DATA COMMUNICATION & NETWORKING

GLOBAL ROUTING

Apoorv Kumar Sadh(06) Debabrata Sahana(09) Paramvir Ahlawat(16) Shiwam Rai(22)

Global Routing
a. What is Global routing: The Internet is one of the 20th century's greatest communications developments. It allows people around the world to send e-mail to one another in a matter of seconds, and it lets you read, among other things.

We're all used to seeing the various parts of the Internet that come into our homes and offices -- the Web pages, e-mail messages and downloaded files that make the Internet a dynamic and valuable medium. But none of these parts would ever make it to your computer without a piece of the Internet that you've probably never seen. In fact, most people have never stood "face to machine" with the technology most responsible for allowing the Internet to exist at all the technology of routing. One of the greatest things about the Internet is that nobody really owns it. It is a global collection of networks, both big and small. These networks connect together in many different ways to form the single entity that we know as the Internet. None of us have ever thought that how do we get all those information over internet. Thanks to the virtual world of web that makes it possible and the insight of it that is global routing manages traffic over the internet. In very simple words global routing can be compared with traffic control systems on the roads. As efficient traffic control on road enables smooth traffic flow similarly global

routing manages traffic of packets coming from different networks, transferring from one network to other network and reaching their destinations following the routes chosen by the routers over net this concept is called global routing. What is incredible about this the process of global routing is that a message can leave one computer and travel halfway across the world through several different networks and arrive at another computer in a fraction of a second! The routers in the global routing determine where to send information from one computer to another. Routers are specialized computers that send your messages and those of every other Internet user speeding to their destinations along thousands of pathways. A router has two separate, but related, jobs: It ensures that information doesn't go where it's not needed. This is crucial for keeping large volumes of data from clogging the connections of "innocent bystanders." It makes sure that information does make it to the intended destination. In performing these two jobs, a router is extremely useful in dealing with two separate computer networks. It joins the two networks, passing information from one to the other. It also protects the networks from one another, preventing the traffic on one from unnecessarily spilling over to the other. Regardless of how many networks are attached, the basic operation and function of the router remains the same. Since the Internet is one huge network made up of tens of thousands of smaller networks, its use of routers is an absolute necessity. Global routing works on a set of pre written algorithms Known as Border Gateway Protocols.

b. Border Gateway Protocol: The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the core routing protocol of the Internet. It maintains a table of IP networks or 'prefixes' which designate network reachability among autonomous systems (AS). It is described as a path vector protocol. BGP does not use traditional Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) metrics, but makes routing decisions based on path, network policies and/or rulesets.

In other words BGP maintains a log that which packet is going on which path and whether it has landed on its destination based on this log or table the protocol directs the packets on the route which is available and have lesser traffic. BGP was created to replace the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) routing protocol to allow fully decentralized routing.

Very large private IP networks use BGP internally. An example would be the joining of a number of large Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) networks where OSPF by itself would not scale to size. Another reason to use BGP is multihoming a network for better redundancy either to multiple access points of a single ISP (RFC 1998) or to multiple ISPs.

The above diagram explains how a connection is established using a BGP session. The BGP standard specifies a number of decision factors, more than are used by any other common routing process. c. ISP and Global Routing: Let us take this situation for example you are using google talk on internet and chatting with your friend sitting in another city. Now your internet service provider is for example reliance and your friend is using a internet connection provided by Sify have we ever thought that how does these two different ISPs communicate with each other how the data sent over one ISP reaches the other the ISP. Here also the concept of global routing comes into the picture. To be more precise it uses the technology of BGP and Peering.

Above Diagram illustrates an example of peer to peer network Let us understand what is Peering: Peering is a voluntary interconnection of administratively separate Internet networks for the purpose of exchanging traffic between the customers of each network. The

pure definition of peering is settlement-free or "sender keeps all," meaning that neither party pays the other for the exchanged traffic; instead, each derives revenue from its own customers. Marketing and commercial pressures have led to the word peering routinely being used when there is some settlement involved, even though that is not the accurate technical use of the word. The phrase "settlement-free peering" is sometimes used to reflect this reality and unambiguously describe the pure cost-free peering situation. Peering requires physical interconnection of the networks, an exchange of routing information through the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routing protocol and is often accompanied by peering agreements of varying formality, from "handshake" to thick contracts. The Internet is a collection of separate and distinct networks, each one operating under a common framework of globally unique IP addressing and global BGP routing. The relationships between these networks are generally described by one of the following three categories: Transit (or pay) You pay money (or settlement) to another network for Internet access (or transit). Peer (or swap) Two networks exchange traffic between each other's customers freely, and for mutual benefit. Customer (or sell) Another network pays you money to provide them with Internet access. Furthermore, in order for a network to reach any specific other network on the Internet, it must either: Sell transit (or Internet access) service to that network (making them a 'customer'), Peer directly with that network, or with a network who sells transit service to that network, or Pay another network for transit service, where that other network must in turn also sell, peer, or pay for access. The Internet is based on the principle of global reachability (sometimes called endto-end reachability), which means that any Internet user can reach any other Internet user as though they were on the same network. Therefore, any Internet

connected network must by definition either pay another network for transit, or peer with every other network that also does not purchase transit.