THEFUNDAMENTALSOFTELECOMMUNICATION

FUNDAMENTALSOFTELECOMMUNICATION

Whatistelecommunication?
Telecommunicationissignalsthataretransmittedoverashortorlongdistanceanditspurposeisforhumanbrainstobeableto
communicatetheirthoughtsbyspeech.

TheearlyinventorsintelecommunicationwereinventorslikeAlexanderGrahamBellwhichhehadstudiedinhowthehuman
brainandearsproducesensationfromcommunicatingwithspeech,ElishaGray,AntonioMeucci,GugliemoMarconiandJohn
LogieBairdwerealsodisputedoftheinventionofphonesandtelecommunications.Thebasicelementsoftelephonyconsistof
transmitters,transmissionmediums,andreceivers.Now,anddayswehave2typesofsignalswhicharedigitalandanalog.

AnalogCircuitsandhowitworks?
Telephonestransmitinformationthrucopperwiresusingvoltage,current,frequencyortotalcharge.Acontinuoussignalis
sentwhichtimesvaryinfeatures.Thentheinformationbeingsentgetstransformedtoanelectricalsignalbytransducerwhich
convertsatypeofenergytoanothertype.Thesoundofthevoiceisrecordedwhichthenitspassedthroughasvoltagestoits
receiverend.Thevoltageisarepresentationoranalogofvoice.

DigitalCircuitsandhowitworks?
Digitalcircuitutilizesasarepresentationofsignalsanumericintegrationof1sand0sthatistheconversionofdataandvoice
thatgetcompressedandstoragesuchasvoicemail.Itssystemrepresentssignalsdiscreetlywhichoperateintwolevelsof
voltagecalledtheHighandLow.Theusageinvoltsismorethanthatofananalogcircuitboard.Digitalismadeupsmall
circuitscomponentscalledLogicGateswhichisthelogicaloperationthatproducessingleoutputsperformance.Itsfunctionis
torunundertheBooleanlogicthatisusedinmanysystemsthatusesitscompletesystemforlogicaloperationsthatisdefined
asanalgebraicsysteminlogic.ElectricitysurgethrutheLogicGatewhichcancontrolmorethanonegate.ProgrammableLogic
deviceisanotherDigitalcircuitthatisconstructedforlookuptablesthatperformsfunctionsonlogicGatesasdoesinmachines.

TheVoiceBand:
VoiceBandistherepresentationinwhichahumantypicallyfrequencyhearingrangeiswhichis20Hzto20kHz.
Telecommunicationsnormalvoicevibrationbandrangesfrom3003330Hz.Thefrequencyofthebandwidthisameasurement
ofthechannelcapacity.Thestandardizedavailablevoicebandchannelconsistsof4kHz.Therearesomerestrictionstovoice
bandwhichconsistofeconomicexpensivelargercapacityneedsmorenetworkswhichareexpensivetoobtain,inan
internationalmeetingin1874itwaschosenthattotransmitvoiceinformationclearlytothelistenerandspeakerselected4kHz
astheidealfrequenciesinwhichvoicewouldbetransmitted.

P.O.T.S(PlainOrdinaryTelephoneServices)

CentralOffice

LoopTwistedPair

CustomerPremise

P.O.T.S(PlainOrdinaryTelephoneService)
POTSareabasictelephoneservicethatisusedforresidentialandsmallbusinessandwereintroducedinthelate19thcentury.
POTselectricalwiresarecoveredinplasticandtwistedtogethertominimizetheantennaeffectwhichisthetwistedpairas
shownonthediagramabove.Thetwistedpairwiresaretwoconductorswhichpurposesaretocanceloutanyelectromagnetic
interference.Telephonewavesoperatethesameasthewavesyouseeintheocean.

HookSwitch

Tip

LineVoltage

RotaryDial

Ring

Rotarydialisusedforaddresssignalingwhichopensthetelephoneswitchproducingapulsewhichsubsequentlysendsthe
electricalpulsestoaswitchboardortelephone.Patchcordswereusedtelephoneoperatorstoconnectlooportrunkdepending
onthedestinationandoriginofcall.Thepatchcordthatwereusedwereelectricalcordsthatconductedanelectricalsignalto
anotherdevicethatareusedforsignalrouting,thepreferredvoltagesusedwas()48voltsbecauseitdidntdeterioratedeasily
dotothenegative()voltagechargethatisused.Mostoralltelephonycompanieschargeonnegative()voltage.

DTMF(DualToneMultiFrequency)
HighGroup(Hz)

LowGroup(Hz)

1209

1336

1477

697

770

852

941

DTMFKeyPad

1633

A
B
C
D

DTMF(DualToneMultiFrequency)

DualTonesignalingisacommonlyusedmethodinvoicefrequencybandintelephony.Cabletelevisionbroadcastersalsoused
DTMFtoindicatethestartandstopofcommercialoutputtime.BellLabsdevelopedthisfeatureinthe1940callingittheMulti
FrequencywhichwasusedlateronbyAt&tTelecommunicationNetwork.Inbandvoicetransmissionaveragesfrom300
3330Hz.YearsafterthedevelopmentofDTMFwasemployedphonecompaniesallovertheUSandCanadadeclinedtheusage
oftheA,B,C,andDontheDTMFkeypadwhichwereusedearliertoaccesscomputersandsurveys.

SS7(SignalingSystem#7)orCCSS7(CommonChannelSignalingSystem#7)

ItsaninbandsignalinglikeDTMFwiththepurposetotearthetelephonecallsupanddown,whichisusedinSMS(short
messageservices).SS7areprotocolsthatareusedtosignaltelephony.SS7wasfirstintroducedin1975whichweredeveloped
bymajortelecommunicationcompanies.Itsearlierusewastosetupcallinformationthroughinbandsignalingsoonafterits
signalinginformationwasswitchedtoanoutofbandsystem,tofacilitatethesecurityproblemsthataroseearlierinits
developmentprocess.WhichthenleadtothedevelopmentoftheSS7oralsoknownastheCommonChannelInteroffice
SignalingSystems(CCIS)withtheintentionintranslatingintoIPviaSIGTRANprotocols.ShortlyafterprotocolsforVOIP
networkswerealmostimmediatelyadapted.

SS7Diagram:

EndUser

MTP

SSP

SCP
EndUser

SSP

EquipmentinTelecommunication

Switches(DMS)orExchange
Telecommunicationswitchesconsistofelectricalcomponentsthatinterruptthecurrentwhilebreakinganelectrical
circuitwhichalsoreroutesfromoneconductortoanotherwhichcaninadditionallybeoperatedmanually.Thisallows
connectingfromcentralofficetoloopsortrunkstoenduser.Switchesinadditionimplementsroutingfromloopto
trunk,looptoloop,ortrunktotrunk.
Linecards
Arethecircuitsthatbecomeacquiredthroughcopperwireorfiberopticwhileaccessingthetelecommunication
network.
Copper,andFiberConnection
Computers
DigitalInwards:8000bytes/persec

PBXvs.CENTREX

PBX(privateBranchExchange)whichprovidescallstolocallyandextensioninbusinessoffice

WhatisaPBXtelephone?

PBX(PrivateBranchExchange)isatelephoneexchangeservicesthatprovidesbusinessconnectionsamongstprivate
organizationandbusinesswhichallowsthelinestointerconnectwithPSTN(publicswitchedtelephonenetwork)viatrunklines.
SeveraloftheadvantagesbusinessesobtainPBXsystemisforthereasonthatitscostefficient.ThefirstusageofthePBXwas
pioneeredinthelate1970swhichwasintroducedwithanarrayoffeaturesandcapabilities.

PBXPros&Cons:

TechnologyChangesRapidly
ExpensiveUpgrades
CompaniesPlacingMoreFocusonCoreBusiness
Marketexpansiononly5%
Thedepthofthesystemmanagementmayberestricted
Featuresarewellconcentratedindepth

CustomerPremise

PBXSwitch

CentralOffice
PBXTrunk
Switch

PBX1

PBX3

PBX2

WhatisCentrex?

CentrexisaserviceprovidingswitchsimilartothePBXsystem,whichcustomersdonthavetoprovidetheirowninhouse
infrastructuretoacquireusageoftheCentrextelephonesystem.Centrexwasdevelopedinthemid1960sbythedepartmentof
engineeringofNewYorkTelephonewhichlaterinterchangedthePBXforthenewlyestablishedCentrex.Inthelate1960sBell
LabsobtainedthedevelopmentoftheCentrex,whichprovidedtheircustomerswithanarrayofserviceslikethePackaged
Centrex,CentrexData,andtheCustomizedCentrex.

CENTREXPros&Cons:

ContinuedDevelopmentOfCapabilities
ISDN
CompaniesEstablishingVirtualWorkforce
DesktopIntegrationOfVoice
SmallDataUsers
Reducesanorganizationsinvolvementwithitstelecommunicationnetwork
Theirfeaturesaresometimeslimitedandareincrementallycostly

CENTREX

CENTREXService

CentralOfficeSwitch

PBXCustomer
Premise

VoiceVPN
AcomputernetworksthatisexistingiscalledtheVirtualPrivateNetwork(VPN)whichallowsnetworksystemstoconnectto
VPNwhichsharesexistinginfrastructureasittransportstraffic.ShouldntbeconfusedwiththeVPNonIPnetworks.VPNisa
securecommunicationtechnology.ThatprovidesanauthenticatedtunnelthatwasestablishedfortheusageofVPN.

CALLCENTER
CallerInfo

InboundTrunking

IVR
CustomerCare

Voice

System
Switch

CustomerDataScreen
ACD

POP

CustomerDataScreen
POP

Agent
VoiceData

BasicsofaCallCenter:

IVRInteractiveVoiceResponseSystem

Isatechnologythatenablescomputertointeractwithhumansbydetectingvoiceandkeypadinputs.IVRsystemiscommonly
usedfromdiminutivetoenterpriselevelestablishment.IVRallowsittobecustomizedwithitsdynamicallygeneratedfunction.
Itsdevelopmentbeganin1941whenBellsystemsreleaseditsnewlypioneeredDualtoneTelephone.BellsDualTone
appearancewasin1962attheWorldFairin1962inSeattle,Washington.PABXorswitchboardsoonafterbecamereplacedby
the(VAD)VoiceActivatedIVRsystem.

PSTNSwitchingCenterbeforeCompetition

RegionalCenter

SectionalCenter

PrimaryCenter

TollCenter

CentralOffice