algorithm of ?
1. Introduction
In recent years, the redshift surveys have been able to provide a much better picture of the structure of the Universe in the large scale. It seems to be organized in a hierarchical model, with galaxies making clusters and superclusters, this tracing a sort of lament structure with immense voids in-between, creating the so called cosmic web. As an example of this, the 2 Degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS) is shown in g. 1. The structures and voids are clearly discernible. The objective of this investigation is to quantify the voids in the local universe, based on a sample of galaxy clusters and groups found using a Voronoi based algorithm in the 2dFGRS. Also, a brief section about the luminosity function of the rich clusters found is included.
2. 2dFGRS y VOCLUDET
The data consists of a sample of galaxy clusters found automatically via a Voronoi tessellation based algorithm in the 2dFGRS.
Fig. 2. The southern and northern strips in the 2dFGRS. The strips are in black.
1. One in the Southern Galactic Hemisphere, spanning 80 15 . The limits are 21h 40m < R.A. < 03h 40m and 37.5 < DEC. < 22.5 . 2. The other in the Northern Galactic Hemisphere, spanning 75 10 . The limits are 09h 50m < R.A. < 14h 50m and 7.5 < DEC. < 2.5 .
Carlos Hervas C. Prof. in charge: Luis Campusano: Final Report, Investigaci n Dirigida II o
The 2 strips are shown in the g. 2. The survey used the 2dF multi-bre spectrograph on the Anglo-Australian Telescope of the Anglo-Australian Observatory, with a limiting magnitude of b J = 19.45.
where k = log10().
3.1. Algorithm
To construct the composite LF, the following algorithm was carried out, following the prescriptions of ?. First, a cluster and a galaxy object was created. A cluster has 3 arrays of galaxies: one for the member galaxies, one for all the galaxies in an area of 1 Abell radius (1.5h1 M pc), taken from the parent catalogue and one for all the galaxies in 1 Abell radius with redshift measured (quality 3), taken from the best observations catalogue. Second, the list of clusters is loaded, ltered by z 0.11 and only dynamically relaxed (normal velocity dispersion histogram), along with its corresponding galaxies. Next, the following sum was carried out: Nc j = Nc0 mj Ni j Ni0 (2)
2.2. VOCLUDET
The catalogue where the voids are to be found is the VOCLUDET catalogue of galaxy clusters and galaxy groups. It is based on a Voronoi tessellation of the points together with the use of the ZHG algorithm (?) for galaxy membership. See ? for a description of the catalogue and ? for a description of the algorithm. The algorithm was applied to the 2dFGRS strips and found 2573 clusters (including 24419 galaxies) in the NGP and 4270 clusters (58412 galaxies) in the SGP. This is the primary sample of points and from now on will be called Vocludet complete. This sample contains clusters and galaxy groups, all with 2 or more members, so it represents rich and poor clusters.
2.3. HVDCS
A sub sample of Vocludet complete is the High Velocity Dispersion Cluster Sample, which has clusters with 30 or more members and velocity dispersion of 400kms1 . This sample represents the rich and massive clusters of the VOCLUDET catalogue. One peculiarity is that HVDCS contains two kinds of clusters: The ones with over 50% membership of spiral galaxies (spiral-rich) and the ones with less than 50% spiral galaxies (spiral-poor). In the g. ?? is shown both Vocludet complete and the HVDCS.
500 VOCLUDET complete HVDCS 400
where Nc j is the number of galaxies in the j absolute magnitude bin, m j is the number of clusters that contributing to the j bin, Ni j is the number of galaxies in the j bin for the cluster i and Nc0 = i Ni0 . The calculation of Ni0 is more complicated. It correspond to the corrected number of galaxies brighter than M=-19. For this we need the corrected number Ni j,corr , an analogous of Ni j . This is Ni j,corr = NC NI NR
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where NR is the number of galaxies with measured redshift, NC the number of cluster members and NI the total number of galaxies, all in the jth bin. Since not all the galaxies have z information, we have to work in apparent magnitude bins rst, and then transform this apparent magnitude to absolute magnitude using the redshift of the ith cluster. For that reason, the same bin size and interval of apparent magnitude was used, ie m = [12.95, 19.45] and m = 0.5. Also, is it worth noting that the number NI /NR = (redshi f tcompletness)1 , ie, the number NC is corrected dividing it by the z completeness. The error bars are calculated with Nc j = Nc0 [ mj (Ni j /Ni0 )2 ]1/2
i
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where Ni j = 1/NI + 1/NC 1/NR Ni j (if NC is a binomial random variable with probability NC /NR , NI is a Poisson variable, using the standard error formulas corresponding to these variables).
Fig. 3. VOCLUDET catalogue in cartesian coordinates. The NGP is on the left and the SGP is on the right
3.2. Results
In g. ?? therere both LFs. The best Schechter function (eq. ??) tted parameters are: poor = 1.115 0.087, M poor = 20.43 0.17, rich = 1.3 0.1 and Mrich = 21.19 0.4. The condence levels contours are shown in g. ??. Also, the redshift completeness for each cluster was calculated (in 1 Abell radius) and compared with the z completeness calculated with 1 degree radius. This is shown in g. ??. As it can be seen from g. ??, the LFs are distinct. This is enforced by g. ??, where
Carlos Hervas C. Prof. in charge: Luis Campusano: Final Report, Investigaci n Dirigida II o
10000
z-Completness 0.95 0.90 z-completness with 1 Degree radius 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 z-completness with 1 Abell radius 0.9
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Fig. 4. Spiral poor (squares) and spiral rich (circles) LFs, with their best tted Schechter functions
The motivation for nding voids is that they are an important part of the Large Scale Structure, so understanding them is vital in the process of comprehend the structure of the Universe. Also, the work by ?; in a few words, they concluded that therere evidences using galaxy counts in the NIR that we live in an underdensity of the local Universe and that could mimic, for example, the apparent accelerated expansion of the Universe. So, nding evidence of voids in the local Universe is the desirable goal.
0.9
sp-poor
Fig. 5. 1,2 and 3 condence levels for spiral rich and poor LFs
up to 3 the values of and M are quite separated. From this we concluded that the two kind of clusters, spiral rich and spiral poor probably come from distinct galaxy populations.
4. Voids
The main goal of this investigation is to nd voids in the VOCLUDET clusters.
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The points are basically 3 numbers: R.A. (in degrees), DEC. (in degrees) and redshift. These are converted to cartesian coordinates by X = Dc sin( (90 DEC))cos( RA) 180 180 (90 DEC))sin( RA) Y = Dc sin( 180 180 Z = Dc cos( (90 DEC)) 180
c H0 z 0
where Dc =
tance. The values used are m = .28, k = .0, = .72 and H0 = 70M pc/km/s.
dz m (1+z )3 +k (1+z )2 +
Carlos Hervas C. Prof. in charge: Luis Campusano: Final Report, Investigaci n Dirigida II o
600 400600 500 400 300 200 100 0 X [Mpc] 800 1000 800 600 400 200 X [Mpc]
Two routines were not used: one dealing with the extinction due to the milky way disk and one dealing with the unsurveyed areas of the SDSS. The most important modication was the resolution. Using R3 /2 as the cell size is a poor resolution for the scattered data of Vocludet. So the resolution was incremented via R3 /N where N is to be determined. Since some of the voids in the Vocludet sample surely will growth outside the survey (because of the thinness of the sample) an option was added, where the declination limits are expanded, so that this voids are not eliminated.
4.2.8. Shapes
Also using Monte Carlo, the best t ellipsoid is computed. With this, the voids can have a ellipsoidal approximated shape. See ? for the detail.
5.4. Resolution
Since the data is scattered, the resolution is a factor. R3 /2 is a poor resolution. In the g. ?? is shown the number of voids found vs. the resolution adopted, both with and without extend-
Carlos Hervas C. Prof. in charge: Luis Campusano: Final Report, Investigaci n Dirigida II o
85
(a)
Without extending DEC limits, Thr=12 Mpc With extending DEC limits, Thr=12 Mpc
200 Y [Mpc] 100 0 100 200 300 400600 400 200 0 X [Mpc] 200 400 600
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Fig. 9. The number of voids found in the NGP vs. the resolution. The values are more or less stable starting from 4.5
60 voids were detected
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Fig. 8. Both are in low resolution, the threshold is 12 Mpc. (a) Voids in the NGP and the SGP. Some voids in the south lie outside the survey. (b) The X coordinate is swapped. Now the voids in the south (in the left this time) lie all inside the survey
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Fig. 10. The voids on the (Vocludet complete - HVDCS) sample, the threshold is 10 Mpc
ing the declination limits. The number is stable around 4.5 and bigger. Therefore, the resolution of 4.5 is adopted.
6. Results
As said before, the SGP is problematic, so denitive results are only for the NGP.
5.5. Threshold
An important issue is to determine the threshold, ie. the minimum size to be considered a void. One way of x a value is using an experimental approach, see ? for an example. Other way is by invoking physical reasons. The default threshold used in ? is 12 Mpc, and that value was used in the tests. The typical range for cosmological voids is around 15-30 Mpc in radius, so the value of 22 Mpc was adopted for the HVDCS, because the interest is to nd the large voids that can trace the LSS. There is no signicant dierence between 20 and 22 Mpc. In the Vocludet complete sample, the voids are of unknown nature, and there is certain interest in see if small voids can trace the large ones, a sort of fractal structure, so the threshold of 10 Mpc is adopted, also for comparison reasons.
Carlos Hervas C. Prof. in charge: Luis Campusano: Final Report, Investigaci n Dirigida II o
24 voids were found
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Fig. 11. The voids on the HVDCS sample, the threshold is 22 Mpc
Fig. 13. The voids on the subtraction sample over imposed on the HVDCS sample
14 12 10 Frequency 8 6 4 2
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0 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 10 Radius [Mpc]
0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 Radius [Mpc]
Fig. 12. Histograms in the NGP (left) and SGP (right). These are made with low resolution
6.2. Histograms
The only result for the SGP for the moment are the number and sizes of voids (the locations will be wrong), hence the histogram is obtainable. In the g. ?? are both histograms. These are made with low resolution because the computation time in the SGP is excessive.
Bibliografa
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