., and Mak T. M. T. (2005). Three Mega Tall Buildings in Hong Kong Central Plaza, Two International Finance Centre and International Centre. New York: CTBUH. 12. Luong A., Gibbons C., Lee A. and Mac Arthur J. (2004). Two International Finance Centre. Seoul: CTBUH. 13. Mendis P., Ngo T., Haritos N. and Hira A. . ( 2007). Wind Loading on Tall Building . pg 4154 (Loading on Structures ). 14. Samat A.R., Ali N.M. and Marsono A.K. (2008). The Optimum Location of Outrigger in Reducing the Along-wind and Across-Wind Responses of Tall Buildings.

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15. Seng Kian P. and Torang Siahaan F. (2001). The Use of Outrigger and Belt Truss System forHigh Rise Concrete Buildings. 3(1). 16. Taranath B.S. (1988). Structural Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings. New York: McGraw-Hill. 17. Wong W.M Raymond. (2001). Construction of High-Rise Composite in Hong Kong. City University of Hong Kong.

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