An Application of The Imaginary Number "I" Using Coordinate Geometry and Algebra

PROBLEMS IN APPLIED ALGEBRA AND BASIC TRIGONOMETRY
AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

PREFACE Many students ask why do they have to study algebra and geometry. The reply usually infers that these subjects are the building blocks of higher math. In a technical environment, algebra, geometry and trigonometry are the basic tools that are used to solve the problems. Basic Electricity is definitely an application where this is so very true. Engineering Graphics, Technical Drawing and Electronics are a few more examples of career application of applied math. Military technical schools seem to confirm the above observations in that most technical people with a good command of algebra, geometry and basic trigonometry are quite successful in their respective fields of technical training and in collegiate experiences. Being a product of a military technical school (US Naval Schools Command), I found that a solid high school math foundation in applied algebra, analytical geometry, trigonometry and physics provided me with the tools required to begin my studies in the feld of electronics, mathematics and programming. The technical schools and colleges taught me many practical math problem solving techniques which I try to pass on to my students in my capacity as a math tutor and math instructor. The objective of this paper is to illustrate how some of these problem solving techniques and methodologies are applied to algebra, coordinate geometry and vector problems. Sometimes the formal presentation of math gets in the way of understanding its message. Many students can quote you a math principle from a textbook while being completely clueless of what it means or how to use it in a practical application. Many math students gain confidence when they overcome their fear of making mistakes. They should be encouraged to try different approaches or techniques to problem solving. I call it Mathematical Innovation or Math R&D with a pencil. A piano player becomes a musician through practice and experimentation. The same analogy is true when applied to learning mathematics at any level. Students should be encouraged to try different methidologies to solve problems. This treatment barely touches the tip of the iceberg with regard to applications of imaginary numbers. The intent of this treatise is to enhance the students problem solving techniques by applying some basic principles of analytical geometry, algebra and uses of the imaginary number to the solution of some common graph problems. I hope you will enjoy this treatment and have as much fun as I did writing it. Herb Norman Sr. Thornton, Colorado March 20, 2012 Page 1

CONTENTS
CHAPTER #1 1.01 1.02 1.03 CHAPTER #2 2.01 2.02 2.03 CHAPTER #3 3.01 3.02 CHAPTER #4 4.01 4.02 CHAPTER #5 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07
Solutions Using Basic Trigonometry Pythagorean Theorem Basic Trigonometric Functions Inverse Trigonometric Functions Solutions Using Algebra & Linear Equations Coordinate System & the Distance Formula Reconfiguration and Intersecting Lines Area & Enclosed Polygons Solutions Using The Complex Plane Coordinate System & Imaginary Numbers Triangle Solution Methodologies Shifting Methodologies & Applications Shifting a Geometric Figure in a Complex Plane Shifting a Straight Line y = mx + b Rotation Methodologies & Applications Rotating a Geometric Figure in a Complex Plane Rotation About the Origin Rotation Using Matrix Methodologies Rotation About a Referenced Vertex Rotate About a Referenced Vertex Using Matrices Rotating About Multiple Vertices in a (R1 = R2) Rotating About Multiple Vertices in a (R1 R2)
3 4 7
11 13 15
17 19
24 27
29 31 36 37 39 43 50
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CHAPTER #1 SOLUTIONS USING BASIC TRIGONOMETRY Solutions of Right Triangles Section 1.01: Pythagorean Theorem Given a Right Triangle; The square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. c2 = a2 + b2 Illustration: c = hypotenuse a & b are the other two sides that are perpendicular to each other
Problem #1.01-A
Given a =4 and b =3; Find c, the hypotenuse c2 = 42 + 32 c2 = 16 + 9 c2 = 25 c = 25 then c= 5
c2 = a2 + b2
Problem #1.01-B
Given c = 5 and b =3; c2 = a2 + b2 Find a, one of the perpendicular sides 52 = a2 + 32 25 = a2 + 9 25 - 9 = a2 16 = a 2 then 16 = a 4= a Page 3

Problem #1.01-C Given c = 5 and a =4; c2 = a2 + b2 Find b, one of the perpendicular sides 52 = 42 + b2 25 = 16 + b2 25 - 16 = b2 9 = b2 then 9=b 3= b
Section 1.02: Basic Trigonometry Functions Given a Right Triangle; the side opposite the 90O is called the hypotenuse. The other two angles are complementary angles. The other two sides are referred to as opposite and adjacent, depending on which of the complementary angles is referenced, determines the name of the side (opposite or adjacent).
The basic trigonometric functions of the reference angle () are Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Cosecant, Secant and Cotangent. The functions and their abbreviations are defined as follows: Opposite Sine (i) = Sin (i) = Hypotenuse Adjacent Co sin e (i) = Cos (i) = Hypotenuse Opposite Tangent (i) = Tan (i) = Adjacent Hypotenuse 1 = Opposite Sin (i) Hypotenuse 1 Secant (i) = Sec (i) = = Adjacent Cos (i) Adjacent 1 Co tan gent (i) = Cot (i) = = Opposite Tan (i) Co sec ant (i) = Csc =
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The first three functions (Sine, Cosine and Tangent) are the basic three. Cosecant, Secant and Cotangent are their respective reciprocals. Calculate the trigonometric functions of angle (A) in the given right triangle below.
Problem #1.02-A Find the Tangent of angle (A). Opposite Tan (A) = Adjacent 4 Tan (A) = 3 or Tan (A) = 1.3333 Problem #1.02-C Find the Sine of angle (A). Opposite Sin (A) = Hypotenuse 4 Sin (A) = 5 or Sin (A) = 0.8000 Problem #1.02-E Find the Cosine of angle (A). Adjacent Cos (A) = Hypotenuse 3 Cos (A) = 5 or Cos (A) = 0.6000
Problem #1.02-B Find the Cotangent of angle (A). Adjacent Cot (A) = Opposite 3 Cot (A) = 4 or Cot (A) = 0.7500 Problem #1.02-D Find the Cosecant of angle (A). Hypotenuse Csc (A) = Opposite 5 Csc (A) = 4 or Csc (A) = 1.2500 Problem #1.02-F Find the Secant of angle (A). Hypotenuse Sec (A) = Adjacent 5 Sec (A) = 3 or Sec (A) = 1.6667
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Calculate the trigonometric functions of angle (B) in the given right triangle below:
Problem #1.02-G Find the Tangent of angle (B). Opposite Tan (B) = Adjacent 3 Tan (B) = 4 or Tan (B) = 0.7500 Problem #1.02-I Find the Sine of angle (B). Opposite Sin (B) = Hypotenuse 3 Sin (B) = 5 or Sin (B) = 0.6000 Problem #1.02-K Find the Cosine of angle (B). Adjacent Cos (B) = Hypotenuse 4 Cos (B) = 5 or Cos (B) = 0.8000
Problem #1.02-H Find the Cotangent of angle (B). Opposite Tan (B) = Adjacent 4 Tan (B) = 3 or Tan (B) = 1.3333 Problem #1.02-J Find the Cosecant of angle (B). Hypotenuse Csc (B) = Opposite 5 Csc (B) = 3 or Csc (B) = 1.6667 Problem #1.02-L Find the Secant of angle (B). Hypotenuse Sec (B) = Adjacent 5 Sec (B) = 4 or Sec (B) = 1.2500
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Section 1.03: Inverse Trigonometry Functions (The Angle ) Given a Right Triangle and the Trigonometric Function; the Arc Function generates the referenced angle (Degrees or Radians) as illustrated in the following Problems.
Once the Trigonometric Function is calculated, the Referenced Angle is generated through the Arc Functions. The process is referred to as Inverse Trigonometric Functions and they are listed below: Trigonometric Function Tan (A) = Opposite/Adjacent Sin (A) = Opposite/Hypotenuse Cos (A) = Adjacent/Hypotenuse Cot (A) = Adjacent/Opposite Csc (A) = Hypotenuse/Opposite Sec (A) = Hypotenuse/Adjacent Inverse Trigonometric Function (A) = ArcTan (Opposite/Adjacent) (A) = ArcSin (Opposite/Hypotenuse) (A) = ArcCos (Adjacent/Hypotenuse) (A) = ArcCot (Adjacent/Opposite) (A) = ArcCsc (Hypotenuse/Opposite) (A) = ArcSec (Hypotenuse/Adjacent)
Given the triangle is a Right Triangle, the acute angles are complementary and sum to 90o. Under these conditions, the Complementary Angles can be expressed as ( and 90o - ). If the Referenced Angle is designated (A), then its complement, (B) is equal to (90o - A). Knowing this relationship simplifies the calculation of the Complementary Angles when solving the Right Triangle in the following problems.
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Generate the Referenced Angle (A), given the calculated trigonometric functions in the previous problems (Problems 1.02-A through 1.02-L)
. Problem #1.03-A Using the Tangent of Angle (A). Opposite Tan (A) = Adjacent 4 Tan (A) = 3 or Tan (A) = 1.3333 4 ^ A h = ArcTan a 3 k = 53.13 O ^ B h = ^ 90 O - 53.13 O h = 36.87 O Problem #1.03-C Using the Sine of Angle (A). Opposite Sin (A) = Hypotenuse 4 Sin (A) = 5 or Sin (A) = 0.8000 4 (A) = ArcSin a 5 k = 53.13 O ^ B h = 90 O - 53.13 O = 36.87 O
Problem #1.03-B Using the CoTangent of Angle (A). Adjacent Cot (A) = Opposite 3 Cot (A) = 4 or Cot (A) = 0.7500 3 (A) = ArcCot a 4 k = 53.13 O ^ B h = 90 O - 53.13 O = 36.87 O Problem #1.03-D Using the Cosecant of Angle (A). Hypotenuse Csc (A) = Opposite 5 Csc (A) = 4 or Csc (A) = 1.2500 5 (A) = ArcCsc a 4 k = 53.13 O ^ B h = 90 O - 53.13 O = 36.87 O
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Generate the Referenced Angle (A) (Continued) Problem #1.03-E Using the Cosine of Angle (A). Adjacent Cos (A) = Hypotenuse 3 Cos (A) = 5 or Cos (A) = 0.6000 3 (A) = ArcCos a 5 k = 53.13 O ^ B h = 90 O - 53.13 O = 36.87 O Problem #1.03-F Using the Secant of Angle (A). Hypotenuse Sec (A) = Adjacent 5 Sec (A) = 3 or Sec (A) = 1.6667 5 (A) = ArcSec a 3 k = 53.13 O ^ B h = 90 O - 53.13 O = 36.87 O
Generate the Referenced Angle (B)
Problem #1.03-G Using the Tangent of Angle (B). Opposite Tan (B) = Adjacent 3 Tan (B) = 4 or Tan (B) = 0.7500 3 ^ B h = ArcTan a 4 k = 36.87 O ^ A h = ^ 90 O - 36.87 O h = 53.13 O
Problem #1.03-H Using the CoTangent of Angle (B). Adjacent Cot (B) = Opposite 4 Cot (B) = 3 or Cot (B) = 0.7500 4 (B) = ArcCot a 3 k = 36.87 O ^ A h = ^ 90 O - 36.87 O h = 53.13 O
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Generate the Referenced Angle (B) (Continued) Problem #1.03-I Using the Sine of Angle (B). Opposite Sin (B) = Hypotenuse 3 Sin (B) = 5 or Sin (B) = 0.6000 3 (B) = ArcSin a 5 k = 36.87 O ^ A h = ^ 90 O - 36.87 O h = 53.13 O Problem #1.03-K Using the Cosine of Angle (B). Adjacent Cos (B) = Hypotenuse 4 Cos (B) = 5 or Cos (B) = 0.8000 4 (B) = ArcCos a 5 k = 36.87 O ^ A h = ^ 90 O - 36.87 O h = 53.13 O Problem #1.03-M Reference Angle (A = 53.13O). Given Hypotenuse = 5 Adjacent Cos ^ A h = Hypotenuse ^ Hypotenuse h6Cos ^ A h@ = Adjacent 5Cos ^ 53.13 O h = Adjacent 3.00 = Adjacent Opposite Sin ^ A h = Hypotenuse ^ Hypotenuse h6Sin ^ A h@ = Opposite 5Sin ^ 53.13 O h = Opposite 4.00 = Opposite ^ B h = 90 O - (A) ^ B h = 90 O - (53.13 O) Problem #1.03-J Using Cosecant of Angle (B). Hypotenuse Csc (B) = Opposite 5 Csc (B) = 3 or Csc (B) = 1.6667 5 (B) = ArcCsc a 3 k = 36.87 O ^ A h = ^ 90 O - 36.87 O h = 53.13 O Problem #1.03-L Using the Secant of Angle (B). Hypotenuse Sec (B) = Adjacent 5 Sec (B) = 4 or Sec (B) = 1.2500 5 (B) = ArcSec a 4 k = 36.87 O ^ A h = ^ 90 O - 36.87 O h = 53.13 O Problem #1.03-N Reference Angle (B = 36.87O). Given Adjacent = 4 Opposite Tan ^ B h = Adjacent ^ Adjacent h6Tan ^ B h@ = Opposite 4Tan ^ 36.87 O h = Opposite 3.00 = Opposite Adjacent Cos ^ B h = Hypotenuse Adjacent Hypotenuse = Cos ^ B h 4 Hypotenuse = Cos ^ 36.87 O h Hypotenuse = 5.00 ^ A h = 90 O - (B) ^ A h = 90 O - (36.87 O)
^ B h = 36.87 O
^ A h = 53.13 O
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CHAPTER #2 SOLUTIONS USING ALGEBRA AND LINEAR EQUATIONS Section 2.01: Coordinate System & the Distance Formula By transposing the same problem to a two dimensional coordinate system, we can explore algebraic methodologies with regard to solutions. The following Line Graph forms a Right Triangle of the same dimensions as the one in the previous chapter. Basic Equations of Linear Systems Slope Intercept Form: Slope (m): Y-Intercept: X-Intercept: Point-Slope Form: Angle ()between 2 Slopes (m1 & m2)
y = mx + b y2 - y1 m= x -x 2 1 b
i = ArcTan ^ m h
-b x o = m ; given y = 0 y - y p = m^ x - x ph m2 - m1 Tan ^ b h = 1 - m m 1 2
The Slope (m) or Tangent() is the angle between the X-Axis and the linear function (AB) at the point of the X-Intercept, B (0 ,4) where Xo = 4. The Y-Intercept occurs at the point A (0,3 ) where b = 3. A Right Triangle (ACB) with Height (CA = 3) and Base (CB = 4).
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Distance Formula: D=
^ x2 - x1 h2 + ^ y2 - y1 h2
The distance formula is used to calculate the straight line distance between two points. Given the two points are the X and Y intercepts, [ (XO, 0) & (0, b) ] respectively. If the two points are the X and Y intercepts, then the straight line distance lies on the hypotenuse, (A, B) Problem #2.01-A Given: The X-Intercept is located at B (0 ,4) Line y = - 3 x + 3 4 The Y-Intercept occurs at A (0,3 ) b Slope = ^ m h = - x O 3 m =- 4 i = ArcTan ^ m h 3 i = ArcTan a - 4 k i = - 36.87 O
m = Tangent (i)
(A) = i
D = ^ x 2 - x 1 h + ^ y2 - y1 h AB = ^ 0 - 3 h2 + ^ 4 - 0 h2 AB = ^ - 3 h2 + 4 2 AB = 25 AB = 5
^ A h = - 53.13 O (B) = 90 O - (A) (B) = 90 O - (- 53.13 O) ^ B h = 143.13 O or - 36.87 O
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Section 2.02: Reconfiguration and Intersecting Lines Reconfigure the 3-4-5 Right Triangle so the hypotenuse is the base, the opposite and adjacent sides are perpendicular to each other and intersect at a point, C (x, y). Label the figure so that the vertex of Angle (B) is at the Origin, B (0, 0) and has a positive slope toward C (x, y) and forms a straight line (BC), which is above the x-axis. Construct the vertex of Angle (A) at (5, 0) so that its side (AC) lies on a straight line with C (x, y) and intersects the line (BC) at 90O. See the figure below.. Problem #2.02-A
^ B h = ArcTan ^ B h m B = Tan ^ B h 3 mB = 4 y BC = m B x + b BC 3 y BC = 4 x given b BC = 0 3 mB = 4
^ A h = ArcTan ^ A h m A = Tan ^ A h 4 b AC m A = - 3 and x 0 = - m = 5 A y AC = m A x + b AC 4 20 y AC = - 3 x + 3 given b AC = - m A x 0 4 mA = - 3 20 b AC = 3
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y BC = y AC at C ^ x C, y C h 3 4 20 x =- 3x+ 3 4 4 3 20 x+ 4x = 3 3 16x + 9x 20 = 3 12 25x 20 = 3 12 16 x= 5
xC = x 3 y C = y BC = 4 x 3 16 yC = 4 a 5 k 12 yC = 5 16 12 C ^ x C, y C h = a 5 , 5 k
The Distance Formula can be used to confirm the lengths (BC = 4), (AC = 3) and (AB = 5). The Vertex C (Xc, Yc) can be confirmed to be a Right Angle by comparing the slopes. The Base Line (BA) from Origin B (0, 0) to A (5, 0) is 5 units by way of subtraction of the coordinates since they lie on the same axis. XA - XB = Delta x; x = 5 Length of Line (BC): 16 12 B (0, 0) to C a 5 , 5 k BC = ^ x B - x C h2 + ^ y B - y C h2 BC = ^ 0 - 16 h2 + ^ 0 - 12 h2 5 5 256 144 BC = 25 + 25 BC = 400 25 BC = 4 Length of Line (AC): 16 12 A (5, 0) to C a 5 , 5 k AC = ^ x A - x C h2 + ^ y A - y C h2 AC = ^ 5 - 16 h2 + ^ 0 - 12 h2 5 5 81 144 AC = 25 + 25 AC = 225 25 AC = 3
Two slopes are perpendicular to each other if one slope is the negative reciprocal of the other. 1 If slope (mB) slope (mA) then m A = - m B 3 Refer to the slopes in the above problem: m B = 4 and m A = - 4 3 Since the slopes (mB) and (mA) are negative reciprocals, (mB) slope (mA). These slopes intersect at the Vertex (C) @ 90O.
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Section 2.03: Area & Enclosed Polygons Refer to the figure used in Problem #2.02-A
16 12 C ^ x C , yC h = a 5 , 5 k Problem #2.03-A Given the 3-4-5 Triangle BAC: Vertices: B(0,0), A(5,0), C(16/5, 12/5) The Base (BA =5) and the Height (Yc =12/5), find the AREA. Area = (Base)(Height)/2: By calculator, Area = 6 sq-units Using the Determinant and Vertices to calculate the Area : xB yB 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 Area 3= 2 xA yA 1 = 2 5 0 1 = 2 6^ 12 h - ^ 0 h@ = 6 16 12 x C yC 1 5 5 1 xB yB 1 ^ 2 h^ Area 3 h = ^ Base h^ Height h = xA yA 1 x C yC 1
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Given any POLYGON ENCLOSED BY (n 3) VERTICES; Vertices defined by (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), ... , (xn, yn), (x1, y1). If the polygon is a Triangle (n = 3), the procedure shown above BAC, also works. However, if n > 3, Problem #2.03-A can be solved by using the following methodology.
^ 2 h^ Area h =
x 1 y1 x 2 y2 x 3 y3 x n yn + + + ... + x 2 y2 x 3 y3 x 4 y4 x 1 y1
Note: The last determinant references the nth vertex (xn,yn) and the 1st (x1,y1). Twice the rea is equal to the sum of n (2 x 2) determinants. Each determinant consists of overlapping (x, y) vertices in sequence, ending with the 1st vertex. Problem #2.03-B Given Vertices: B(0,0), A(5,0), C(16/5, 12/5), find the AREA.
16 12 0 0 5 0 5 5 + 16 12 + ^ 2 h^ Area h = 5 0 0 0 5 5 ^ 2 h^ Area h = ^ 0 - 0 h + ^ 12 - 0 h + ^ 0 - 0 h ^ 2 h^ Area h = 12
Area = 6
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CHAPTER #3 SOLUTIONS USING THE COMPLEX PLANE Section 3.01: Coordinate System & Imaginary Numbers By placing the Right Triangle in the Complex Plane, the Y-Axis becomes the Imaginary Axis and the X-Axis becomes the Real Number Axis. The complex number system provides a few more tools that can be used to analyze and solve the Right Triangle. By using the complex model, the sides and angles of the triangle can be calculated by using the product and ratio properties of complex numbers. Transformation and rotation of points is obtained by the use of complex properties.
Given a vertical Vector of length (3) expressed as ( 3i ) on the Imaginary Axis and a horizontal Vector of length (4) expressed as (4) on the Real Axis; The Vector which is the (Magnitude or Hypotenuse) of length (5) will be the Result in the direction ( ), also referred to as the Argument with respect to the Real Axis in the Complex Plane. Vector Length Typical Designations Angle Complex Expression
Hypotenuse Modulus Absolute Magnitude
r ii, A i , Z , R
Argument i = Arg (z)
a + bi or a + jb x + iy or x + jy
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There are Four Formats used to express complex numbers in the complex plane. RECTANGULAR: POLAR : TRIGONOMETRIC: EXPONENTIAL: x + iy A i A 6Cos ^ i h + i Sin ^ i h@ Aeii 4 + i3 5 36.87 O 5 6Cos ^ 36.87 O h + i Sin ^ 36.87 O h@ 5ei36.87
O
There are advantages for using one format over another. In most cases the application dictates the format. There are some conditions which require transferring from one format during the process of solving.
x + jy = Ze ji Given: x = Cos ^ i h & y = Sin ^ i h Z = x2 + y2 Z 6Cos ^ i h + jSin ^ i h@

The PRODUCT of two complex numbers generates the Sum of the two arguments.
Pr oduct Pr operty
^ Z 1 e ji h^ Z 2 e j} h = Z 1 Z 2 e jî + }h ^ Z 1 e ji h^ Z 2 e j} h = Z 1 Z 2 6Cos ^ i + } h + jSin ^ i + } h@ ^ Z 1 e ji h^ Z 2 e j} h = Z 1 Z 2 ^ i + } h

The RATIO of two complex numbers generate the Difference between the arguments.
Ratio Pr operty Z 1 e ji a Z 1 k jî - }h = Z e 2 Z 2 e j} ji Z1 e Z1 j} = a Z 2 k6Cos ^ i - } h + jSin ^ i - } h@ Z2 e Z 1 e ji a Z 1 k = Z î - }h 2 Z 2 e j}
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De Moivres Theorem Zn This theorem enables us to find the power of a complex number in Polar or Trigonometric format very easily. Z n = ^ x + jy hn Z n = Z 6Cos ^ i h + jSin ^ i h@n n Z n = Z 6Cos ^ ni h + jSin ^ ni h@ Section 3.02: Applications - Triangle Solution Methodologies Problem 3.02A Given the vertices of ABC, Solve Completely for Sides and Angles.
n
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Step #1 Identify and label all vertices with coordinates derived from the original figure.
Coordinate D (4, 0) is derived from Coordinates B (4, 3) and A (0, 0) Coordinate E (5, 3) is derived from Coordinates B (4, 3) and C (5, 8.66) Coordinate F (0, 8.66) is derived from Coordinates A (0, 0) and C (5, 8.66) Step #2 Define Coordinates with complex numbers. A = 0 + j0 D = 4 + j0 B = 4 + j3 E = 5 + j3 C = 5 + j8.66 F = 0 + j8.66
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Step #3 Given ADB defined by Point B; B = 4 + j3 Modulus |AB| AB = 4 2 + 3 2 AB = 5 3 BAD = ArcTan a 4 k BAD = 36.87 O Exponential Format B (4, 3) AB = 4 + j3 AB = 5e j36.87 AB = 5 36.87 O
O
Angle ABD ABD = 90 O - BAD ABD = 90 O - 36.87 O ABD = 53.13 O
Step #4 Given EBC defined by Points B (4, 3), C (5, 8.66) and E(5, 3). Side BC connecting B = 4 + j3 to C = 5 + j8.66. Side BC simplifies to: C - B = (x, jy) = (5-4, j8.66-j3): BC = (1, j5.66) Modulus |BC| 3BC = 3BC = 3BC = Exponential Format B (4, 3) to C (5, 8.66) 3x = 1 & 3 y = 5.66 BC = 3x + j 3 y BC = 1 + j5.66 BC = 5.75e j79.98 BC = 5.75 79.98 O
O
Angle BCE
^ 3x h2 + ^ 3y h2 1 2 + 5.66 2 33.04 = 5.75 5.66 CBE = ArcTan a 1 k CBE = 79.98 O
BCE = 90 O - CBE BCE = 90 O - 79.98 O BCE = 10.02 O
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Step #4 (Continued)
Step #5 Given ABC, the original triangle, defined by Points A, B and C. We also have two of the three sides and some information about each angle. First lets take the same approach as the previous steps. Modulus |AC| AC = 5 2 + 8.66 2 AC = 10 8.66 CAD = ArcTan a 5 k CAD = 60 O Exponential Format C (5, 8.66) AC = 5 + j8.66 AC = 10e AC = 10 60 O Page 22
j60 O
Angle CAB CAB = CAD O
BAD
CAB = 60 - 36.87 O CAB = 23.13 O

Step #5 (Continued) Angle ABC ABC = 360 O - 90 O - CBE - ABD ABC = 270 O - 79.98 O - 53.13 O ABC = 136.89 O Angle BCA BCA = 180 O - ABC - CAB BCA = 180 O - 136.89 O - 23.13 O BCA = 19.98 O COMPLETE SOLUTION
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Section 4.01: Shifting a Geometric Figure in a Complex Plane Given the vertices of ABC, SHIFT the triangle to position ABC within the Complex Plane by adding a SHIFT CONSTANT ^ a + bi h to each Vertex. The figure below shows the Rt ABC with Vertices A(0,0), B(4,0) and C(4,3i): SHIFTED to Vertex C( -4, -3i ), B(0, -3i) and A(0,0) respectively. The new vertices of ABC, are calculated by adding the Negative of Vertex C(4,3i) to each of the original vertices. The SHIFT CONSTANT = -4 - 3i, shifting the object 4 units left and 3 units down. The SHIFT Constant = -4 - 3i The SHIFT Constant in a COPLEX PLANE can be calculated by: 1) Selecting one of the original vertices V0 ^ x0 + y0 i h 2) 3) Select the destination or Shifted vertex position V S ^ x S + y S i h = VS - V0 The SHIFT Constant = = ^ xS + yS ih - ^ x0 + y0 ih
In this figure, select V0 as the Vertex C(4,3i) to be SHIFTED to VS Vertex C( 0, 0i ). Following the procedure outlined above, calculate the SHIFT Constant. 1) Selecting one of the original vertices V0 ^ 4 + 3i h 2) 3) Select the destination or Shifted vertex position VS ^ 0 + 0i h = VS - V0 The SHIFT Constant = = ^ 0 + 0i h - ^ 4 + 3i h = ^ - 4 - 3i h Add the Shift Constant to each of the vertices B to VERTEX B C'B'A = CBA + (- 4 - 3i) C'B'A = 4 + 0i - 4 - 3i C'B'A = 0 - 3i Vertex B' = (0, - 3i) C to VERTEX A C'AB' = ACB + (- 4 - 3i) C'AB' = 4 + 3i - 4 - 3i C'AB' = 0 + 0i Vertex A = (0, 0i)
4)
A to VERTEX C AC'B' = CAB + (- 4 - 3i) AC'B' = 0 + 0i - 4 - 3i AC'B' = - 4 - 3i Vertex C' = (- 4, - 3i)
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See the figure below to show the new positions as a result of shifting.
This methodology can be used to shift the object anywhere in the Complex Plane or Cartesian Plane. To maintain consistency, this model uses the imaginary numbers and the Complex Plane even though x,y coordinates work well when shifting points within the Cartesian Plane.
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The next figure shows an example of shifting the object to Quadrant II but, 1 unit above the Real Axis and 2 units left of the Imaginary Axis. SHIFT CONSTANT = -6 + 1i
VERTEX A C'A'B' = CAB + (- 6 + i) C'A'B' = 0 + 0i - 6 + i C'A'B' = - 6 + i Vertex A' = (- 6, i)
VERTEX B A'B'C' = ABC + (- 6 + i) A'B'C' = 4 + 0i - 6 + i A'B'C' = - 2 + i Vertex B' = (- 2, i)
VERTEX C A'C'B' = ACB + (- 6 + i) AC'B' = 4 + 3i - 6 + i AC'B' = - 2 + 4i Vertex C' = (- 2, + 4i)
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Section 4.02: Shifting a Straight Line y = mx + b Given a Point = (4,0) and Slope m = 3/4 are defined by the Straight Line Equation; y = 3x/4 - 3. Problem 4.02A: The graph below shows how to shift a straight line function vertically. Add a shift value to the y-intercept, b: y = mx + (b shift): + shift up & - shift down. VERTICAL SHIFT
Given Equation: y = 3x/4 - 3 y = 3x/4 - 3 is Shifted Vertical +2: y = 3x/4 - 3 is Shifted Vertical -2:
y = 3x/4 - (3 + 2) y = 3x/4 - (3 - 2)
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Problem 4.02B: The graph below shows how to shift a straight line function horizontally. Add a shift value to the x variable, x: y = m (x shift) + b: + shift LEFT & - shift RIGHT HORIZONTAL SHIFT
Given Equation: y = 3x/4 - 3 y = 3x/4 - 3 is Shifted Horizontal (Right) +2: y = 3x/4 - 3 is Shifted Horizontal (Left) -2:
y = 3(x - 2)/4 - 3 y = 3(x + 2)/4 - 3
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Section 5.01: Rotating a Geometric Figure Given the vertices of ABC, ROTATE the triangle to position ABC within the Complex Plane by Multiplying each of the Vertices by a ROTATION Constant ^ a + bi h. The figure below shows the Rt ABC with Vertices A(0,0i), B(4,0i) and C(4,3i): ROTATED to Vertex A(0,0), B(-4, 0i) and C( -4, -3i ) respectively. The new vertices of ABC, are calculated by multiplying each of the original vertices by the ROTATION Constant. The ROTATION Constant = -1 + 0i The ROTATION Constant in a COPLEX PLANE can be calculated by: 1) Selecting one of the original vertices V0 ^ x0 + y0 i h 2) 3) Select the respective rotated vertex VR ^ xR + yR i h
^ xR + yR i h The Counter-Clockwise Rotation Constant = VR = V0 ^ x 0 + y0 i h ^ x 0 + y0 i h V0 To rotate Clockwise use the reciprocal: VR = ^ xR + yR i h
In this figure, lets select Vertex C(4,3i) being ROTATED to Vertex C( -4, -3i ). Following the procedure outlined above, calculate the Rotation Constant. VA = ^ 0 + 0i h and VAR = VA ^ - 1 h VAR = ^ 0 + 0i h^ - 1 h and thus VAR = ^ 0 + 0i h VB = ^ 4 + 0i h and VBR = VB ^ - 1 h VBR = ^ 4 + 0i h^ - 1 h VBR = ^ - 4 + 0i h
VR = ^ - 4 - 3i h and
VC = ^ 4 + 3i h ^ - 4 - 3i h V Rotation Cons tan t = VCR = C ^ 4 + 3i h - 4 - 3i h ^ 4 - 3i h VCR ^ VC = ^ 4 + 3i h : ^ 4 - 3i h VCR - 16 - 9 - 25 VC = 16 + 9 = 25 = - 1
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The Rotation of Vertices with known destination: A = ( 0, 0i ), B = ( 4, 0i ), Rotation FROM Vertices: Rotation TO Vertices: A = ( 0, 0i ), B = (-4,0i),
C = ( 4, 3i ) C = ( -4, -3i )
Calculation of Rotation Constant: Counter-Clockwise = Ratio of Vertex (Destination) to Vertex (Original) Clockwise = Ratio of Vertex (Original) to Vertex (Destination)
Page 30
OBJECT ROTATION From 0O to 45O & 90O w/r ORIGIN Right Triangle ABC Base = Line AB Height = BC Hypotenuse = AC
Position #1 Defined by vertices A(3,0), B(6,0) & C(6,4). Position #2 Defined by vertices A(3/2, 3/2), B(6/2, 6/2) & C(2/2, 10/2). Position #3 Defined by vertices A(0,3), B(0,6) & C(-4,6).
Problem #5.02-A Given initial Position #1, calculate the vertices of each position (Position #2 @ = 45O) and (Position #3 @ 90O) as the object is rotated counterclockwise with respect to the origin from its initial position (Position #1) in the complex plane. Verify that the objects maintain their initial dimensions.
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Solution #5.02-A: Verify Base (AB), Height (BC) and Hypotenuse (AC) is unchanged in each position by using the Distance Formula and Congruent Triangles. .If dimensions are verified to be unchanged, then the angular rotation constant is calculated based on the unit vector. Position #1 Base - AB A 1 ^ 3, 0 h B1 ^ 6, 0 h A1 ^ xA, yA h B1 ^ xB, yB h D1AB = D1AB = D1AB =
Height - BC B1 ^ 6, 0 h C1 ^ 6, 4 h B1 ^ xB, yB h C1 ^ xC, yC h D1BC = D1BC = D1BC =
Hypotenuse - AC A1 ^ 3, 0 h C1 ^ 6, 4 h A1 ^ xA, yA h C1 ^ xC, yC h D1AC = D1AC = D1AC =
^ xB - xA h2 + ^ yB - yA h2 ^ 6 - 3 h2 + ^ 0 - 0 h2 9 D1AB = 3
^ xC - xB h2 + ^ yC - yB h2 ^ 6 - 6 h2 + ^ 4 - 0 h2 16 D1BC = 4
^ xC - xA h2 + ^ yC - yA h2 ^ 6 - 3 h2 + ^ 4 - 0 h2 9 + 16 = 25 D1AC = 5
Position #2 Base - AB 3 A 2 ^ 2 , 3 2 h B2 ^ 6 2 , 6 2 h A2 ^ xA, yA h B2 ^ xB, yB h D2AB = D2AB = D2AB =
Height - BC B2 ^ 2 , 6 2 h C2 ^ 2 2 , 10 2 h B2 ^ xB, yB h C2 ^ xC, yC h

6
Hypotenuse - AC A 2^ 2 , 3 2 h C2 ^ 2 2 , 10 2 h A1 ^ xA, yA h C1 ^ xC, yC h

3
^ xB - xA h2 + ^ yB - yA h2 ^ 6 2 - 3 2 h2 + ^ 6 2 - 3 2 h2 ^ 3 2 h2 + ^ 3 2 h2 = 18 2 D2AB = 3
D2BC = D2BC = D2BC =
^ xC - xB h2 + ^ yC - yB h2 ^ 2 2 - 6 2 h2 + ^ 10 2 - 6 2 h2 ^ - 4 2 h2 + ^ 4 2 h2 = 32 2 D2BC = 4
D1AC = D1AC = D1AC =
^ xC - xA h2 + ^ yC - yA h2 ^ 2 2 - 3 2 h2 + ^ 10 2 - 3 2 h2 ^ - 1 2 h2 + ^ 7 2 h2 = 50 2 D1AC = 5
Position #3 Base - AB A 3 ^ 0, 3 h B3 ^ 0, 6 h A3 ^ xA, yA h B3 ^ xB, yB h D3AB = D3AB = D3AB =
Height - BC B3 ^ 0, 6 h C3 ^ - 4, 6 h B3 ^ xB, yB h C1 ^ xC, yC h D3BC = D3BC = D3BC =
Hypotenuse - AC A3 ^ 0, 3 h C3 ^ - 4, 6 h A3 ^ xA, yA h C1 ^ xC, yC h D3AC = D3AC = D3AC =
^ xB - xA h2 + ^ yB - yA h2 ^ 0 - 0 h2 + ^ 6 - 3 h2 9 D3AB = 3
^ xC - xB h2 + ^ yC - yB h2 ^ - 4 - 0 h2 + ^ 6 - 6 h2 16 D3BC = 4
^ xC - xA h2 + ^ yC - yA h2 ^ - 4 - 0 h2 + ^ 6 - 3 h2 16 + 9 = 25 D3AC = 5
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All three triangles are congruent to each other due to equal segments: That is the Bases are EQUAL in all positions; The Heights are Equal in all positions; and the Hypotenuses are Equal in all positions. Congruency validates using the Unit Vector in the calculation of the Rotation Constant for each position angle.
Cosine Sine Tangent
0O 1 0 0
30O 3/2 1/2 1/3
45O 1/2 1/2 1
60O 1/2 3/2 3
90O 0 1
Unit Vector Expression for Complex Number (a + bi) = cos() + i sin () = 0 O: a = 1 i b = 0i O = 45 : a = 1/2 i b = i/2 O = 90 : a = 0 i b = 1i Rotation Constant Rotated Vertex (A) ( = 45O): k = (1/2 + i/2) V,A = k VA Given VA = (3, 0) V45,A = [cos() + i sin ()] ( 3 + 0i) V45,A = (1/2 + 1/2i) ( 3 + 0i) V45,A = (3/2 + 3i/2) V45,A = (3/2 , 3/2) V,B = k VB Given VB = (6, 0) V45,B = [cos() + i sin ()] (6 + 0i) V45,B = (1/2 + 1/2i) ( 6 + 0i) V45,B = (6/2 + 6i/2) V45,B = (6/2 , 6/2) V,C = k VC Given VC = (6, 4) V45,C = [cos() + i sin ()] ( 6 + 4i) V45,C = (1/2 + 1/2i) ( 6 + 4i) V45,C = (2/2 + 10i/2) V45,C = (2/2 , 10/2) ( = 90O): k = ( 0 + i) V,A = k VA Given VA = (3, 0) V45,A = [cos() + i sin ()] ( 3 + 0i) V45,A = (0 + i) ( 3 + 0i) V45,A = (0 +3i) V45,A = (0 , 3) V,B = k VB Given VB = (6, 0) V45,B = [cos() + i sin ()] (6 + 0i) V45,B = (0 + i) ( 6 + 0i) V45,B = (0 + 6i) V45,B = (0 , 6) V,C = k VC Given VC = (6, 4) V45,C = [cos() + i sin ()] ( 6 + 4i) V45,C = (0 + i) ( 6 + 4i) V45,C = (-4 + 6i) V45,C = (-4 , 6)
Rotated Vertex (B)
Rotated Vertex (C)
Compare calculated vertices to the Vertices given for Positions #1, #2 & #3 Position #1 Defined by vertices A(3,0), B(6,0) & C(6,4). Position #2 Defined by vertices A(3/2, 3/2), B(6/2, 6/2) & C(2/2, 10/2). Position #3 Defined by vertices A(0,3), B(0,6) & C(-4,6). Page 33

Problem #5.02-B Given initial Position #1, calculate the vertices of each position at = 45O and 90O counterclockwise from initial using the XY Coordinate Plane. Let X & Y = New_Rotated Coordinates x, y = coordinates of A, B & C Vertices at Position #1 Position #1 Defined by vertices A(3,0), B(6,0) & C(6,4) X = x Cos() - y Sin() Y = x Sin() + y Cos() Rotation = 45O X = x Cos() - y Sin() X = 3 Cos(45O) - 0 Sin(45O) X = (3) (1/2) - (0) (1/2) X = (3/2) Y = x Sin() + y Cos() Y = 3 Sin(45O) + 0 Cos(45O) Y = 3 (1/2) + 0 (1/2) Y = (3/2) A (3/2 , 3/2) Rotation = 45O X = x Cos() - y Sin() X = 6 Cos(45O) - 0 Sin(45O) X = (6) (1/2) - (0) (1/2) X = (6/2) Y = x Sin() + y Cos() Y = 6 Sin(45O) + 0 Cos(45O) Y = 6 (1/2) + 0 (1/2) Y = (6/2) A (6/2 , 6/2) Rotation = 45O X = x Cos() - y Sin() X = 6 Cos(45O) - 4 Sin(45O) X = (6) (1/2) - (4) (1/2) X = (2/2) Rotation = 90O X = x Cos() - y Sin() X = 3 Cos(90O) - 0 Sin(90O) X = (3) (0) - (0) (1) X = (0) Y = x Sin() + y Cos() Y = 3 Sin(90O) + 0 Cos(90O) Y = 3 (1) + 0 (0) Y = (3) A (0 , 3) Rotation = 90O X = x Cos() - y Sin() X = 6 Cos(90O) - 0 Sin(90O) X = (6) (0) - (0) (1) X = (0) Y = x Sin() + y Cos() Y = 6 Sin(90O) + 0 Cos(90O) Y = 6 (1) + 0 (0) Y = (6) A (0 , 6) Rotation = 90O X = x Cos() - y Sin() X = 6 Cos(90O) - 4 Sin(90O) X = (6) (0) - (4) (1) X = (-4)
Vertex A (3, 0)
Vertex B (6, 0)
Vertex C (6, 4)
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Vertex C (6, 4) Rotation = 45O Continued: Y = x Sin() + y Cos() Y = 6 Sin(45O) + 4 Cos(45O) Y = 6 (1/2) + 4 (1/2) Y = (10/2) A (2/2 , 10/2) Rotation = 90O Y = x Sin() + y Cos() Y = 6 Sin(90O) + 4 Cos(90O) Y = 6 (1) + 4 (0) Y = (6) A (-4 , 6)
Review Graphics:
OBJECT ROTATION From 0O to 45O & 90O w/r ORIGIN Position #1 Defined by vertices A(3,0), B(6,0) & C(6,4). Position #2 Defined by vertices A(3/2, 3/2), B(6/2, 6/2) & C(2/2, 10/2). Position #3 Defined by vertices A(0,3), B(0,6) & C(-4,6)
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Section #5.03: Rotation Using Matrix Methodologies Problem #5.03A Given initial Position #1, calculate the vertices of each position at = 45O and 90O counterclockwise from initial using the XY Coordinate Plane. Let X & Y = New_Rotated Coordinates x, y = coordinates of A, B & C Vertices at Position #1 Position #1 Defined by vertices A(3,0), B(6,0) & C(6,4) Position #1 Defined in the Complex Plane A(3+0i), B(6+0i) & C(6+4i) SIMPLEX MATRIX Solution in the Complex Plane V = Output Vertex Matrix (1 x 2), given n = number of (x,y) vertices k = Unit Rotation Constant given = Angle of Rotation V = Input Vertex Matrix (n x 1), given n = number of (x,y) vertices Rx1 + iy1 V S W Sx2 + iy2W S W 6V'@ = ^ x + yi hSx3 + iy3W S ... W S Sxn + iyn W W T X i = 90 O RV' AV R3 + 0iV S W S W SV' BW = " Cos ^ 90 O h + i Sin ^ 90 O h,S6 + 0iW S W S W V' CX 6 + 4iX T T RV' AV R3 + 0iV S W S W SV' BW = " 0 + i ,S6 + 0iW S W S W TV' CX T6 + 4iX , , ,
3i 6i 10i
6V'@ = k : 6V @
Given,
k = Cos ^ i h + i Sin ^ i h k = x + yi
i = 45 O RV' AV R3 + 0iV S W S W SV' BW = " Cos ^ 45 O h + i Sin ^ 45 O h,S6 + 0iW S W S W V' CX 6 + 4iX T T RV' AV S W SV' BW = " 1 S W TV' CX RV' AV S W SV' BW = S W TV' CX R3 S S6 S2 T R3 + 0iV S W 2 ,S6 + 0iW S W T6 + 4iX V W 2 W = W 2 X
2
+ 2 + 2 +
2
3i 6i 10i
R3 S S6 S2 T
2 2 2
V W 2 W W 2 X
2
RV' AV S W SV' BW = S W TV' CX
R0 + 3i V S W S0 + 6i W = S W T- 4 + 6iX
R 0 , 3i V S W S 0 , 6iW S W T- 4 , 6i X
Convert Complex Matrix [V], (1 x 3) to (2 x 3) by defining (x) as the Real Value of the Complex Number and defining (y) as the Imaginary Value of the Complex Number. Page 36

Section #5.04: Rotation About a Referenced Vertex Problem #5.04-A (Rotation About a Referenced Vertex) Given initial Position #1, calculate the vertices of each position at = 45O and 90O counterclockwise from initial using the XY Coordinate Plane. Let X & Y = New_Rotated Coordinates x, y = coordinates of A, B & C Vertices at Position #1 Position #1 Defined by vertices A(3,0), B(6,0) & C(6,4) Reference Vertex: VRef = A(3,0) R = Cos() + i Sin() V = R [ Vx - VRef ] + VRef
V = [ Cos() + i Sin() ] [ Vx - VRef ] + VRef V = [ x + yi ] [ Vx - VRef ] + VRef
VRef = A(3,0)
Page 37

R = Cos() + i Sin() V = [ Cos() + i Sin() ] [ Vx - VRef ] + VRef V = [ x + yi ] [ Vx - VRef ] + VRef VRef = A(3,0) O Rotation = 45 Rotation = 90O R = ( 0.707, 0.707i ) R = ( 0,1i ) Vc = C (8, 3) Vc @ 45O = R [(8 + 3i) - (4 + 0i) ] + (4 + 0i) Vc @ 45O = R [(8 + 3i) - (4) ] + (4) Vc @ 45O = 4.71 + 4.95 Vc @ 45O = (4.71 , 4.95) VB = C (8, 0) VB @ 45O = R [(8 + 0i) - (4 + 0i) ] + (4 + 0i) VB @ 45O = R [(8 + 0i) - (4) ] + (4) VB @ 45O = 6.83 + 2.83 VB @ 45O = (6.83 , 2.83)
Vc @ 90O = R [(8 + 3i) - (4 + 0i) ] + (4 + 0i) Vc @ 90O = R [(8 + 3i) - (4) ] + (4) Vc @ 90O = 1 + 4i Vc @ 90O = (1 , 4)
VB @ 90O = R [(8 + 0i) - (4 + 0i) ] + (4 + 0i) VB @ 90O = R [(8 + 0i) - (4) ] + (4) VB @ 90O = 4 + 4i VB @ 90O = (4 , 4)
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Section #5.05: Rotate About a Referenced Vertex Using Matices Solution #5.05-A_Matrix (Rotation About a Referenced Vertex-Detailed Load) Given initial Position #1, calculate the vertices of each position at = 45O and 90O counterclockwise from initial using the XY Coordinate Plane. Let X & Y = New_Rotated Coordinates represented by the matrix (V). Each ROW of the matrix, V defines the vertices given the respective angle of rotation, . x, y = coordinates of A, B & C Vertices at Position #1 Position #1 Defined by vertices A(3,0), B(6,0) & C(6,4) Reference Vertex: VRef = A(3,0) Position #2 - 45O Rotation from Position #1 Position #3 - 90O Rotation from Position #1 Based on the Vertex Positioning procedure: Rotation Constant: R = Cos() + i Sin() Rotation Constant: R = x + yi V = [ Cos() + i Sin() ] [ Vx - VRef ] + VRef VRef = Reference Vertex (Pivot Point) V = n x m Output Matrix - A matrix ROW defines a set of vertices for a Position # n = Nbr of Angles or Positions (i): ROWS m = Nbr of Vertices in the object: COLUMNS RV1A S SV2A S 6V l@ = SV3A S S SVnA T V1B V2B V3B ... VnB V1C ... V W V2C ...W W V3C ...W W W VnC ... W X
R = n x n Input Matrix - A Square Diagonal Matrix of Rotational Constants

R x 1 + y1 i 0 0 R V 0 0 .... S SCos ^ i1 h + i Sin ^ i1 h W S 0 x 2 + y2 i 0 S W 0 Cos ^ i2 h + i Sin ^ i2 h 0 .... S W =S 0 0 x 3 + y3 i S 0 0 Cos ^ i3 h + i Sin ^ i3 h ... 6R@ = S W S S W ... .... S W S S 0 S 0 0 ... 0 0 0 Cos ^ in h + i Sin ^ in hW T T X V W W W W W W xn + yn iW X ... ... ...
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Vx = n x m Input Matrix - 1st of Row the matrix is comprised of the vertices of the fundamental figure (Position #1) and is duplicated for each of the remaining rows. Vx matrix is equivalent to the Transposition of the product of the (m x m) diagonal of the Position #1 Vertex and the (m x n) Unit Matrix.
6n#m@
RV1A S SV1A S 6Vx@ = SV1A S S SV1A T V1B V1B V1B ... V1B V1C V1C V1C V1C : V RRV1A 0 0 ... V R1 ... W SS WS ...W SS0 V1B 0 ... W S1 W SS WS ...W = SS0 0 V1C ... W S1 W SS WS ... W SS WS ...W SS0 0 0 ...V1mW S1 X TT XT =
6m#m
m # n @T 1 1 ... 1VVT WW 1 1 ... 1WW WW 1 1 ... 1WW ... WW WW 1 1 ... 1WW XX
VRef = n x m Input Matrix - Pivot or Referenced Vertex populated to each matrix element. The equivalent VRef matrix can be produced by the product of the Reference Vertex, (k) and the (n x m) Unit Matrix.
6n#m@
RVRef S SVRef S 6VRef @ = SVRef S S SVRef T VRef VRef VRef ... VRef VRef VRef VRef VRef = k 6n#m@ V R1 1 1 ...V ... W S W S1 1 1 ...W ...W W S W ...W = VRef S1 1 1 ...W W S W ... W S W S1 1 1 ...W W ...X T X
Therefore:
V = [ Cos() + i Sin() ] [ Vx - VRef ] + VRef

RV1A S SV1A S SV1A S S SV1A T V1B V1B V1B ... V1B V1C ...V RVRef W S V1C ...W SVRef W S V1C ...W - SVRef W S W S V1C ...W SVRef X T VRef VRef VRef ... VRef VRef ...V V RVRef W W S VRef ...W W SVRef W W S VRef ...W W + SVRef W W S W W S VRef ...W W SVRef X X T VRef VRef VRef ... VRef VRef ...V W VRef ...W W VRef ...W W W VRef ...W X
R V R 0 0 .... SCos ^ i1 h + i Sin ^ i1 h W S S W S 0 Cos ^ i2 h + i Sin ^ i2 h 0 .... S W S 0 0 Cos ^ i3 h + i Sin ^ i3 h ... 6V'@ = S W:S S W S .... S W S S 0 0 0 Cos ^ in h + i Sin ^ in hW S T X T
R x 1 + y1 i 0 0 S S 0 x 2 + y2 i 0 S 0 x 3 + y3 i 6V'@ = S 0 S ... S S 0 0 0 ... T
V R W S W S W S W:S W S W S xn + yn iW S X T ... ... ...
RV1A S SV1A S SV1A S S SV1A T
V1B V1C ...V RVRef W S V1B V1C ...W SVRef W S V1B V1C ...W - SVRef W S ... W S V1B V1C ...W SVRef X T
VRef VRef ...V V RVRef W W S VRef VRef ...W W SVRef W W S VRef VRef ...W W + SVRef W W S ... W W S VRef VRef ...W W SVRef X X T
VRef VRef ...V W VRef VRef ...W W VRef VRef ...W W ... W VRef VRef ...W X
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Solution #5.05-B_By Matrix (Rotation About a Referenced Position #1: Vertices: A(3,0), B(6,0) & C(6,4) Position #2: Position #3: Reference Vertex VRef = A(3,0) Populate the matrices
R x 1 + y1 i 0 0 S S 0 x 2 + y2 i 0 S 0 x 3 + y3 i 6V'@ = S 0 S ... S S 0 0 0 ... T V R W S W S W S W:S W S W S xn + yn iW S X T ... ... ... RV1A S SV1A S SV1A S S SV1A T V1B V1B V1B ... V1B V1C ...V RVRef W S V1C ...W SVRef W S V1C ...W - SVRef W S W S V1C ...W SVRef X T VRef VRef VRef ... VRef VRef ...V V RVRef W W S VRef ...W W SVRef W W S VRef ...W W + SVRef W W S W W S VRef ...W W SVRef X X T VRef VRef VRef ... VRef VRef ...V W VRef ...W W VRef ...W W W VRef ...W X
Vertex - Summary Load) 1 = 0O 1 = 0 O 2 = 45 1 = /4 O 3 = 90 1 = /2
R1 S 6V'@ = S 0 S T0
0 2 + 0
0 V R W S 0W:S W S i X T
R3 S S3 S T3
6 6 6
6 + 4i V R3 W S 6 + 4i W - S3 W S 6 + 4i X T3 R3 S S3 S T3
3 3 3
3V W 3W W 3X
V R3 W S W + S3 W S X T3
3 3 3
3V W 3W W 3X
R3 S 6V'@ = S3 S T3
6 3 + 3 +23i 3 + 3i
6 + 4i V W 3 - 1 -27i W = W - 1 + 3i X
6 5.12 + 2.12i 3 + 3i
6 + 4i V W 2.93 + 4.95iW W - 1 + 3i X
A R RPosition #1 V ^ 3, 0 h S W S S^ 3, 0 h 6V'@ = SPosition #2W = S W S Position #3X S^ 3, 0 h T T
C V ^ 6, 4 h W ^ 2.93, 4.95 hW W ^ - 1, 3 h W X
^ 6, 0 h ^ 5.12, 2.12 h ^ 3, 3 h
Page 41

Solution #5.05-C_By Matrix (Rotation About a Referenced Position #1: Vertices: A(4,0), B(8,0) & C(8,3) Position #2: Position #3: Reference Vertex VRef = A(4,0) Populate the matrices R1 S 6V'@ = S 0 S T0 0 2 + 0 0 V R W S 0W:S W S i X T R4 S S4 S T4 8 8 8 8 + 3i V R4 W S 8 + 3i W - S4 W S 8 + 3i X T4 4 4 4 4V W 4W W 4X V R4 W S W + S4 W S X T4 4 4 4 4V W 4W W 4X Vertex) 1 = 0O 2 = 45O 3 = 90O 1 = 0 1 = /4 1 = /2
R4 S 6V'@ = S4 S T4
8 4 + ^ 2 + 2i h 2 4 + 4i
8 + 3i V W 1 + 7i W 4+ 2 = W 1 + 4i X
A R S^ 4, 0 h S^ 4, 0 h S S^ 4, 0 h T
R4 S S4 S T4
B
8 6.83 + 2.83i 4 + 4i
8 + 3i V W 4.71 + 4.95iW W 1 + 4i X
RPosition #1 V S W 6V'@ = SPosition #2W = S W Position #3X T
V ^ 8, 0 h ^ 8, 3 h W ^ 6.83, 2.83 h ^ 4.71, 4.95 hW W ^ 4, 4 h ^ 1, 4 h W X
Page 42

Section #5.06: Rotate About Multiple Vertices Problem #5.06-A (Rotation of Triangle ABC About 2 Referenced Vertices - R1=R2) In the previous sections in this chapter, the calculations describe rotations about the origin or another vertex. This section explores the calculations which describe sequential & simultaneous rotations about two vertices. The triangle is rotated about the origin and then rotated about one of its vertices. That is; Object #1 is rotated from = 0O to 90O counterclockwise from Position #1 to Position #3. The Problem is: Calculate the end vertices @ Position #3. The first assumption is with rotation constants equal (R1=R2). R1= Rotation Constant about the Origin R2= Rotation Constant about a Vertex (This Example: Vertex A)
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Problem 5.06A - Restated: Calculate the end vertices @ Position #3. Given: Position #1 @ Vertex A(3,0) Rotate Object #1 about Origin (0,0) to Position #2 Given: Position #2: Rotate Object #2 about Vertex A to Position #3 Given: R2 = R1 = R The results are: Position #2 Position #1 Position #2 Position #3
@ Vertex A(0,3): (@ 0O) Defined by vertices A(3,0), B(6,0) & C(6,4) (@ 45O) Defined by vertices A(0,3), B(0,6) & C(-4,6) (@ 90O) Defined by vertices A(0,3), B(-3,-3) & C(-3,-1) V = R [ Vx - VRef ] + VRef Vout = V Vx = R1 [ Vin - VRef#1 ] + VRef#1 Vout = R2 [R1 ( Vin - VRef#1 ) + VRef#1 ] + VRef#2 Vout = R2 [R1Vin - R1VRef#1 + VRef#1 ] + VRef#2 Vout = R2 R1 Vin - R2 R1 VRef#1 + R2 VRef#1 + VRef#2 Vout = R2 R1 ( Vin - VRef#1 ) + R2 VRef#1 + VRef#2 Vout = R2 Vin - R2 VRef#1 + R VRef#1 + VRef#2 Vout = R2 ( Vin - VRef#1 ) + R VRef#1 + VRef#2 JR3 + 0iV R3 + 0iVN R3 + 0iV R0 + 0iV W S WO S W S W KS VOUT = i 2 KS6 + 0iW - S3 + 0iWO + i S3 + 0iW + S0 + 0iW KS W S WO S W S W LT6 + 4iX T3 + 0iXP T3 + 0iX T0 + 0iX JR0 + 0iVN R0 + 3iV R 0 + 0i V R0 + 3iV WO S W S W S W KS VOUT = ^- 1hKS3 + 0iWO + S0 + 3iW = S- 3 + 0iW + S0 + 3iW KS WO S W S W S W LT3 + 4iR P T0 + 3iX V T- 3 - 4iX T0 + 3iX R 0 + 3i V XA (0 , 3) W S W S VOUT = S- 3 + 3iW " SB (- 3, 3) W W S W S - 3 - i X SC (- 3, - 1)W T T X
Basic Rotation Model: Resulting Vertex: Vin = initial vertices: Substitutions: Distributions: Results: Given: R2 = R1 = R:
R A V R3 , 0V R3 + 0iV S W S W S W VIN = SBW = S6 , 0W " S6 + 0iW S W S W S W CX S6 , 4W T6 + 4iX T T X i=r VRef#1 = ^3 , 0h " ^3 + 0ih
2 VRef#2 = ^0 , 0h " ^0 + 0ih R1 = R2 = R = i VOUT = R 1 R 2 ^VIN - VRef#1 h + R 2 VRef#1 + VRef#2 VOUT = i 2 ^VIN - VRef#1h + iVRef#1 + VRef#2
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Problem 5.06B - Reference Vertex B(6,0): 90O Rotation of OBJECT #1 to OBJECT #2
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Problem 5.06B - Reference ORIGIN Vertex O(0,0): 90O Rotation of OBJECT #2 to OBJECT #3
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Problem 5.06B - Calculation of OUTPUT Vertices (OBJECT #3) R V R V S A ^3, 0hW S3 + 0iW VIN = SB ^6, 0hW = S6 + 0iW S SC ^6, 4hW S6 + 4iW W X T X T R O = R X = R = 90 O = 1 90 O = i VRO (0, 0) = ^0 + 0ih = 0 0 O VRX = B (6, 0) = ^6 + 0ih = 6 0 O
VOUT = R O R X 6VIN@ - R O R X 6VRX@ + R O VRX + VRO VOUT = R O R X ^6VIN@ - 6VRX@h + R O VRX + VRO VOUT = R 2 ^6VIN@ - 6VRX@h + RVRX + VRO JR3 + 0iV R6 + 0iVN R6 + 0iV R0 + 0iV W S WO S W S W KS VOUT = i 2 KS6 + 0iW - S6 + 0iWO + i S6 + 0iW + S0 + 0iW KS W S WO S W S W LT6 + 4iX T6 + 0iXP T6 + 0iX T0 + 0iX R- 3 + 0iV R6iV S W S W VOUT = ^- 1h + S0 + 0i W + S6iW S W S W 0 + 4i X T6iX T R3 + 0iV R6iV R3 + 6iV S W S W S W S0 + 0iW + S6iW = S0 + 6iW VOUT = S W S W S W T0 - 4iX T6iX T0 + 2iX R V R V S A ^ x A, y AhW S^3.6hW VOUT = SB ^ x B, y BhW = S^0, 6hW S SC ^ x , y hW S^0, 2hW W S W C C T X T X
Refer to the previous graphic illustration to identify the input and output coordinates. The circular arcs indicate the path of the points (vertices) given the rotation completion at each pivot point VRX and VRO. The rotation is incremented in angular steps (open dots) on the graph. Compare VOUT Matrix to the vertices of OBJECT #3 in the graphic illustration.
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Problem 5.06C - Reference Vertex C(6,4): 90O Rotation of OBJECT #1 to OBJECT #2
90O Rotation of OBJECT #2 to OBJECT #3
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Problem 5.06C - Calculation of OUTPUT Vertices (OBJECT #3) R V R V S A ^3, 0hW S3 + 0iW VIN = SB ^6, 0hW = S6 + 0iW S SC ^6, 4hW S6 + 4iW W X T X T R O = R X = R = 90 O = 1 90 O = i VRO (0, 0) = ^0 + 0ih = 0 0 O VRX = C (6, 4) = ^6 + 4ih
VOUT = R O R X 6VIN@ - R O R X 6VRX@ + R O VRX + VRO VOUT = R O R X ^6VIN@ - 6VRX@h + R O VRX + VRO VOUT = R 2 ^6VIN@ - 6VRX@h + RVRX + VRO JR3 + 0iV R6 + 4iVN R6 + 4iV R0 + 0iV W S WO S W S W KS VOUT = i 2 KS6 + 0iW - S6 + 4iWO + i S6 + 4iW + S0 + 0iW KS W S WO S W S W LT6 + 4iX T6 + 4iXP T6 + 4iX T0 + 0iX R- 3 - 4iV R- 4 + 6iV S W S W VOUT = ^- 1h + S0 - 4i W + S- 4 + 6iW S W S W 0 + 0i X T- 4 + 6iX T R3 + 4iV R- 4 + 6iV R- 1 + 10iV S W S W S W S0 + 4iW + S- 4 + 6iW = S- 4 + 10iW VOUT = S W S W S W T0 + 0iX T- 4 + 6iX T- 4 + 6i X R V R V S A ^ x A, y AhW S^- 1, 10hW VOUT = SB ^ x B, y BhW = S^- 4, 10hW S SC ^ x , y hW S^- 4, 6h W W S W C C T X T X
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Section #5.07: Rotate About Multiple Vertices - R1R2 Problem #5.07-A :Rotation of Triangle ABC About 2 Referenced Vertices - R1R2 In the previous sections in this chapter, the calculations describe rotations about the origin or another vertex. This section explores the calculations which describe sequential & simultaneous rotations about two vertices. The triangle is rotated about the origin at on angle R1 and then rotated about one of its vertices at on angle R2. EXAMPLE The first assumption is with rotation constants not equal (R1R2) R1=RORG Rotation Constant about the Origin 45O R2=ROBJ Rotation Constant about the object Vertex 60O (This Example: Vertex A) The Basic Rotation Model: Vout = R2 R1 Vin - R2 R1 VRef#1 + R2 VRef#1 + VRef#2 Vout = R2 R1 ( Vin - VRef#1 ) + R2 VRef#1 + VRef#2 Becomes: Vout = RORG ROBJ Vin - RORG ROBJ VRef-OBJ + RORG VRef-OBJ + VRef-ORG Vout = RORG ROBJ ( Vin - VRef-OBJ ) + RORG VRef-OBJ + VRef-ORG Given: Vout = Coordinates Vertices of the OUTPUT MATRIX R1 = RX = ROBJ = Unit Rotation Constant of the OBJECT VERTEX R2 = RO = RORG = Unit Rotation Constant of the ORGIN VERTEX VRef#1 = VRX = VRef-OBJ = Reference Vertex of the OBJECT VRef#2 = VRO = VRef-ORG = Reference Vertex of the ORGIN Becomes: Vout = RORG ROBJ VIN - RORG ROBJ VRef-OBJ + RORG VRef-OBJ + VRef-ORG Vout = RORG ROBJ ( VIN - VRef-OBJ ) + RORG VRef-OBJ + VRef-ORG Symbolic: Vout = RO RX VIN - RO RX VRX + RO VRX + VRO Vout = RO RX ( VIN - VRX ) + RO VRX + VRO
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Model 5.07: Rotation of Triangle ABC About 2 Referenced Vertices - RO RX This model explores the algebra which describe sequential & simultaneous rotations about two vertices. The triangle is rotated about the origin VRO at on angle RO and then rotated about one of its vertices VRX at on angle RX. VOUT = R O R X 6VIN@ - R O R X 6VRX@ + R O VRX + VRO VOUT = R O R X ^6VIN@ - 6VRX@h + R O VRX + VRO R V R V S A ^ x A, y AhW Sx A + i y AW VIN = SB ^ x B, y BhW = Sx B + i y BW S SC ^ x , y hW Sx + i y W W S W C C C C T X T X Using: RO = iO = 1 iO RX = iX = 1 iX Z = x2 + y2 VRO (0, 0) = ^0 + 0ih = 0 0 O VRX ^ x RX, y RXh = ^ x RX + i y RXh
Given:
VOUT = R O R X ^6VIN@ - 6VRX@h + R O VRX + VRO R V R V JRx A + i y AV Rx RX + i y RXVN W S WO Sx RX + i y RXW S0 + 0iW KS VOUT = ^1 i O h^1 i X hKSx B + i y BW - Sx RX + i y RXWO + ^1 i O hSx RX + i y RXW + S0 + 0iW W S WO S KS S W S W Sx + i y W S0 + 0iW W RX RX LTx C + i y CX Tx RX + i y RXXP X T X T R V S^ x A - x RXh + i ^y A - y RXhW y VOUT = 61 i O + i X @S^ x B - x RXh + i ^y B - y RXhW + ^1 i O h<Z RX Tan -1 c RX x m F RX S W S^ x - x h + i ^y - y hW C RX C RX T X R V S3 x ARX + i 3 y ARXW y VOUT = 61 i O + i X @S3 x BRX + i 3 y BRXW + <Z RX i O + Tan -1 c RX x m F RX S S3 x + i 3 y W W CRX CRX T X R V SZ BRX Tan -1 c 3 y BRX mW 3 x BRX W S S W 3y y VOUT = 61 i O + i X @SZ BRX Tan -1 c BRX 3 x m W + <Z RX i O + Tan -1 c RX x m F BRX RX S W SZ CRX Tan -1 c 3 y CRX mW S 3 x CRX W T X
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Problem #5.07A: Rotation using 2 Pivot Points VRX=A(xA, yA) & Origin VRO=(0,0) Triangle ABC (OBJECT #1) is rotated, Rx = 60O to the position (OBJECT #2) using the pivot point (VRX) at Vertex A(3,0). OBJECT #2 is then rotated, RO = 45O to the position (OBJECT #3) using the origin (0,0) as the pivot point (VRO). Assigning the vertices of the OBJECT #1 to VIN = A(3,0), B(6,0), C(6,4); calculate the end vertices (VOUT) of the final position, (OBJECT #3). Refer to Model 5.07 to formulate the procedure.
VOUT = R O R X 6VIN@ - R O R X 6VRX@ + R O VRX + VRO VOUT = R O R X ^6VIN@ - 6VRX@h + R O VRX + VRO
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Problem 5.07A: Procedure Given: R V R V S A ^3, 0hW S3 + 0iW VIN = SB ^6, 0hW = S6 + 0iW S SC ^6, 4hW S6 + 4iW W X T X T VRO (0, 0) = ^0 + 0ih = 0 0 O VRX (3, 0) = ^3 + 0ih = 3 0 O
R O = 45 O = 1 45 O R X = 60 O = 1 60 O
VOUT = R O R X 6VIN@ - R O R X 6VRX@ + R O VRX + VRO VOUT = R O R X ^6VIN@ - 6VRX@h + R O VRX + VRO R3 + 0iV R0 + 0iV JR3 + 0iV R3 + 0iVN S W S WO S W S W K VOUT = ^1 45 O h^1 60 O hKS6 + 0iW - S3 + 0iWO + ^1 45 O hS3 + 0iW + S0 + 0iW KS W S WO S W S W LT6 + 4iX T3 + 0iXP T3 + 0iX T0 + 0iX R0 + 0iV R3Cos ^45 Oh + 3iSin ^45 OhV W W S S ^1 105 O hS3 + 0iW + S3Cos ^45 Oh + 3iSin ^45 OhW VOUT = W W S S 3 + 4iX S3Cos ^45 Oh + 3iSin ^45 OhW T X T V R R V R2.12 + 2.12iV V R O W S2.12 + 2.12iW S0 + 0i S0 0 W W S W + S2.12 + 2.12iW = S- 0.78 + 2.90iW + S2.12 + 2.12iW VOUT = ^1 105 O hS3 0 O S W S5 53.13 O W S2.12 + 2.12iW S- 4.64 + 1.87iW S2.12 + 2.12iW X X T X T X T T R2.12 + 2.12i V R A ^2.12 , 2.12h V W S W S VOUT = S1.34 + 5.02i W = SB ^1.34 , 5.02h W W S W S - 2.52 + 3.99iX SC ^- 2.52 , 3.99hW T T X Refer to the previous graphic illustration to identify the input and output coordinates. The circular arcs indicate the path of the points (vertices) given the rotation completion at each pivot point VRX and VRO. The rotation is incremented in angular steps (open dots) on the graph. Compare VOUT Matrix to the vertices of OBJECT #3 in the graphic illustration.
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Problem #5.07B: Rotation using 2 Pivot Points VRX=B(xB, yB) & Origin VRO=(0,0) Triangle ABC (OBJECT #1) is rotated, Rx = 60O to the position (OBJECT #2) using the pivot point (VRX) at Vertex B(6,0). OBJECT #2 is then rotated, RO = 45O to the position (OBJECT #3) using the origin (0,0) as the pivot point (VRO). Assigning the vertices of the OBJECT #1 to VIN = A(3,0), B(6,0), C(6,4); calculate the end vertices (VOUT) of the final position, (OBJECT #3). Refer to Model 5.07 to formulate the procedure.
Part-1 Rotation from OBJECT #1 to OBJECT #2 by Rx = 60O Pivot @ B
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Part-2 Rotation from OBJECT #2 to OBJECT #3 by Rx = 45O Pivot @ (0,0)
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Problem 5.07B: Procedure Given: R V R V S A ^3, 0hW S3 + 0iW VIN = SB ^6, 0hW = S6 + 0iW S SC ^6, 4hW S6 + 4iW W X T X T VRO (0, 0) = ^0 + 0ih = 0 0 O VRX = B (6, 0) = ^6 + 0ih = 6 0 O
R O = 45 O = 1 45 O R X = 60 O = 1 60 O
VOUT = R O R X 6VIN@ - R O R X 6VRX@ + R O VRX + VRO VOUT = R O R X ^6VIN@ - 6VRX@h + R O VRX + VRO R6 + 0iV R0 + 0iV JR3 + 0iV R6 + 0iVN S W S WO S W S W K VOUT = ^1 45 O h^1 60 O hKS6 + 0iW - S6 + 0iWO + ^1 45 O hS6 + 0iW + S0 + 0iW KS W S WO S W S W LT6 + 4iX T6 + 0iXP T6 + 0iX T0 + 0iX R- 3 + 0iV R6Cos ^45 Oh + 6iSin ^45 OhV W W S S ^1 105 O hS0 + 0i W + S6Cos ^45 Oh + 6iSin ^45 OhW VOUT = W W S S 0 + 4i X S6Cos ^45 Oh + 6iSin ^45 OhW T X T R V R4.24 + 4.24iV V R R OV S3 180 W S4.24 + 4.24iW S- 3 + 0i W W S W + S4.24 + 4.24iW VOUT = ^1 105 O hS0 0 O W + S4.24 + 4.24iW = S0 + 0i S W S4 90 O W S4.24 + 4.24iW S- 3.84 - 1.04iW S4.24 + 4.24iW X X T X T X T T R1.24 + 4.24iV R A ^1.24 , 4.24hV W S W S VOUT = S4.24 + 4.24iW = SB ^4.24 , 4.24hW W S W S 0.40 + 3.20iX SC ^0.40 , 3.20hW T T X Refer to the previous graphic illustration to identify the input and output coordinates. The circular arcs indicate the path of the points (vertices) given the rotation completion at each pivot point VRX and VRO. The rotation is incremented in angular steps (open dots) on the graph. Compare VOUT Matrix to the vertices of OBJECT #3 in the graphic illustration.
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Problem #5.07C: Rotation using 2 Pivot Points VRX=C(xC, yC) & Origin VRO=(0,0) Triangle ABC (OBJECT #1) is rotated, Rx = 60O to the position (OBJECT #2) using the pivot point (VRX) at Vertex C(6,4). OBJECT #2 is then rotated, RO = 45O to the position (OBJECT #3) using the origin (0,0) as the pivot point (VRO). Assigning the vertices of the OBJECT #1 to VIN = A(3,0), B(6,0), C(6,4); calculate the end vertices (VOUT) of the final position, (OBJECT #3). Refer to Model 5.07 to formulate the procedure.
Part-1 Rotation from OBJECT #1 to OBJECT #2 by Rx = 60O Pivot @ C
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Part-2 Rotation from OBJECT #2 to OBJECT #3 by Rx = 45O Pivot @ (0,0)
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Problem 5.07C: Procedure Given: R V R V S A ^3, 0hW S3 + 0iW VIN = SB ^6, 0hW = S6 + 0iW S SC ^6, 4hW S6 + 4iW W X T X T VRO (0, 0) = ^0 + 0ih = 0 0 O VRX = C (6, 4) = ^6 + 4ih = 7.21 33.69 O
R O = 45 O = 1 45 O R X = 60 O = 1 60 O
VOUT = R O R X 6VIN@ - R O R X 6VRX@ + R O VRX + VRO VOUT = R O R X ^6VIN@ - 6VRX@h + R O VRX + VRO R6 + 4iV R0 + 0iV JR3 + 0iV R6 + 4iVN S W S WO S W S W K VOUT = ^1 45 O h^1 60 O hKS6 + 0iW - S6 + 4iWO + ^1 45 O hS6 + 4iW + S0 + 0iW KS W S WO S W S W LT6 + 4iX T6 + 4iXP T6 + 4iX T0 + 0iX JR3 + 0iV R6 + 4iVN W S WO KS VOUT = ^1 45 O h^1 60 O hKS6 + 0iW - S6 + 4iWO + ^1 45 O h^7.21 33.69 O h KS W S WO LT6 + 4iX T6 + 4iXP R- 3 - 4iV R7.21Cos ^78.69 Oh + 7.21iSin ^78.69 OhV W W S S VOUT = ^1 105 O hS0 - 4i W + S7.21Cos ^78.69 Oh + 7.21iSin ^78.69 OhW W W S S 0 + 0i X S7.21Cos ^78.69 Oh + 7.21iSin ^78.69 OhW T X T R R V R R V OV OV S5 233.13 W S1.41 + 7.07iW S5 338.13 W S1.41 + 7.07iW W + S1.41 + 7.07iW VOUT = ^1 105 O hS4 270 O W + S1.41 + 7.07iW = S4 15 O S W S W S W S S0 0 O W 1.41 + 7.07i S0 0 O W 1.41 + 7.07iW X T X T X T X T R4.64 - 1.86i V R1.41 + 7.07iV S W S W VOUT = S03.86 + 0.97iW + S1.41 + 7.07iW S W S W 0 + 0i 1.41 + 7.07iX T X T R V S A ^6.05 , 5.21hW SB ^5.27 , 8.04hW S SC ^1.41 , 7.07hW W T X
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SUMMARY The applications used in this treatment are graphical, but they could be related to 2D animated illustrations. The rotation of objects at various pivot points could also model robotic applications describing object paths. Using algebra and basic trigonometry, models can be created to calculate the coordinates of the vertices where an object will end up after rotations at given pivot points (Referenced Vertices) in this treatment. Using the concepts described in this treatise, modes can be created that can be used to shift and rotate coordinates on a 2D grid. Addition is used to shift points and objects in a horizontal or vertical direction. Multiplication of the objects vertices by the rotation constant R (unit vector) rotates the object in a complex plane. The complex plane is a very useful tool in that it allows the application of imaginary number methodologies. Polar, trigonometric and exponential formats can be easily interchanged in order to simplify the complexity of the math methodologies used to calculate the output vertices. The algebra methodologies used in this treatment were limited to linear and basic trig, The use of matrix models were kept as simple as possible so that the the concept of shifting and rotating a point in the cartesian plane (x, y) can be modeled by algebra methodologies in the complex plane using imaginary numbers. The non-matrix solution as illustrated in some of the problems, is longer and more laborious than a matrix solution, but the choice of methodologies is always an option. The advantage of matrix solutions is that all the vertices of the target object are treated as a single variable. Graph paper, compass and the protractor were very useful in confirming calculations of shift and object rotation. But some of the complex calculations were confirmed with Excel, MathCad, and Mathematica models. Software is also a great tool for improving effecienty and productivity with regard to solving problems of this type.
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An Application of The Imaginary Number "I" Using Coordinate Geometry and Algebra

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An Application of The Imaginary Number "I" Using Coordinate Geometry and Algebra

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PROBLEMS IN APPLIED ALGEBRA AND BASIC TRIGONOMETRY

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

Given a =4 and b =3; Find c, the hypotenuse c2 = 42 + 32 c2 = 16 + 9 c2 = 25 c = 25 then c= 5

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

Generate the Referenced Angle (B)

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

^ A h = - 53.13 O (B) = 90 O - (A) (B) = 90 O - (- 53.13 O) ^ B h = 143.13 O or - 36.87 O

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

^ B h = ArcTan ^ B h m B = Tan ^ B h 3 mB = 4 y BC = m B x + b BC 3 y BC = 4 x given b BC = 0 3 mB = 4

^ A h = ArcTan ^ A h m A = Tan ^ A h 4 b AC m A = - 3 and x 0 = - m = 5 A y AC = m A x + b AC 4 20 y AC = - 3 x + 3 given b AC = - m A x 0 4 mA = - 3 20 b AC = 3

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

y BC = y AC at C ^ x C, y C h 3 4 20 x =- 3x+ 3 4 4 3 20 x+ 4x = 3 3 16x + 9x 20 = 3 12 25x 20 = 3 12 16 x= 5

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

Hypotenuse Modulus Absolute Magnitude

Argument i = Arg (z)

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

x + jy = Ze ji Given: x = Cos ^ i h & y = Sin ^ i h Z = x2 + y2 Z 6Cos ^ i h + jSin ^ i h@

^ Z 1 e ji h^ Z 2 e j} h = Z 1 Z 2 e j^i + }h ^ Z 1 e ji h^ Z 2 e j} h = Z 1 Z 2 6Cos ^ i + } h + jSin ^ i + } h@ ^ Z 1 e ji h^ Z 2 e j} h = Z 1 Z 2 ^ i + } h

Ratio Pr operty Z 1 e ji a Z 1 k j^i - }h = Z e 2 Z 2 e j} ji Z1 e Z1 j} = a Z 2 k6Cos ^ i - } h + jSin ^ i - } h@ Z2 e Z 1 e ji a Z 1 k = Z ^i - }h 2 Z 2 e j}

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

Angle ABD ABD = 90 O - BAD ABD = 90 O - 36.87 O ABD = 53.13 O

^ 3x h2 + ^ 3y h2 1 2 + 5.66 2 33.04 = 5.75 5.66 CBE = ArcTan a 1 k CBE = 79.98 O

BCE = 90 O - CBE BCE = 90 O - 79.98 O BCE = 10.02 O

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

Angle CAB CAB = CAD O

CAB = 60 - 36.87 O CAB = 23.13 O

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

A to VERTEX C AC'B' = CAB + (- 4 - 3i) AC'B' = 0 + 0i - 4 - 3i AC'B' = - 4 - 3i Vertex C' = (- 4, - 3i)

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

VERTEX A C'A'B' = CAB + (- 6 + i) C'A'B' = 0 + 0i - 6 + i C'A'B' = - 6 + i Vertex A' = (- 6, i)

VERTEX B A'B'C' = ABC + (- 6 + i) A'B'C' = 4 + 0i - 6 + i A'B'C' = - 2 + i Vertex B' = (- 2, i)

VERTEX C A'C'B' = ACB + (- 6 + i) AC'B' = 4 + 3i - 6 + i AC'B' = - 2 + 4i Vertex C' = (- 2, + 4i)

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

y = 3(x - 2)/4 - 3 y = 3(x + 2)/4 - 3

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

^ xR + yR i h The Counter-Clockwise Rotation Constant = VR = V0 ^ x 0 + y0 i h ^ x 0 + y0 i h V0 To rotate Clockwise use the reciprocal: VR = ^ xR + yR i h

VC = ^ 4 + 3i h ^ - 4 - 3i h V Rotation Cons tan t = VCR = C ^ 4 + 3i h - 4 - 3i h ^ 4 - 3i h VCR ^ VC = ^ 4 + 3i h : ^ 4 - 3i h VCR - 16 - 9 - 25 VC = 16 + 9 = 25 = - 1

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

AN APPLICATION OF THE IMAGINARY NUMBER i USING COORDINATE GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA

Height - BC B1 ^ 6, 0 h C1 ^ 6, 4 h B1 ^ xB, yB h C1 ^ xC, yC h D1BC = D1BC = D1BC =

Hypotenuse - AC A1 ^ 3, 0 h C1 ^ 6, 4 h A1 ^ xA, yA h C1 ^ xC, yC h D1AC = D1AC = D1AC =

Position #2 Base - AB 3 A 2 ^ 2 , 3 2 h B2 ^ 6 2 , 6 2 h A2 ^ xA, yA h B2 ^ xB, yB h D2AB = D2AB = D2AB =

Height - BC B2 ^ 2 , 6 2 h C2 ^ 2 2 , 10 2 h B2 ^ xB, yB h C2 ^ xC, yC h

Hypotenuse - AC A 2^ 2 , 3 2 h C2 ^ 2 2 , 10 2 h A1 ^ xA, yA h C1 ^ xC, yC h

D2BC = D2BC = D2BC =

D1AC = D1AC = D1AC =