FacultyofMedicine
InternationalUniversityofAfrica,Khartoum,Sudan
Thecell Thecell
Thecellisthebasic unitofbothstructure and Th ll i h b i i fb h d function in all living things inalllivingthings.
They differ not only in their appearance but also in Theydiffernotonlyintheirappearance butalsoin theirstructure,reproduction,andmetabolism. p
Cellsthathavemembraneboundnucleus.
Prokaryoticcellsdifferfromeukaryoticcells.
Property
DNA Size Si Organization
Eukaryotes
Linearstrandswithin membraneboundnucleus 5100m 5 100 Oftenmulticellular,some havecellwalls(no have cell walls (no peptidoglycan) Usuallyneedoxygento Usually need oxygen to exist Membranebound organelleslike mitochondria Plants,animals,protists, fungi
Prokaryotes
Singlecircleinnucleoid region 0.210m 0 2 10 Usuallysinglecelled, somehavepeptidoglycan some have peptidoglycan cellwalls Maynotneedoxygento May not need oxygen to exist Noorganelles,different ribosomes Bacteria,archaea
10
Metabolism Organelles
Examples
Eukaryoteshaveseveralmembranebound organelles.
1. 2. 2 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 7 Theplasmamembrane. Thenucleus The nucleus Themitochondria Theendoplasmicreticulum g pp Golgiapparatus. Thelysosomes. Theribosomes nucleoproteinparticles,withno The ribosomes (nucleoprotein particles with no nucleoproteinparticles,withno membranesboundary)
Cellfractionation
Hasthreeprincipalsteps:
1. Disruption(homogenization)ofcellsandliberation 1 Disruption (homogenization) of cells and liberation oforganelles. 2. Macrofiltration 2 Macro filtration 3. Purificationofcellcomponents.
Homogenization
Tissueishomogenizedinanisotonicbuffersolution. h d b ff l Thepopularprocedureistheuseof'PotterElvehjem homogeniser. g Other homogenization procedures include: grinding Otherhomogenizationproceduresinclude:grinding, mincing,chopping,pressurechanges,osmoticshock, freezethawing,andultrasoundhomogenization. freeze thawing and ultra sound homogenization
Homogenization
Homogenization is carried out in an isotonic solution Homogenizationiscarriedoutinanisotonicsolution, withapHbuffer,andaticecoldtemperatureto preventproteindamage. prevent protein damage Theseparatedorganellesarekepteithercold,isotonic orbuffered.
Purification
It is carried out by differential ultracentrifugation Itiscarriedoutbydifferentialultracentrifugation. Thesequentialincreaseinrelativecentrifugalforce (RCF)resultsinthesequentialseparationoforganelles accordingtotheirdensity. TheRCFisexpressedbyingunits,where1gisthe forceoftheearthsgravity. g y
DifferentialCentrifugationofLiverCellsHomogenate
The homogenate The Nuclear Supernatant p
Mitochondrial Supernatant
Microsomal Pellet
Equilibriumgradientcentrifugation
Therelativecentrifugalforce(RCF) g ( )
Theforceexertedonaparticleinacentrifugeis expressedbythefollowingequation:
Thecellorganelles
Schematicdiagramofaplasmamembraneshowingthemajor macromolecularcomponents.
75%
20%
Thefunctionoftheplasmamembrane
1. Itregulatestheentryandexitofsubstances g y (selectivepermeability). 2. Manymoleculescrossthecellmembraneby diffusion d diff i andosmosis,othersbytransport i th b t t systems. 1. Differenttransportsystems existintheplasma p y p membrane.
Plasmamembranetransportsystems Plasmamembranetransportsystems
2.
1. Isadoublemembraneboundedorganelle,(only ineukaryotes) i k )
2. Thenucleusisthecellcontrolcenter,Itstoresthe geneticinformation.
TheNucleus
3. Thegeneticmaterial,theDNAiscomplexed with 3 Th ti t i l th DNA i l d ith histones andorganizedintochromatin. g
4. Duringdivision,thechromatinsarecondensedto formhighlyorganizedchromosomes.
6. Besidesthegeneticmaterial,mostnucleialso containnucleoli(singlenucleolus)
The nucleus
Nucleolus.
Nuclearmembrane
Micrographofacellnucleus showingthedarklystained nucleolus.
TheMitochondrion
TheroughandsmoothER. h h d h
TheERassociatedwithribosomes isknownasrough ER,theonelackingribosomes i th ER th l ki ib isthesmoothER. th ER
EndoplasmicReticulum
Ribosomes
They are nucleoproteins particles Theyarenucleoproteins particles.
TheymayeitherexistassociatedtotheER,orfound assembledinapolysomes.
Ribosomes areresponsibleforproteinsynthesis.
Ribosomestructure
Ribosomestructure
Cytoskeleton
TheCytoskeleton y