Barometer
This device was invented by Torricelli in 1643 to measure the atmospheric pressure.
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
A Torricellian Barometer
Manometer
Units of pressure
1 standard atmosphere = 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr
Pressure =
Force Area
(N) (m2)
1 N/m2 = 1 Pa
For a given amount of gas and at a constant temperature, the product of the pressure and volume is constant.
J tube
PV = k
The dashed line shows the extrapolation of the data to zero pressure to give the ideal value of PV of 22.41 L.atm.
Tk = Tc + 273
V=bT
V=an
P=cT
P is the pressure of the gas T is the temperature of the gas c is a proportionality constant
T is always in K
R is the combined proportionality constant called the universal gas constant = 0.08206 L atm K-1 mol-1
This equation defines the behavior of an ideal gas. It expresses behavior that real gases approach at low pressures and high temperatures. Most gases obey this equation closely at pressures below 1 atm.
Boyles Law for a fixed amount at constant temperature PV = constant PV = nRT P1V1 = P2V2 Charless Law for a fixed amount at constant pressure V increases linearly with T V = (nR/P)T Avogadros Law for a fixed temperature and pressure V increases linearly with n V = (RT/P)n
Example 1
A gas sample in the laboratory has a volume of 45.9 L at 25.0C and a pressure of 743 mm Hg. If the temperature is increased to 155C by compressing the gas to a new volume of 31.0 L what is the pressure in atm?
Example 2
Calculate the pressure (in atm) in a container filled with 5.038 kg of xenon at a temperature of 18.8C, whose volume is 87.5 L.
Example 3
Sodium azide (NaN3) is used in air bags in automobiles. Write a balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of NaN3 into N2(g) and Na(s). Calculate the volume in liters of nitrogen gas generated at 21.0C and 823 mm Hg by the decomposition of 60.0 g of NaN3.
Molar volume
Suppose that we have 1 mole of an ideal gas at 0C (273K) and 1 atm. From the ideal gas law, the volume of the gas is 22.42 L. nRT = 22.42 L V= P Molar volume of an ideal gas is 22.42 L
Molar volume
Molar volume of an ideal gas is 22.42 L
The condition of 0C (273K) and 1 atm is called standard temperature and pressure
Molar mass
n= m Molar mass
m (RT)
P=
nRT V
(m/molar mass)RT V
d RT
d RT Molar mass = P
Daltons law
For a mixture of gases in a container, the total pressure exerted is the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it were alone. Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 +
P1 =
n1RT V
P2 =
n2RT V
P3 =
n3RT V
Ptotal = ntotal
RT V
Daltons law
The fact that the pressure exerted by an ideal gas is not affected by the identity (structure) of the gas particles reveals two things:
The volume of the individual particles must not be important.
The forces among these particles must not be important.
Daltons law
The mole fraction is the ratio of the number of moles of a given component in a mixture to the total number of moles in the mixture.
1 =
n1 = ntotal
P1 Ptotal
Example 4
A sample of solid potassium chlorate (KClO3) was heated in a test tube and decomposed according to the following reaction: 2KClO3 (s) 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g) The oxygen produced was collected by displacement of water at 22C at a total pressure of 754 torr. The volume of the gas collected was 0.650 L, and the vapor pressure of water at 22C is 21 torr. Calculate the partial pressure of O2 in the gas collected and the mass of KClO3 in the sample that was decomposed.
Calculating the Components of Velocity uxy2= ux2 + uy2 u2= uxy2 + uz2 u2= ux2 + uy2 + uz2
where u is the speed of the particle and ux, uy and uz are the components of the velocity along the three principal cartesian axes. Note that u is a scalar quantity and conveys no directional information.
Consider the force exerted on the wall by the component of velocity along the x axis.
Comparison
PV = 2 (KE) T avg n 3
(From theory)
PV = RT n
(From experiment)
The theory agrees with the experiment The KMT is a valid model
The Kinetic Theory Relates the Average Kinetic Energy of the Particles to Temperature
PV = 2 (KE) = RT avg n 3
(KE)avg = 3/2 R T The Kelvin temperature is an index of the average KE of gases (random motion)
Rate of effusion = 1 / M Grahams law of effusion: Rate of effusion of gas1 = M2 Rate of effusion of gas 2 M1
dNH3 uAvg(NH3) MHCl = = 1.5 = dHCl uavg(HCl) MNH3 dNH3 dHCl = 1.3
Experimentally
Theoretically
Smaller mass higher velocity higher intermolecular collisions slower flow NH3 travels a smaller distance to meet HCl than is expected from Grahams law.
m2
(molecules)/m3
Intermolecular collisions
Real gases
Real gases
Real gases
V nb
nb: is for n moles. b: Correction factor that takes into account the proper volume of 1 mole of gas particle nRT P = V - nb
Real gases
Pobs = P - correction factor nRT = V nb nRT = V nb -a V - correction factor n
2
a: Correction factor that takes into account the mutual attraction of gas particles.
Real gases
Van Der Waals Equation:The Real Gases Equation
Correct ideal gas behavior when at high pressure (smaller volume) and low temperature (attractive forces become important).
Real gases
Low value of a