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Investigacion Dirigida II AS4108

January 23, 2012

Final Report, Investigacion Dirigida II


Voids in the local Universe, based on the VOCLUDET sample of galaxy clusters and groups
Carlos Hervas C.1 Prof. in charge: Luis Campusano1
Departamento de Astronoma, FCFM, U. de Chile January 23, 2012
Resumen. Voids in the north galactic pole of the VOCLUDET sample of galaxy clusters and groups are found using the

algorithm of ?

1. Introduction
In recent years, the redshift surveys have been able to provide a much better picture of the structure of the Universe in the large scale. It seems to be organized in a hierarchical model, with galaxies making clusters and superclusters, this tracing a sort of lament structure with immense voids in-between, creating the so called cosmic web. As an example of this, the 2 Degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS) is shown in g. 1. The structures and voids are clearly discernible. The objective of this investigation is to quantify the voids in the local universe, based on a sample of galaxy clusters and groups found using a Voronoi based algorithm in the 2dFGRS. Also, a brief section about the luminosity function of the rich clusters found is included.

2. 2dFGRS y VOCLUDET
The data consists of a sample of galaxy clusters found automatically via a Voronoi tessellation based algorithm in the 2dFGRS.

2.1. 2 Degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS)


For full description, see ?. The 2dFGRS is a redshift survey that measured nearly 250000 galaxies in 2 thin strips near the equator:

Fig. 2. The southern and northern strips in the 2dFGRS. The strips are in black.

Fig. 1. The 2 Degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey

1. One in the Southern Galactic Hemisphere, spanning 80 15 . The limits are 21h 40m < R.A. < 03h 40m and 37.5 < DEC. < 22.5 . 2. The other in the Northern Galactic Hemisphere, spanning 75 10 . The limits are 09h 50m < R.A. < 14h 50m and 7.5 < DEC. < 2.5 .

Carlos Hervas C. Prof. in charge: Luis Campusano: Final Report, Investigaci n Dirigida II o

The 2 strips are shown in the g. 2. The survey used the 2dF multi-bre spectrograph on the Anglo-Australian Telescope of the Anglo-Australian Observatory, with a limiting magnitude of b J = 19.45.

where k = log10().

3.1. Algorithm
To construct the composite LF, the following algorithm was carried out, following the prescriptions of ?. First, a cluster and a galaxy object was created. A cluster has 3 arrays of galaxies: one for the member galaxies, one for all the galaxies in an area of 1 Abell radius (1.5h1 M pc), taken from the parent catalogue and one for all the galaxies in 1 Abell radius with redshift measured (quality 3), taken from the best observations catalogue. Second, the list of clusters is loaded, ltered by z 0.11 and only dynamically relaxed (normal velocity dispersion histogram), along with its corresponding galaxies. Next, the following sum was carried out: Nc j = Nc0 mj Ni j Ni0 (2)

2.2. VOCLUDET
The catalogue where the voids are to be found is the VOCLUDET catalogue of galaxy clusters and galaxy groups. It is based on a Voronoi tessellation of the points together with the use of the ZHG algorithm (?) for galaxy membership. See ? for a description of the catalogue and ? for a description of the algorithm. The algorithm was applied to the 2dFGRS strips and found 2573 clusters (including 24419 galaxies) in the NGP and 4270 clusters (58412 galaxies) in the SGP. This is the primary sample of points and from now on will be called Vocludet complete. This sample contains clusters and galaxy groups, all with 2 or more members, so it represents rich and poor clusters.

2.3. HVDCS
A sub sample of Vocludet complete is the High Velocity Dispersion Cluster Sample, which has clusters with 30 or more members and velocity dispersion of 400kms1 . This sample represents the rich and massive clusters of the VOCLUDET catalogue. One peculiarity is that HVDCS contains two kinds of clusters: The ones with over 50% membership of spiral galaxies (spiral-rich) and the ones with less than 50% spiral galaxies (spiral-poor). In the g. ?? is shown both Vocludet complete and the HVDCS.
500 VOCLUDET complete HVDCS 400

where Nc j is the number of galaxies in the j absolute magnitude bin, m j is the number of clusters that contributing to the j bin, Ni j is the number of galaxies in the j bin for the cluster i and Nc0 = i Ni0 . The calculation of Ni0 is more complicated. It correspond to the corrected number of galaxies brighter than M=-19. For this we need the corrected number Ni j,corr , an analogous of Ni j . This is Ni j,corr = NC NI NR

300

200

Y [MPc]

100

where NR is the number of galaxies with measured redshift, NC the number of cluster members and NI the total number of galaxies, all in the jth bin. Since not all the galaxies have z information, we have to work in apparent magnitude bins rst, and then transform this apparent magnitude to absolute magnitude using the redshift of the ith cluster. For that reason, the same bin size and interval of apparent magnitude was used, ie m = [12.95, 19.45] and m = 0.5. Also, is it worth noting that the number NI /NR = (redshi f tcompletness)1 , ie, the number NC is corrected dividing it by the z completeness. The error bars are calculated with Nc j = Nc0 [ mj (Ni j /Ni0 )2 ]1/2
i

-100

-200

-300

-400 -600

-400

-200

0 X [Mpc]

200

400

600

where Ni j = 1/NI + 1/NC 1/NR Ni j (if NC is a binomial random variable with probability NC /NR , NI is a Poisson variable, using the standard error formulas corresponding to these variables).

Fig. 3. VOCLUDET catalogue in cartesian coordinates. The NGP is on the left and the SGP is on the right

3.2. Results
In g. ?? therere both LFs. The best Schechter function (eq. ??) tted parameters are: poor = 1.115 0.087, M poor = 20.43 0.17, rich = 1.3 0.1 and Mrich = 21.19 0.4. The condence levels contours are shown in g. ??. Also, the redshift completeness for each cluster was calculated (in 1 Abell radius) and compared with the z completeness calculated with 1 degree radius. This is shown in g. ??. As it can be seen from g. ??, the LFs are distinct. This is enforced by g. ??, where

3. The Luminosity Function (LF)


The importance of a LF is that they can give the properties of large groups of objects. An analytical function for the LF of galaxies was given by ? and that is N(M)dM = kN exp(k(+1)(M M)exp(k(M M)))dM(1)

Carlos Hervas C. Prof. in charge: Luis Campusano: Final Report, Investigaci n Dirigida II o

10000

z-Completness 0.95 0.90 z-completness with 1 Degree radius 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 z-completness with 1 Abell radius 0.9

Sp-Rich Sp-Poor

1000

Number

1.0

100

Fig. 6. z-completeness (1 Abell radius) vs. z-completeness (1 degree radius)

10 -16

spiral-poor spiral-rich -17 -18 -19 Mb


J

4.1. The importance of Voids


-20 -21

Fig. 4. Spiral poor (squares) and spiral rich (circles) LFs, with their best tted Schechter functions

The motivation for nding voids is that they are an important part of the Large Scale Structure, so understanding them is vital in the process of comprehend the structure of the Universe. Also, the work by ?; in a few words, they concluded that therere evidences using galaxy counts in the NIR that we live in an underdensity of the local Universe and that could mimic, for example, the apparent accelerated expansion of the Universe. So, nding evidence of voids in the local Universe is the desirable goal.

0.9
sp-poor

4.2. Foster & Nelson 2009 Algorithm


In the work by ?, therere descriptions of 13 dierent algorithms to nd voids. The one described in ? was elected because of his approach of growing spheres inside the sample of points until they reach the edge and can no longer grow. They applied it to the SDSS data of galaxies. The steps of the algorithm are described next.

Fig. 5. 1,2 and 3 condence levels for spiral rich and poor LFs

up to 3 the values of and M are quite separated. From this we concluded that the two kind of clusters, spiral rich and spiral poor probably come from distinct galaxy populations.

4. Voids
The main goal of this investigation is to nd voids in the VOCLUDET clusters.

1.0

1.1
sp-rich

1.2

1.3

1.4

4.2.1. Cartesian Coordinates


21.5 21.0 M* 20.5 20.0

1.5 22.0

The points are basically 3 numbers: R.A. (in degrees), DEC. (in degrees) and redshift. These are converted to cartesian coordinates by X = Dc sin( (90 DEC))cos( RA) 180 180 (90 DEC))sin( RA) Y = Dc sin( 180 180 Z = Dc cos( (90 DEC)) 180
c H0 z 0

(3) (4) (5)

where Dc =

tance. The values used are m = .28, k = .0, = .72 and H0 = 70M pc/km/s.

dz m (1+z )3 +k (1+z )2 +

is the comoving dis-

Carlos Hervas C. Prof. in charge: Luis Campusano: Final Report, Investigaci n Dirigida II o

4.2.2. Classication of points


A point can be either wall or eld. Field points can live inside voids. The number R3 = D3 + 3 is calculated, where D3 is the mean of the third neighbour distances of every point and 3 is the standart deviation. = 2. If the distance to the third neighbour of a point is less than R3 is a wall point. Otherwise, is a eld point.
600 300 200 100 Y [Mpc] 100 200 300 Y [Mpc] 0 400 200 0 200 400

4.2.3. Empty cells


The entire sample is divided into cells, R3 /2 wide. Then all the cells with no wall galaxies are saved for later (these are the empty cells).

600 400600 500 400 300 200 100 0 X [Mpc] 800 1000 800 600 400 200 X [Mpc]

4.2.4. Growth of Maximal Spheres


Starting in the center of one empty cell, a sphere is grown in such a way that stop growing when its surface touches 3 wall points. For the exact detail of how this is done, see ? and ?. These sphere are now called holes. If the hole lies outside the survey (except for a extension of 10 Mpc), it is descarted.
Fig. 7. Voids in the NGP. In the left, the NGP with z < 0.12. In the right the entire sample. the threshold is 12 Mpc.

4.2.5. Classication of unique voids


The holes are sorted by volume. If the rst hole is larger that the threshold (the minimum equivalent radius to be considered a void), is classied as void number one. Then checks the others holes larger than . If one hole overlaps two dierent voids by 3 = 2% or more, it is descarted. If one hole overlaps a void by 1 = 10% or more, it is merged with that void.

Two routines were not used: one dealing with the extinction due to the milky way disk and one dealing with the unsurveyed areas of the SDSS. The most important modication was the resolution. Using R3 /2 as the cell size is a poor resolution for the scattered data of Vocludet. So the resolution was incremented via R3 /N where N is to be determined. Since some of the voids in the Vocludet sample surely will growth outside the survey (because of the thinness of the sample) an option was added, where the declination limits are expanded, so that this voids are not eliminated.

4.2.6. Enhancement of the void


Next, the holes smaller than are considered. If they overlaps with a void in 2 = 50% or more, then it is merged in that void.

5.2. Limiting redshift


Since with increasing redshift is more dicult to obtain a representative sample of the clusters, the limits of 0.12 and 0.15 are adopted in redshift in NGP and SGP, respectively. As shown in g. ??, voids are found in the zone where z > 0.12, but these are clearly bigger. At the same time, the density is not uniform in these zone. Therefore, up to z = 0.12 is a safe bet.

4.2.7. Void Properties


Using Monte Carlo method, the nal position, volume and equivalent spherical radius is computed.

4.2.8. Shapes
Also using Monte Carlo, the best t ellipsoid is computed. With this, the voids can have a ellipsoidal approximated shape. See ? for the detail.

5.3. Problem in SGP


The algorithm was run in both the NGP and SGP. A diculty arise when in the south data detected immense voids lying outside the limits of the survey, as shown in the g. ?? (a). The dierence is the X coordinate, negative in the NGP and positive in the SGP. The rst idea was to make a mirror image, to swap the sign in X. The results are shown in g. ?? (b). Probably the problem is in one absolute value in the code. For the moment, the denitive results are only the NGP ones.

5. Tests 5.1. Modications to the original code


A lot of modications where made to the original algorithm to suit the needs of the Vocludet sample: First, the classication of points was not used, all points are automatically classied as wall points. This is because the Vocludet data is much more scattered than the SDSS, so the criteria is not robust enough to be applied.

5.4. Resolution
Since the data is scattered, the resolution is a factor. R3 /2 is a poor resolution. In the g. ?? is shown the number of voids found vs. the resolution adopted, both with and without extend-

Carlos Hervas C. Prof. in charge: Luis Campusano: Final Report, Investigaci n Dirigida II o
85

500 400 300


Number of Voids Found

(a)

80 75 70 65 60 55 1.5 2.0 2.5

Without extending DEC limits, Thr=12 Mpc With extending DEC limits, Thr=12 Mpc

200 Y [Mpc] 100 0 100 200 300 400600 400 200 0 X [Mpc] 200 400 600

3.0 3.5 4.0 Resolution Rn/N

4.5

5.0

5.5

500 400 300 200 Y [Mpc] 100 0 (b)

Fig. 9. The number of voids found in the NGP vs. the resolution. The values are more or less stable starting from 4.5
60 voids were detected

300

200

100

200 300 400600

Y [Mpc]

100

100

200

400

200

0 X [Mpc]

200

400

600
300

Fig. 8. Both are in low resolution, the threshold is 12 Mpc. (a) Voids in the NGP and the SGP. Some voids in the south lie outside the survey. (b) The X coordinate is swapped. Now the voids in the south (in the left this time) lie all inside the survey

400 600

500

400

300 X [Mpc]

200

100

Fig. 10. The voids on the (Vocludet complete - HVDCS) sample, the threshold is 10 Mpc

ing the declination limits. The number is stable around 4.5 and bigger. Therefore, the resolution of 4.5 is adopted.

6. Results
As said before, the SGP is problematic, so denitive results are only for the NGP.

5.5. Threshold
An important issue is to determine the threshold, ie. the minimum size to be considered a void. One way of x a value is using an experimental approach, see ? for an example. Other way is by invoking physical reasons. The default threshold used in ? is 12 Mpc, and that value was used in the tests. The typical range for cosmological voids is around 15-30 Mpc in radius, so the value of 22 Mpc was adopted for the HVDCS, because the interest is to nd the large voids that can trace the LSS. There is no signicant dierence between 20 and 22 Mpc. In the Vocludet complete sample, the voids are of unknown nature, and there is certain interest in see if small voids can trace the large ones, a sort of fractal structure, so the threshold of 10 Mpc is adopted, also for comparison reasons.

6.1. Voids found


First, the algorithm was applied to the subtraction of Vocludet complete and HVDCS, representing the poor clusters. In this case, with threshold 10 Mpc, 60 voids were found, with a mean of 28.9 Mpc and a std of 10 Mpc. The elliptical projections in the XY plane are shown in g. ??. On the other hand, the results in the HVDCS are shown in g. ??. In this case, the threshold is 22 Mpc. 24 voids were found, the mean was 28.6 Mpc and the std 4 Mpc. In this case, it looks like the algorithm miss a lot of voids. The reason for this is the thinness of the sample. Voids of large dimensions can grow upwards and downwards to a point that theyre discarded. Extending the declination limits was implemented, but no dierences were observed.

Carlos Hervas C. Prof. in charge: Luis Campusano: Final Report, Investigaci n Dirigida II o
24 voids were found

300

200

100

Y [Mpc]

100

200

300

400 600

500

400

300 X [Mpc]

200

100

Fig. 11. The voids on the HVDCS sample, the threshold is 22 Mpc

Fig. 13. The voids on the subtraction sample over imposed on the HVDCS sample

14 12 10 Frequency 8 6 4 2

Histogram: mean=24.0 Mpc, std=9.2 Mpc

25 20 15 10 5

Histograma: mean=34.4 Mpc, std=15.3 Mpc

7. Conclusions & Future Work


The main goal of the investigation is half done, that is nding the voids in the Vocludet sample of clusters. The NGP voids look ne, but in the SGP, the problem remains. The author is currently working with the author of the algorithm, Caroline Foster, in nding the bug and with a little luck be able to nd the voids on the south. Another observations is about the density of the points. The algorithm performance is directly proportional to the density of voids. This is evident because the voids are better dened in high density. Nevertheless, considering that close to 1600 points is low density for such a big sample, the algorithm works pretty well. About the histograms, the distributions are similar. The voids in the south are bigger than in the NGP. Also therere more because the sample is bigger. One nal conclusion is that the voids on the HVDCS are not conclusive. The reason is the low density of the sample and the fact that the biggest voids lies outside the survey. For that, the fractal theory cannot be veried until the voids in the HVDCS are found. One future step could be another algorithm that the author is working on that uses a Delaunay Tessellation approach to nd the voids. Issues to be resolved are: The comparison with voids found in the 2dFGRS (?), x the bug in the SGP, nd or make and appropriate algorithm for low density data such as the HVDCS.
Acknowledgements. I would like to extend my warmest thanks to Luis Campusano, Nancy Hitcheld, Caroline Foster, Gabriel Marinello and Ryan Keenan for all their support and help.

0 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 10 Radius [Mpc]

0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 Radius [Mpc]

Fig. 12. Histograms in the NGP (left) and SGP (right). These are made with low resolution

6.2. Histograms
The only result for the SGP for the moment are the number and sizes of voids (the locations will be wrong), hence the histogram is obtainable. In the g. ?? are both histograms. These are made with low resolution because the computation time in the SGP is excessive.

6.3. Fractal Structure


One idea about the voids is that therere little voids that make up the bigger voids. In this case, the biggest voids are found in the HVDCS, that represents the high density points of the local universe. The smallest voids are found in the (Complete HVDCS) sample, that represents the low density or poor clusters. To test this hypothesis, the clusters found in the subtraction sample are over imposed on the HVDCS. This is shown in g. ??. A zone where this hypothesis is may be true is highlighted.

Bibliografa
Campusano et al. Submitted. 2012 Colberg, J. M., Pearce, F., Foster, C., et al. 2008, MNRAS, 387, 933 Colless, M., Dalton, G., Maddox, S., et al. 2001, MNRAS, 328, 1039 De Propris, R., Colless, M., Driver, S. P., et al. 2003, MNRAS, 342, 725 Foster, C., & Nelson, L. A. 2009, ApJ, 699, 1252 Hoyle, F., & Vogeley, M. S. 2002, ApJ, 566, 641

Carlos Hervas C. Prof. in charge: Luis Campusano: Final Report, Investigaci n Dirigida II o Hoyle, F., & Vogeley, M. S. 2004, ApJ, 607, 751 Keenan, R. C., Trouille, L., Barger, A. J., Cowie, L. L., & Wang, W.-H. 2010, ApJS, 186, 94 Pizarro D., Campusano L.E. et. al. 2006, International Symposium on Voronoi Diagrams in Science and Engineering, 0:112121. Schechter, P. 1976, ApJ, 203, 297 Zabludo, A. I., Huchra, J. P., & Geller, M. J. 1990, ApJS, 74, 1

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