I.

Basic Concepts 1. Quantum Superposition 2. Qubits 3. Single-Qubit Transformations 4. Entanglement 5. Entanglement and Quantum Indistinguishability 6. The Controlled NOT Gate 7. The EPR Argument and Bells Inequality 8. Comments

II.

Quantum Cryptography 1. What is Wrong with Classical Cryptography? i. From SCYTALE to ENIGMA ii. Keys and Their Distribution iii. Public Keys and Quantum Cryptography iv. Authentication: How to Recognise Cinderella? 2. Quantum Key Distribution i. Preliminaria ii. Security in Non-orthogonal States: No-Cloning Theorem iii. Security in Entanglement iv. What About Noisy Quantum Channels? v. Practicalities 3. Quantum Key Distribution with Single Particles i. Polarised Photons ii. Phase Encoded Systems 4. Quantum Key Distributions with Entangled States i. Transmission of the Raw Key ii. Security Criteria 5. Quantum Eavesdropping i. Error Correction ii. Privacy Amplification 6. Experimental Realisations i. Polarisation Encoding ii. Phase Encoding iii. Entanglement-Based Quantum Cryptography 7. Concluding Remarks

III.

Quantum Dense Coding and Quantum Teleportation 1. Introduction 2. Quantum Dense Coding Protocol 3. Quantum Teleportation Protocol 4. Sources of Entangled Photons i. Parametric Down Conversion ii. Time Entanglement iii. Momentum Entanglement iv. Polarisation Entanglement

5. 6. 7.

8. 9.

10. 11.

Bell-State Analyser i. Photon Statistics in a Beamsplitter Experimental Dense Coding with Qubits Experimental Quantum Teleportation of Qubits i. Experimental Results ii. Teleportation of Entanglement iii. Concluding Remarks and Prospects A Two-Particle Scheme for Quantum Teleportation Teleportation of Continuous Quantum Variables i. Employing Position and Momentum Entanglement ii. Quantum Optical Implementation Entanglement Swapping: Teleportation of Entanglement Applications of Entanglement Swapping i. Quantum Telephone Exchange ii. Speeding up the Distribution of Entanglement iii. Correction of Amplitude Errors Developed due to Propagation Entangled States of Increasing Number of Particles

IV.

Concepts of Quantum Computation 1. Introduction to Quantum Computation i. A New Way of Harnessing Nature ii. From Bits to Qubits iii. Quantum Algorithms iv. Building Quantum Copmputers v. Deeper Implications vi. Concluding Remarks 2. Quantum Algorithms i. Introduction ii. Quantum Parallel Computation iii. The Principle of Local Operations iv. Oracels and Deutschs Algorithm v. The Fourier Transform and Periodicities vi. Shors Quantum Algorithm for Factorisation vii. Quantum Searching and NP 3. Quantum Gates and Quantum Computation with Trapped Ions i. Introduction ii. Quantum Gates with Trapped Ions iii. N Cold Ions Interacting with Laserlight iv. Quantum Gates at Non-zero Temperature

V.

Experiments Leading Towards Quantum Computation 1. Introduction 2. Cavity QED-Experiments: Atoms in Cavities and Trapped Ions i. A Two-Level Scheme Coupled to a Quantum Oscillator ii. Cavity QED with Atoms and CavitiesResonant Coupling: Rabi Oscillations and Entangled Atoms

3.

4.

Dispersive Coupling: Schrdingers Cat and Decoherence iv. Trapped-Ion Experiments v. Choice of Ions and Doppler Cooling vi. Sideband Cooling vii. Electron Shelving and Detection of Vibrational Motion viii. Coherent States of Motion ix. Wigner-Function of the One-Phonon State x. Squeezed States and Schrdinger Cats with Ions xi. Quantum Logic with a Single Trapped 9Be+ Ion xii. Comparison and Perspectives Linear Ion Traps for Quantum Computation i. Introduction ii. Ion Confinement in a Linear Paul Trap iii. Laser Cooling and Quantum Motion iv. Ion Strings and Normal Modes v. Ions as Quantum Register vi. Single-Qubit Preparation and Manipulation vii. Vibrational Mode as a Quantum Data Bus viii. Two-Bit Gates in an Ion Trap Quantum Computer ix. Readout of the Qubits x. Conclusion Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Experiments i. Introduction ii. The NMR Hamiltonian iii. Building an NMR Quantum Computer iv. Deutschs Problem v. Quantum Searching and Other Algorithms vi. Prospects for the Future vii. Entanglement and Mixed States viii. The Next Few Years

iii.

VI.

Quantum Networks and Multi-Particle Entanglement 1. Introduction 2. Quantum Networks I: Entangling Particles at Seperate Locations i. Interfacing Atoms and Photons ii. Model of Quantum State Transmission iii. Laser Pulses for Ideal Transmission iv. Imperfect Operations and Error Corrections 3. Multi-Particle Entanglement i. Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states ii. The Conflict with Local Realism iii. A Source for Three-Photon GHZ Entanglement iv. Experimental Proof of GHZ Entanglement v. Experimental Test of Local Realism Versus Quantum Mechanics 4. Entanglement Quantification i. Schmidt Decompositions and von Neumann Entropy ii. Purification Procedures

iii. iv. v. vi.

Conditions for Entanglement Measures Two Measures of Distance Between Density Matrices Numerics for Two Spin 1/2 Particles Statistical Basis of Entanglement Measure

VII.

Decoherence and Quantum Error Correction 1. Introduction 2. Decoherence i. Decoherence: Entanglement Between Qubits and Enviroment ii. Collective Interactin and Scaling iii. Subspace Decoupled From Enviroment iv. Other Find of Couplings 3. Limits to Quantum Computation Due to Decoherence 4. Error Correction and Fault-Tolerant Computation i. Symmetrisation Procedures ii. Classical Error Correction iii. General Aspects of Quantum Error correcting Codes iv. The Three Qubit Code v. The Quantum Hamming Bound vi. The Seven Qubit Code vii. Fault-Tolerant computation 5. General Theory of Quantum Error Correction and Fault Tolerance i. Digitisation of Noise ii. Error Operations, Stabiliser, and Syndrome Extraction iii. Code Construction iv. The Physics of Noise v. Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computation 6. Frequency Standards

VIII.

Entanglement Purification 1. Introduction 2. Principles of Entanglement Purification 3. Local Filtering 4. Quantum Privacy Amplification 5. Generalisation of Puriication to Multi-Particle Entanglement 6. Quantum Networks II: Communicatin over Noisy Channels i. Introduction ii. Ideal Communications iii. Corrections of Transfer Errors: The Photonic Channel iv. Purification with Finite Means 7. Quantum Repeaters