Welcome back to Physics 211

Oscillations Simple harmonic motion Resonance

Physics 211 -- Fall 2005

Lecture 14-2

Oscillations
Restoring force leads to oscillations about stable equilibrium point Consider a mass on a spring, or a pendulum Oscillatory phenomena also in many other physical systems...

Physics 211 -- Fall 2005

Lecture 14-2

Simple Harmonic Oscillator

Fx = k x
Spring constant

F F F=0
0 x

Newtons 2nd Law for the block:

m a x = Fx

Differential equation for x(t)

Physics 211 -- Fall 2005

d dx m = kx dt dt
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Simple Harmonic Oscillator

Differential equation for x(t) Solution:

d dx m = kx dt dt

Physics 211 -- Fall 2005

Lecture 14-2

Simple Harmonic Oscillator

initial phase amplitude angular frequency

T Period Time taken by one full oscillation

Units: A - m T - s f - 1/s = Hz (Hertz) - rad/s

f frequency Number of oscillations per unit time
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Simple Harmonic Oscillator DEMO

stronger spring (larger k) faster oscillations (larger f) larger mass slower oscillations
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E=U+K

Simple Harmonic Oscillator Total Energy

v= dx dt

1 1 2 E = k x + m v2 2 2

E=

Physics 211 -- Fall 2005

Lecture 14-2

Simple Harmonic Oscillator Summary

If F= k x then

1 f= T

1 2 E= kA 2
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Importance of Simple Harmonic Oscillations

For all systems near stable equilibrium
Fnet ~ - x where x is a measure of small deviations from the equilibrium All systems exhibit harmonic oscillations near the stable equilibriums for small deviations

Any oscillation can be represented as superposition (sum) of simple harmonic oscillations (via Fourier transformation) Many non-mechanical systems exhibit harmonic oscillations (e.g. electronics)
Physics 211 -- Fall 2005 Lecture 14-2 9

Torsion Pendulum
(Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator)
=
Torsion constant

d d I = dt dt
Solution: DEMO
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(Gravitational) Pendulum
Simple Pendulum Point-like Object
Fnet = mg sin L T m 0 F net x For small , Fnet is in x direction: Fx = mg/L x

mg Pointlike size of the object small compared to L

Physics 211 -- Fall 2005

DEMO
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(Gravitational) Pendulum
Physical Pendulum Extended Object
T net = d mg sin d m, I For small : sin net = d mg mg

DEMO
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(Gravitational) Pendulum
Physical pendulum example
Physical

I = I CM + m d

Cylindrical shell pivoting about point on circumference

Physics 211 -- Fall 2005

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A person swings on a swing.When the person sits still, the swing oscillates back and forth at its natural frequency. If, instead, two people sit on the swing, the new natural frequency

1(A). greater 2(B). smaller 3(C). the same

Physics 211 -- Fall 2005

Lecture 14-2

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Demo

Changing mass on pendulum

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A person swings on a long swing. When the person sits still, the swing oscillates back and forth at its natural frequency. If, instead, the person stands on the swing, the new natural frequency of the swing is

1(A). greater 2(B). smaller 3(C). the same

Physics 211 -- Fall 2005

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Damped Harmonic Oscillator

d dx dx Differential m = k x b equation for x(t) dt dt dt
Damping constant For example air drag for small speeds: Fdrag= b v x Solution:

A e t
t

b = 2m

A e t
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Demo

Damped oscillations

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Forced Harmonic Oscillator

Differential equation for x(t): Damping force Driving force

Natural frequency

Solution yields amplitude of response:

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Resonance

A forced

Small (b) damping

Large (b) damping

ext / 0
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Resonance
Tacoma Narrows Bridge 1940

Wind Strength ~F0cos(wt)

w bridge

Avoiding frequencies of natural external forces extremely important in civil engineering

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Resonance Dampers

Car dampers

Building Dampers
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DEMO
Coupled pendula

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Sample Problem
A pendulum consists of a uniform disk with radius 10cm and mass 500g attached to a uniform rod with length 500mm and mass 270g. What is the period of its oscillations?

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Tabulated Results for Moments of Inertia of some rigid, uniform objects

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