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PHYSICAL LAYER
The physical layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over a physical medium. It also defines the procedures and functions that physical devices and interfaces have to perform for transmission occur.
Thephysicallayerisresponsiblefortransmittingindividualbitsfromonenodetothe next.
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hop-to-hop delivery
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NETWORK LAYER
The Network layer is responsible for the source The source-to-destination delivery of a packet possible across multiple networks. If two systems are connected to the same link, there is usually no need If for a network layer. However, if the two systems are attached to different networks, there is often a need for the network layer to accomplish source-to-destination delivery.
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Thenetworklayerisresponsibleforthedeliveryofpacketsfromtheoriginal sourcetothefinaldestination.
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Sourcetodestinationdelivery destinationdelivery
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TRANSPORT LAYER
The transport layer is responsible for process process-to-process delivery of the entire message. While the network layer oversees host host-to-destination delivery of individual packets, it does not recognize any relationship between those packets. The transport layer ensures that the whole message arrives intact and in order, overseeing both error control and flow control at the process-to-process level.
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Transport layer
Thetransportlayerisresponsiblefordeliveryofamessagefrom oneprocesstoanother.
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Services provided to the upper layers Encryption; encryption means that the sender transforms the original information into another form and sends the resulting message out over the network Compression; data compression reduces the number of bits contained in the information. Data compression becomes particularly important in the transmission of multimedia like video and audio
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Applicationlayer
Theapplicationlayerisresponsibleforprovidingservicestotheuser.
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A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols Why OSI did not take over the world Bad timing Bad technology Bad implementations Bad politics
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TCP/IP Protocol Suite TCP/IP does not have an official layer structure But protocols imply one Application layer Transport (host to host) layer Internet layer Network access layer Physical layer Actually TCP/IP reference model has been built on its protocols That is why that reference model is only for TCP/IP protocol suite and this is why it is not so important to assign roles to each layer in TCP/IP; understanding TCP, IP and the application protocols would be enough
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IP
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INTERNET LAYER The purpose of the Internet layer is to send packets from a network node and have them arrive at the destination node independent of the path taken.
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TRANSPORT LAYER Five basic services: Segmenting upper-layer application data layer Establishing end-to-end operations end Sending segments from one end host to another end host Ensuring data reliability Providing flow control
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Transport Layer
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APPLICATION LAYER Handles high-level protocols, issues of representation, encoding, and level dialog control. The TCP/IP protocol suite combines all application related issues into one layer and ensures this data is properly packaged before passing it sures on to the next layer.
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IP (INTERNET PROTOCOL) (group 1) The core of the TCP/IP protocol suite Two versions co-exist
v4 the widely used IP protocol v6 has been standardized in 1996, but still not widely deployed
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TCP Transmission Control Protocol end to end protocol Reliable connection = provides flow and error control In TCP terms, a connection is a temporary association between entities in different systems emporary TCP PDU Called TCP segment Includes source and destination port Identify respective users (applications) pair of ports (together with the IP addresses) uniquely identify a connection; such an identification is necessary in order TCP to track segments between entities entities.
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TCP Header
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UDP User Datagram Protocol Alternative to TCP end-to-end protocol Not guaranteed delivery No preservation of sequence No protection against duplication Minimum overhead
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PDUs in TCP/IP
Dest.Address Sourceaddress .
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ApplicationLayer
Applicationprogramsusingthenetwork TransportLayer TransportLayer(TCP/UDP) Managementofendtoendmessagetransmission, endmessagetransmission, errordetectionanderrorcorrection Network Layer(IP) Layer Handlingofdatagrams:routingandcongestion DataLink DataLinkLayer
Managementofcosteffectiveandreliabledatadelivery, accesstophysicalnetworks
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Nextlecture
We shall look at the layer 3 protocols of the TCP/IP in a little more detail (TCP and UDP) We shall look at addressing We shall review chapter 2 and introduce chapter 3 Thanks
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