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AP Psychology Chapter 8-9 Memory Storage: Retaining Memory - Sensory Memory - Working / Short Term - Long Term - Storing

Memories in the Brain Retrieval: Getting Information Out - Retrieval Cues. tip of the tongue phenomenon Forgetting: May be caused by - Encoding Failure - Storage Decay (aka Memory Shelf-life) - Retrieval Failure Memory Construction: - Misinformation and Imagination Effects - Source Amnesia - Discerning True and False Memories - Childrens Eyewitness Recall - Repressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse? (Freudian) Improving Memory: Retrograde - forgetting past memories Antirograde forgetting everything from the present onwards. Memory basis for knowing your friends, neighbors, language, the national anthem, and yourself If memory was nonexistent, everyone will be a stranger to you; every language foreign; every task new and even yourself would be a stranger.

The Phenomenon of Memory Memory is an indication that learning has persisted overtime. It is our ability to store and retrieve information. Memory Information Processing Models: Encoding Storage Retrieve Keyboard (encoding) Disk (storage) Monitor (retrieval) Information Processing: The Atkinson Schiffrin (1968) three stage model of memory includes a) sensory memory b) short-term memory c) long-term memory UNCONCIOUS PROCESSING External Events sensory input Sensory Memory encoding (attention to important or novel information) Working (Short Term) Memory (retrieving)

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encoding

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Long-term Memory Modifications to the Three-Stage Model 1. Some information skips the first two stages and enters long-term memory automatically. 2. Since we cannot focus on all the sensory information received, we select information that is important to us and actively process it into our working memory. Encoding (getting information in) How We Encode 1. Some information (route to your school) is automatically processed. 2. However, new or unusual information (friends new cell-phone number) requires attention and effort.

Automatic Processing: We process an enormous amount of information effortlessly such as the following: 1. Space while reading a book, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page. 2. Time we intentionally note the events that take place in a day. 3. Frequency you effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you Effortful Processing Committing novel information to memory requires effort just like learning a concept from a textbook. Such processing leads to durable and accessible memories. ENCODING

Effortful

Automatic

Rehearsal effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition. Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850 to 1909) studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ The more times the nonsense syllables were practiced on Day 1 it easier to remember on Day 2. Memory Effects: 1. Spacing Effect: We retain information better when we rehearse over time. 2. Serial Position Effect: When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items. What We Encode: 1. Encoding by meaning 2. Encoding by images 3. Encoding by organization Encoding Meaning processing the meaning of verbal information by associating it with what we already know or imagine. Encoding meaning (sematic coding) results in better recognition later than visual or acousting encoding. Visual Encoding: Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic coding. Mnemonics: Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery and organizational devices in aiding memory.

Organizing Information for Encoding: Break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories 1. Chunking: acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it.

HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet 2. Hierarchies. Working Memory the new name for short-term memory has a limited capacity and a short duration (7+-2 capacity) (20 seconds duration) Capacity: capacity of the memory can be increased by chunking

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