* Hardware questions; 1. What is os?

An operating system (OS) is a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and provide common services for application software. The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs require an operating system which are usually separate programs, but can be combined in simple systems. 2. What is minimum hardware requirment of windows xp installation? The minimum hardware requirements for Windows XP Home Edition are: Pentium 233-megahertz (MHz) processor or faster (300 MHz is recommended) At least 64 megabytes (MB) of RAM (128 MB is recommended) At least 1.5 gigabytes (GB) of available space on the hard disk CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive Keyboard and a Microsoft Mouse or some other compatible pointing device Video adapter and monitor with Super VGA (800 x 600)or higher resolution Sound card Speakers or headphones 3. Difference between fat & ntfs. NTFS means '(Windows) NT File System and FAT means 'File Allocation Table' NTFS is a much more stable format of partion and is the newest. If a NTFS partion becomes corrupt, it can sometimes be recovered with special software. NTFS can also recognize more space on a Hard Drive and is a much more efficient and faster format to use FAT is a very old sort of format and goes all the way back to windows 95. It can only recognize a very small hard drives full space. If a FAT partion becomes corrupt then its next to impossible to recover it. A FAT partion has more of a chance of becoming corrupt if your computer crashes. FAT32 is a better version of this format but is still flawed. If EVER offered a choice between FAT and NTFS format then pick NTFS. It will pay off in the future and straight away 4. How many types of users profile? Local User Profile This profile is automatically created the first time a user logs on to the computer, and it is stored on the computer's local hard drive. Any changes made to the local user profile are specific to the computer where the change was made. Roaming User Profile You, as the administrator, create this profile, and store it on a network server. This profile is available when a user logs on to any computer on the network. Any changes made to roaming user profiles are automatically updated on the server when the user logs off. Mandatory User Profile Mandatory user profiles are stored on a network server and are downloaded each time the user logs on. This profile does not update when the user logs off. It is useful for situations where consistent or job-specific settings are needed Only administrators can make changes to

mandatory user profiles. If the mandatory user profile is unavailable, the user cannot log on.

5. What is difference between basic disk & dynamic disk?

Basic Disk Storage Basic storage uses normal partition tables supported by MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows 95, Microsoft Windows 98, Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition (Me), Microsoft Windows NT, Microsoft Windows 2000, Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP. A disk initialized for basic storage is called a basic disk. A basic disk contains basic volumes, such as primary partitions, extended partitions, and logical drives. Additionally, basic volumes include multidisk volumes that are created by using Windows NT 4.0 or earlier, such as volume sets, stripe sets, mirror sets, and stripe sets with parity. Windows XP does not support these multidisk basic volumes. Any volume sets, stripe sets, mirror sets, or stripe sets with parity must be backed up and deleted or converted to dynamic disks before you install Windows XP Professional. Dynamic Disk Storage Dynamic storage is supported in Windows XP Professional, Windows 2000 and Windows Server 2003. A disk initialized for dynamic storage is called a dynamic disk. A dynamic disk contains dynamic volumes, such as simple volumes, spanned volumes, striped volumes, mirrored volumes, and RAID-5 volumes. With dynamic storage, you can perform disk and volume management without the need to restart Windows. Note: Dynamic disks are not supported on portable computers or on Windows XP Home Edition-based computers.

6. What will you do when "ntldr"or "ntdetect" file is missing? 1: Use a Boot Disk to Start the Computer 2: Use the Recovery Console 3: Use the Windows 2000 CD-ROM 7. Your system is restatr regularly then what is the problem? Have a look on Problems :1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Overheating (Processor or HDD). Bad memory. After Downloading any file. Under-rated power supply. Virus like Brontok family and others. Operating system corrupted. Any other hardware failure.

8. It may be a RAM problem, just clean the RAM and reconnect it. 9. Some software was deleted, try to open your PC in safe mode and then try files recovery software. 10. Check your CMOS Battery it is down or Better to replace new one. 11. Some Windows Files will be corrupt. Just Repair the Xp with help of OS CD. 12. Over Heating. 13. Virus Problem Try some best Anti-virus. 8. What is difference between workgroup & domain? Computers on a network can be part of a workgroup or a domain. The main difference between workgroups and domains is how resources on the network are managed. Computers on home networks are usually part of a workgroup, and computers on workplace networks are usually part of a domain. In a workgroup: All computers are peers; no computer has control over another computer. Each computer has a set of user accounts. To use any computer in the workgroup, you must have an account on that computer. There are typically no more than ten to twenty computers. All computers must be on the same local network or subnet.

In a domain: One or more computers are servers. Network administrators use servers to control the security and permissions for all computers on the domain. This makes it easy to make changes because the changes are automatically made to all computers. If you have a user account on the domain, you can log on to any computer on the domain without needing an account on that computer. There can be hundreds or thousands of computers. The computers can be on different local networks.

9. When you start the pc and get long beep then what is the problem? Sounds like video card. 10. Types of hard disk available, how many pins in hard disk? Types of Hard Disk Drives Disk drive technologies have advanced quickly over recent years, making terabytes of storage available at reasonable cost. When researching the type of hard disk storage system appropriate for your needs, keep in mind the format and data rate of the video youre capturing. Depending on whether you work as an independent video editor or collaborate with others, the amount of storage you require and the bit rate of data transfer will be important factors to match up with your storage needs. Outlining all of the hard disk storage technologies is beyond the scope of this documentation, but four common choices include: ATA

FireWire SCSI RAID and Fibre Channel ATA Disk Drives There are two kinds of ATA disks:

Parallel (Ultra) ATA disks: These are found in Power Mac G4 computers. Serial ATA disks: These come with Power Mac G5 computers. ATA disks do not offer as high a level of performance as LVD or Ultra160 SCSI disks. If you plan to use Ultra ATA disks, make sure that: The sustained transfer speed is 8 MB/sec. or faster The average seek time is below 9 ms The spindle speed is at least 5400 rpm, although 7200 rpm is better Parallel (Ultra) ATA Disks Many editors use parallel ATA (PATA) disks (also called Ultra DMA, Ultra EIDE, and ATA33/66/100/133) with DV equipment. Parallel ATA disks are disks that you install internally. Because imported DV material has a fixed data rate of approximately 3.6 MB/sec., high-performance parallel ATA disks typically can capture and output these streams without difficulty. The numbers following the ATA designation indicate the maximum data transfer rate possible for the ATA interface, not the disk drive itself. For example, an ATA-100 interface can theoretically handle 100 MB/sec., but most disk drives do not spin fast enough to reach this limit. Parallel ATA disks use 40- or 80-pin-wide ribbon cables to transfer multiple bits of data simultaneously (in parallel), they have a cable length limit of 18 inches, and they require five volts of power. Depending on your computer, there may be one or more parallel ATA (or IDE) controller chips on the motherboard. Each parallel ATA channel on a computer motherboard supports two channels, so you can connect two disk drives. However, when both disk drives are connected, they must share the data bandwidth of the connection, so the data rate can potentially be reduced. Serial ATA Disks Serial ATA (SATA) disks are newer than parallel ATA disk drives. The disk drive mechanisms may be similar, but the interface is significantly different. The serial ATA interface has the following characteristics:

Serial data transfer (one bit at a time) 150 MB/sec. theoretical data throughput limit 7-pin data connection, with cable limit of 1 meter Operates with 250 mV Only one disk drive allowed per serial ATA controller chip on a computer motherboard, so disk drives do not have to share data bandwidth FireWire Disk Drives Although not recommended for all systems, FireWire disk drives can be effectively used to capture and edit projects using low data rate video clips, such as those captured using the DV codec. However, most FireWire disk drives lack the performance of internal Ultra ATA disk drives or of internal or external SCSI disk drives. For example, a FireWire disk drive may not be able to support real-time playback with as many simultaneous audio

and video tracks as an internal Ultra ATA disk drive can. This can also affect the number of simultaneous real-time effects that can be played back. Keep the following points about FireWire drives in mind: FireWire disk drives are not recommended for capturing high data rate material such as uncompressed SD or HD video. Certain DV camcorders cannot be connected to a computer while a FireWire disk drive is connected simultaneously. In many cases, you can improve performance by installing a separate FireWire PCI Express card to connect your FireWire drive. You may be able to improve performance by reducing the real-time video playback data rate and the number of real-time audio tracks in the General tab of the User Preferences window. You should never disconnect a FireWire disk drive prior to unmounting it from the desktop. SCSI Disk Drives Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) disk drives used to be among the fastest drives available, although newer computers may no longer provide SCSI ports. Although no longer highly popular, SCSI technology has been implemented in various ways over the years, with each successive generation achieving better performance. Two fast SCSI standards for video capture and playback are: Ultra2 LVD (Low Voltage Differential) SCSI: Ultra2 LVD SCSI disk drives offer fast enough performance to capture and output video at high data rates when a single disk is formatted as a single volume (as opposed to formatting several disks together as a disk array). Ultra320 and Ultra160 SCSI: These are faster than Ultra2 LVD SCSI disks. SCSI disks can be installed internally or connected externally. Many users prefer external SCSI disk drives because theyre easier to move and they stay cooler. If your computer didnt come with a preinstalled Ultra2 LVD, Ultra160, or Ultra320 SCSI disk drive, you need to install a SCSI card in a PCI Express slot so you can connect a SCSI disk drive externally. A SCSI card allows you to connect up to 15 SCSI disk drives in a daisy chain, with each disk drive connected to the one before it and the last terminated. (Some SCSI cards support more than one channel; multiple-channel cards support 15 SCSI disks per channel.) Use high-quality, shielded cables to prevent data errors. These cables should be as short as possible (3 feet or less); longer cables can cause problems. You must use an active terminator on the last disk for reliable performance.

Hardware Firewalls Hardware firewalls can be purchased as a stand-alone product but more recently hardware firewalls are typically found in broadband routers, and should be considered an important part of your system and network set-up, especially for anyone on a broadband connection. Hardware firewalls can be effective with little or no configuration, and they can protect every machine on a local network. Most hardware firewalls will have a minimum of four network ports to connect other computers, but for larger networks, business networking firewall solutions are available. A hardware firewall uses packet filtering to examine the header of a packet to determine its source and destination. This information is compared to a set of predefined or usercreated rules that determine whether the packet is to be forwarded or dropped. As with any electronic equipment, a computer user with general computer knowledge can plug in a firewall, adjust a few settings and have it work. To ensure that your firewall is configured for optimal security and protect however, consumers will no doubt need to learn the specific features of their hardware firewall, how to enable them, and how to test the firewall to ensure its doing a good job of protecting your network. Not all firewalls are created equal, and to this end it is important to read the manual and documentation that comes with your product. Additionally the manufacturer's Web site will usually provide a knowledgebase or FAQ to help you get started. If the terminology is a bit too tech-oriented, you can also use the Webopedia search to help you get a better understanding of some of the tech and computer terms you will encounter while setting up your hardware firewall. To test your hardware firewall security, you can purchase third-party test software or search the Internet for a free online-based firewall testing service. Firewall testing is an important part of maintenance to ensure your system is always configured for optimal protection.

Software Firewalls For individual home users, the most popular firewall choice is a software firewall. Software firewalls are installed on your computer (like any software) and you can customize it; allowing you some control over its function and protection features. A software firewall will protect your computer from outside attempts to control or gain access your computer, and, depending on your choice of software firewall, it could also provide protection against the most common Trojan programs or e-mailworms. Many software firewalls have user defined controls for setting up safe file and printer sharing and to block unsafeapplications from running on your system. Additionally, software firewalls may also incorporate privacy controls, web filtering and more. The downside to software firewalls is that they will only protect the computer they are installed on, not a network, so each computer will need to have a software firewall installed on it. Like hardware firewalls there is a vast number of software firewalls to choose from. To get started you may wish to read reviews of software firewalls and search out the product Web site to glean some information first. Because your software firewall will always be running on your computer, you should make note of the system resources it will require to run and any incompatibilities with your operating system. A good software firewall will run in the background on your system and use only a small amount of system resources. It is important to monitor a software firewall once installed and to download any updates available from the developer. The differences between a software and hardware firewall are vast, and the best protection for your computer and network is to use both, as each offers different but much-needed security features and benefits. Updating your firewall and your operating system is essential to maintaining optimal protection, as is testing your firewall to ensure it is connected and working correctly.