Atoms, Molecules, and Water I. Elements A. Cant be broken down by ordinary chemical reactions B. Chemical symbol a.

Ex) Na, O, C C. C, H, O, N a. 96% of the mass of most living organisms. II. Atomic Structure A. Atom B. Subatomic particles a. Proton i. Positive unit of charge, in atomic nucleus b. Neutron i. No charge, in atomic nucleus c. Electron i. Negative unit of charge, outside of nucleus Atoms = neutral in charge (unless otherwise noted) # of protons = # of electrons C. Atomic Number a. Determined by # of protons in nucleus b. All atoms of a particular element have the same atomic number defines element D. Atomic Mass a. Protons and neutrons i. Both have same mass 1.7 x 10-24g = 1 Dalton = 1 amu b. Electron mass is 1/1800 mass of proton c. Atomic mass = # of protons + # of neutrons d. H simplest atom. 1 proton, 0 neutrons E. Isotope a. Form of an atom with different # of neutrons but same # of protons and electrons same atomic number different atomic mass H isotope can substitute for ordinary H. H-2 = deuterium H-3 = tritium - radioactive unstable, nucleus breaks down, decay, emits radiation

III. Molecules A. Compound in which 2 or more atoms combined in a fixed ratio and joined strongly stable particle B. Chemical formula

a. Type of atoms b. How many of each atom c. Molecular mass i. Sum of atomic masses of component atoms d. Chemical equations i. Described chemical reaction ii. Ex) reactants products IV. Chemical Bonds A. Electrons a. Move around nucleus in orbitals b. Valence electrons i. Outermost electrons ii. Occupy valence shell iii. H and He valence shell is full with 2 electrons iv. All other atoms valence shell is full of 8 electrons B. Bonds a. Result of how atoms share electrons C. Bond energy a. Amount of chemical energy i. Energy necessary to break a chemical bond 1. By forming bonds cells store energy 2. By breaking bonds cells release energy D. Covalent bond a. Sharing of electrons between atoms i. Strong bond ii. Results in each atom having a filled valence shell b. Each type of atom can form a characteristic # of bonds with other atoms c. Electronegativity i. Measure of an atoms attraction for electrons in chemical bonds. ii. The more electronegative an atom, the more strongly it pulls electrons towards itself. iii. Some atoms in covalent bonds are electronically greedy. d. Nonpolar Covalent Bond i. Occurs between atoms with some electronegativity ii. Electrons shared equally e. Polar covalent bond i. Occurs between atoms that differ in electronegativity ii. One end of bond is partial positive charge, other end is partial negative f. Absolute amount of electrons is not important. Difference between 2 atoms is important. i. If same electrons, shared equally nonpolar covalent bond ii. If different < 2 electrons shared unequally polar covalent bond iii. If difference >2 electron is captured ionic bond E. Ionic Bond a. Ion electronically charged atom or group of atoms b. Anion 1 or more units of electrons, negative charge, extra electron

F.

V. A.

B.

C.

c. Cation positive charge, loses electron d. Like charge repel. Opposite charge attract e. Ionic bond between anion and cation. i. Ex) Na+ + Cl- = NaCl f. Hydrophilic- dissolves in water Hydrogen Bond Fig 2-13 a. When H combines with electronegative atom, the H acquires a partial + charge b. H tends to bond with atom that has negative charge c. H2O tends to bond with atom that has partial negative charge. d. H2O molecules attract with each other via H bonds e. Each H2O molecule can form H bonds with 4 other H2O molecules. f. H bonds not as strong as covalent bond g. Collectively strong when there are many H2O - H bonding responsible for many physical properties of water Cohesion stick to itself Fig 2-15 a. Surface tension i. Measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break surface of a liquid b. Interfere between water and air, H2O molecules very ordered c. H bonds to each other + to H2O below Adhesion a. Sticks to other substances i. Ex) capillary action Fig 2-14 1. Due to cohesive + adhesive properties 2. Capillary action tendency of H2O to rise in small spaces of hydrophilic materials Maintain stable temperatures a. H2O has high specific heat i. Specific heat amount of heat that has to be absorbed in order to raise 1g of a substance 1C ii. Raise temperature adding heat energy 1. molecules move faster 2. Bonds break. iii. High specific heart of water need 1g amount of heat energy must be supplied to raise temperature. iv. Lots of energy needed to break H-bonds between H2O molecules. b. H2O has high heat of vaporization. i. Quantity of heat that a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted from liquid to gas ii. Because of H bonding, H2O molecules must have lots of energy to escape from surface of liquid. iii. Molecules that escape takes heat with them 1. surface of liquid is cooler a. evaporative cooling c. Ice floats i. Ice crystals are less dense thab liquid H2O H bonding

ii. 1 H2O molecule forms up to 4 h-bonds Fig 2-13 1. Liquid form 37C a. ~ 15% of H2O molecules are bonded to 4 partners 2. Ice - 0C a. All H2O molecules bonded to 4 particle i. Molecules move apart, prevents bodies of water from freezing solid from bottom Fig 2-16 VI. Acids + Bases (Section 2.6) A. Acid a. Dissociates in solution to yield H+ and an anion i. hydrogen ion donor = proton donor ii. Increase H+ concentration in solution iii. Acidic solution high concentration of H+ B. Base a. H+ acceptor b. Decreases in H+ concentration of solution c. Basic solution has low concentration of H+ C. PH a. Negative log(base 10) of H+ concentration i. pH = -log10[H+]