Image Enhancement Frequency Domain

Resmi N.G.
Reference:
Digital Signal Processing
Rafael C. Gonzalez
Richard E. Woods
Frequency Domain Methods
Basics of filtering in frequency domain
Basic Filters and Properties
Notch filter
Lowpass Filter
Highpass Filter
Smoothing Frequency Domain Filters
Ideal Lowpass Filters
Butterworth Lowpass Filters
Gaussian Lowpass Filters Gaussian Lowpass Filters
Sharpening Frequency Domain Filters
Ideal Highpass Filters
Butterworth Highpass Filters
Gaussian Highpass Filters
Enhancement using The Laplacian
Unsharp Masking
High Boost Filtering
High-Frequency Emphasis Filtering
Homomorphic Filtering
3/20/2012 CS04 804B Image Processing - Module2 2
Basics of Filtering in Frequency
Domain
1. Multiply the input image by (-1)
x+y
to center the transform.
2. Compute the DFT, F(u,v) of the resulting image.
3. Multiply F(u,v) by a filter function H(u,v) to obtain G (u,v). 3. Multiply F(u,v) by a filter function H(u,v) to obtain G (u,v).
4.Compute the inverse DFT of G(u,v) to obtain g*(x,y).
5. Obtain the real part of g*(x,y).
6. Multiply the result by (-1)
x+y
to obtain g (x,y).
Basic Steps for Filtering in Frequency Domain
3/20/2012 4 CS04 804B Image Processing - Module2
Notch filter
Lowpass Filter
Highpass Filter
Unsharp Masking
Notch Filter
It is a constant function with a hole at the origin.
Sets F(0,0) to zero.
Lowpass Filter
It attenuates high frequencies and passes low frequencies.
Highpass Filter
It attenuates low frequencies and passes high frequencies.
Notch filter
Lowpass Filter
Highpass Filter
Unsharp Masking
Low Pass Filter (Smoothing Filter)
The result in the spatial domain is equivalent to that of
a smoothing filter as the blocked high frequencies a smoothing filter as the blocked high frequencies
correspond to sharp intensity changes, i.e. to the fine-
scale details and noise in the spatial domain image.
High Pass Filter(Sharpening Filter)
A highpass filter attenuates the low-frequency
components without disturbing the high frequency
information in the Fourier Transform.
It yields edge enhancement or edge detection in the
spatial domain, because edges contain many high
frequencies. Areas of constant gray level consist
mainly of low frequencies and are therefore
suppressed.
Band Pass Filter
A bandpass filter attenuates very low and very high
frequencies, but retains a middle range band of
frequencies. Bandpass filtering can be used to enhance
edges (suppressing low frequencies) while reducing the edges (suppressing low frequencies) while reducing the
noise(attenuating high frequencies).
Bandpass filter is a combination of both lowpass and
highpass filters. These filters attenuate all frequencies
below a specific frequency and above a specific frequency,
while retaining the frequencies between the two cut-offs.
Notch filter
Lowpass Filter
Highpass Filter
Unsharp Masking
Ideal Low Pass Filters
0
0
1 ( , )
( , )
0 ( , )
.
Transfer Function
if D u v D
H u v
if D u v D
D is a specified non negative quantity
=

>

( ) ( )
0
1
2 2 2
.
( , )
2 2
D is a specified non negative quantity
D(u,v)is thedistance from point (u,v)totheoriginof
the frequency rectangle.
N M
D u v u v
(
= +
(

Ideal because all frequencies inside a circle of radius D
0
are passed without any attenuation, whereas all
frequencies outside the circle are completely attenuated.
The point of transition between H(u,v) = 1 and H(u,v) = 0
is called the cut-off frequency.
Ideal Low pass Filter
Produces Ringing effect.
Cannot be realized in electronic components. Cannot be realized in electronic components.
Not very Practical
Butterworth Low Pass Filters
The transfer function of a BLPF of order n, and with cut-
off frequency at a distance D
0
from the origin, is defined
as
2
1
( , )
( , )
n
H u v
D u v
=
(
( ) ( )
2
0
2 2
2
0
( , )
1
1
2 2
1
n
n
D u v
D
N M
u v
D
(
+
(

=
(
(
+
(
(

+
(
(
(

Provides a smooth transition between low and high
frequencies.
Butterworth filter of order 1 has neither ringing nor
negative values.
BLPF of order 2 has mild ringing and small negative
values.
Reduced ringing effect than ILPF.
Gaussian Low Pass Filters
2
2
( , )
2
( , )
D u v
H u v e
D(u,v)is the distance fromtheoriginof the Fourier
Transform.
=
2
2
0
0
( , )
2
0
.
,
( , )
.
D u v
D
Transform.
is a measureof the spread of theGaussiancurve
When D
H u v e
where D is thecut off frequency
=
=

2
0
2
0
1
2
2
0
( , ) 0, ( , ) 1
( , ) , ( , ) 0.607
D
D
When D u v H u v
When D u v D H u v e e
= =
= = = =
Gaussian Low Pass Filters
Very smooth filter function.
Inverse DFT of the Gaussian lowpass filter is Gaussian.
No Ringing effect. No Ringing effect.
Applications of Low Pass Filters
In the field of machine perception
Character Recognition
In printing and publishing industry. In printing and publishing industry.
Cosmetic processing prior to printing
For processing satellite and aerial images.
Notch filter
Lowpass Filter
Highpass Filter
Unsharp Masking
Ideal High Pass Filters
Transfer Function of high pass filter is given by
( , ) 1 ( , )
hp lp
H u v H u v =
That is, when low pass filter attenuates frequencies, high
pass filter passes them and vice versa.
( , )
.
hp lp
lp
H u v is thetransfer functionof corresponding
low pass filter
Opposite of ideal lowpass filter.
Sets to zero all frequencies inside a circle of radius D
0
while all frequencies outside the circle are passed without
0
0
0 ( , )
( , )
1 ( , )
if D u v D
H u v
if D u v D
=

>
while all frequencies outside the circle are passed without

attenuation.
Not physically realizable with electronic components.
Produces ringing effect.
D
0
= 15,30,80
Butterworth High Pass Filter
2
0
1
( , )
1
( , )
n
H u v
D
D u v
=
(
+
(

Represents a transition between the sharpness of IHPF and
the total smoothness of Gaussian filter.
D
0
= 15,30,80
Gaussian High Pass Filter
2
2
0
( , )
2
( , ) 1
D u v
D
H u v e
=
D
0
= 15,30,80
Notch filter
Lowpass Filter
Highpass Filter
Unsharp Masking
2 2
( )
( ) ( )
( , ) ( , )
n
n
n
d f x
ju F u
dx
d f x y d f x y
(
=
(

(
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
( , ) ( , )
( ) ( , ) ( ) ( , )
( ) ( , )
( , ) ( , )
( , ).
d f x y d f x y
ju F u v jv F u v
dx dy
u v F u v
d f x y d f x y
is the Laplacianof f x y
dx dy
(
+ = +
(

= +
+
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
( , ) ( ) ( , )
, ( , ) ( ).
( , ) ( )
2 2
f x y u v F u v
Laplaciancanbeimplemented inthe frequency domain
using the filter H u v u v
N M
H u v u v shifted
( = +

= +
(
= +
(

The Laplacian filtered imageinthe spatial domainis
obtained by comput

( ) ( )
2 2
2 1
( , ) ( , ) :
( , ) ( , )
2 2
ing theinverse Fourier Transform
of H u v F u v
N M
f x y u v F u v

(
= +
`
(

)
Unsharp Masking and High Boost Filtering
High pass filters eliminate the zero frequency component
of their Fourier transforms and hence average background
intensity reduces to near black.
Solution: Add a portion of the image back to the filtered
result.
Enhancement using Laplacian adds the entire image back
to the filtered result.
Unsharp masking consists of generating a sharp image by
subtracting a blurred version of an image from itself.
That is, obtaining a highpass-filtered image by subtracting
from the image a lowpass-filtered version of itself.
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) f x y f x y f x y =
High-boost filtering generalizes this by multiplying f(x,y)
by a constant A1.
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
hp lp
f x y f x y f x y =
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
hp lp
f x y Af x y f x y =
High-boost filtering thus increases the contribution made
by the image to the overall enhanced result.
When A=1, high-boost filtering reduces to regular
highpass filtering.
High Frequency Emphasis Filtering
To increase the contribution made by high-frequency
components of an image.
Multiply a highpass filter function by a constant and add
an offset so that the zero frequency term is not eliminated
by the filter. by the filter.
Filter transfer function is given by
Where a 0 and b>a.
( , ) ( , )
hfe hp
H u v a bH u v = +
Module 2 Assignment
Explain the following point operations:
Contrast Stretching
Range Compression
Image Clipping Image Clipping
Explain Homomorphic Filtering.
Explain Convolution and Correlation Theorems.
Thank You Thank You

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3/20/2012 CS04 804B Image Processing - Module2 14

3/20/2012 22 CS04 804B Image Processing - Module2

while all frequencies outside the circle are passed without

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