2012

OPEN-LOOP MOTOR SPEED CONTROL WITH LABVIEW

SYED MASHHOOD HAFEEZ

INSTRUMENT & MEASUREMENT PROJECT 1/6/2012

HAFIZ SYED MASHHOOD HAFEEZ

BEES-SO9-0141

OPEN-LOOP MOTOR SPEED CONTROL WITH LABVIEW

PURPOSE
Control the speed of a DC MOTOR using PWM, in open-loop system

EQUIPMENT

LED DIODE
DC motor IC LN293D Parallel port

BLOCK DIAGRAM

HAFIZ SYED MASHHOOD HAFEEZ

BEES-SO9-0141

In general open loop control means that you send electrical signals to an actuator to perform a certain action, like connecting a motor to a battery for example. In this scheme of control, there is no any mean for your controller to make sure the task was performed correctly, and it often need human intervention to obtain accurate results. A very simple example of open loop control, is the remote controller of an RC toy car;you - the human - have to constantly check the position and the velocity of the car to adapt to the situation and move the car to the desired place.But what if you could let the electronics handle a part, if not all of the tasks performed by a human in an open loop controller, while obtaining more accurate results with extremely short response time? This what is called closed loop control. In order to be able to build a closed loop controller, you need some mean of gaining information about the rotation of the shaft like the number of revolutions executed per second, or even the precise angle of the shaft. This source of information about the shaft of the motor is called "feed-back" because it sends back information from the controlled actuator to the LABVIEW.

Figure 1CLOSED LOOP

Figure 1.A shows clearly the difference between the two control schemes. Both types have a controller that gives orders to a driver, which is a power circuit (usually an H bridge) that drives the motor in the required direction.

HAFIZ SYED MASHHOOD HAFEEZ

BEES-SO9-0141

PULSE-WIDTH MODULATION

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) or duty-cycle variation methods are commonly used inspeed control of DC motors. The duty cycle is defined as the percentage of digital highto digital low plus digital high pulse-width during a PWM period.PWM stands for the Pulse Width Modulation where the width of a digital waveform is varied to control the power delivered to a load. The underlying principle in the whole process is that the average power delivered is directly proportional to the modulation duty cycle.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of on time to the regular interval or period oftime; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of thetime. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The average DC voltage value for 0% duty cycle is zero; with 25% duty cycle the averagevalue is 1.25V (25% of 5V). With 50% duty cycle the average value is 2.5V, and if theduty cycle is 75%, the average voltage is 3.75V and so on. The maximum duty cycle canbe 100%, which is equivalent to a DC waveform. Thus by varying the pulse-width, we canvary the average voltage across a DC motor and hence its speed.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

HAFIZ SYED MASHHOOD HAFEEZ

BEES-SO9-0141

HAFIZ SYED MASHHOOD HAFEEZ

BEES-SO9-0141

FRONT PANEL