Jain, at Roorkee press, Roorkee, India, 1982. Garg, S.K., Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures, Khanna Publishers, Delhi, 1976. Abdulkadir, S. Z., Mero, S.K., Yaseen, D.S. Design of Barrage on a Proposed River, 4th Year Graduation Project, 2008.
Page 2
In addition to the weir proper, head works consist of the following components, Undersluices. Canal head regulator.
Page 3
These are gates controlled openings in the weir with crest at low level. They are located on the same side as off-take canal. If two canal take off on either side of the river, it would be necessary to provide undersluices on either side.
Page 4
Functions of undersluices
To preserve a clear and defined river channel approaching the canal regulator.
To scour silt deposited in front of canal regulator and control silt entry in the canal. To facilitate working of weir crest shutters or gates. The flood can easily pass.
Page 5
i.Qu = 2 (Qmax.)offtake
ii.Qu = 20% (Qmax.)flood
Page 6
Page 7
The head regulator is normally aligned between 90 - 120 in respect to the axis of the weir. The regulation done by means of gates, steel gates of spans ranging between (8 m-12 m) are used and operated by electric winches. Height of gates = pond level - crest level To check flood water entering the canal a breast wall between pond level and high flood level (H.F.L). Unless H.F.L - pond level is nominal, breast wall is usually more economical than high gates.
Page 8
If silt excluder is provided, it is necessary to further raise the crest of head regulator by minimum of 0.75 m. To calculate the discharge, the drowned weir formula can be used: 2 = 1 2 + 3 where:
C1=0.577, C2=0.8
2 3
+ 2 2 +
Page 9
In case of the waterway (L) worked out more than width of the canal, the crest level so adjusted as to keep (L) equal to the width of the canal. In exceptional cases waterway more than canal width may be provided with a flared wall in the d.s of the regulator to join the canal width. Note that, the most critical condition of uplift occurs when high flood level is passed down the weir and there is no flow in canal.
Page 10
It is a wall located between weir and undersluices extending a little u.s of canal regulator, and d.s up to end of loose protection of the undersluices. It is a concrete or masonry structure, with top width (t)=(l.5-3)m, and aligned at right angle to the weir axis.
Page 11
To separate the floor of scouring sluices which is at lower level than the weir proper.
To isolated the pockets u.s of the canal head regulator to facilitate scouring operation. To prevent formations of cross currents to a void their damaging effects. Additional divide walls are sometimes provided for this purpose.
Page 12
These walls are likely to be subjected to maximum differential pressure when the full discharge of the river is passing through the weir, (there will be difference in water level on the two sides ).
Also there may exit difference in silt pressure on the two side . The values of differential pressure are taken arbitrarily say 1.0 m for water heads and about 2.0 m for silt pressure (see Fig. (5)).
Page 13
Fish ladder or fish passes are generally provided to enable the fish to ascend the head waters of the river and thus reach their spawning grounds for propagation or to follow their migratory habits in search of food.
Page 14
The slope of the fish ladder should not be steeper than 1:10 (i.e velocity not exceeding 2 m/s in any portion of the fish-way).
The compartments of bays of the pass must be such dimensions that the fish do not risk collision with the sides and upper end of each bay when ascending.
Page 15
Page 16
In barrages piers are provided at an interval of 10 to 20 m. The piers support bridge decking, and working platform for the operation of gates. Cutwaters are usually simple in shape and the side face of piers is often vertical. Tapering if done, does not exceed 1/50 to 1/40. Piers should be provided with separate foundation (see Fig. (5)).
Page 17
In case, however, when raft is provided the piers may be constructed monolith with floor. Abutments are usually gravity section and founded on well packed closely in either direction. Perhaps in case of higher abutments a better alternative is to provide a counter fort type structure on open foundation.
Page 18
The sediment transporting capacity of water depends mainly on the discharge, slope and grade of material. As a result of putting obstruction across the river in form of weir, the river regime will be affected in the following sequence:
Page 19
A weir will pond up water leading to the flattening of water surface slope for some distance on the up-stream side. River would drop a part of its sediment load resulting in the formation of shoals in the pond. Clear water passes over the weir; this water scours the bed river to make up deficiency in its silt load and causes a progressive lowering or retrogression of downstream level.
Page 20
The progressive silting a formation of shoals in the u.s increases the resistance to flow of water to recover this resistance increase head is required. The overall effect of a weir is to take away the excess energy due to steep gradient by localizing it and ultimately dissipating it.
Page 21
Page 22
Subsurface flow endangers the stability of a weir in the following two ways: Piping or floatation. Uplift pressure.
The surface flow endangers the weir in the following two ways:
Unbalanced head due to standing wave (i.e. due to formation of the jump very high unbalanced pressures are developed in the trough). Scour in the upstream and downstream.(this occurs in the bed of alluvial rivers at flood).
Page 23
The design of weir and barrage like any hydraulic structure, consist of many phases. The two main phases are The hydraulic design (evaluation hydraulic forces acting on the structure). The structural design (dimensioning of the various part of the structure to enable it to resist safely all the forces acting on it).
Page 24
The problem involved in the hydraulic design of weir and barrage on permeable foundation may be treated under the following: Sub soil flow, and Surface flow.
Page 25
Page 26
a) Crest level of a barrage is fixed on the consolidation of existing river bed level, at the proposed site. b) The undersluices crest is usually kept as near the bed level in the deepest channel as is practically possible. The barrage bay crest is kept slightly higher and at about the general bed level in the remaining portion of the river. The undersluice crest is kept lower to attract a deep current in front of the regulators, so that the dry weather current may remain near the regulator.
Page 27
Note that afflux and discharge per meter are related to crest levels. So lower crest levels, result in lesser afflux, but higher discharge per meter. Low set barrage with increase depth of water over crest may result in an increased height of gates, thickness of floor, and cost of superstructure above floor level.
Page 28
It's necessary to check that the maximum. Flood discharge passes down the works without exceeding the afflux. The following discharge formulas may be used for this purpose: a) For broad crested weir:
= 1.705 0.1 3
b) For sharp crested weir:
= 1.84 0.1 3
where: L= total clear waterway (m)
Afflux actually denotes loss of head and its magnitude is represented by the difference in total energy level on upstream and the downstream of the works. Afflux is generally limited to 1 meter, but may be kept higher if permissible. To adopt for waterway is given by the following formula representing Lacey's wetted perimeter, = 4.83 where: P= Lacey's wetted perimeter, and Q= Maximum flood discharge.
Page 30
In boulder reaches of the river it would be economical to reduce the waterway to about (0.6 - 0.8) time Lacey's waterway. In plains where the silt factor is in the neighborhood of unity it is generally economical to keep the waterway (1.0 - 1.2) times the Lacey's waterway. Generally the shorter waterway is preferable.
Page 31
1. Maximum flood discharge "Q 2. Stage discharge curve of the river at barrage. 3. Minimum water level.
Page 32
4. Cross section of the river at barrage site the following have to be decided: Lacey's silt factor (f) this is determined from the equation: = 1.76
Page 33
5. Level and length of horizontal part of d.s. impervious floor in coordination with hydraulic jump. 6. Thickness of d.s. impervious floor. with reference to uplift pressure.
7. Length and thickness of protection works beyond pucca floor u.s. and d.s.
Page 34
Page 35
Determine head loss (HL) for different flow condition. HL = afflux (if there is no retrogression)* If allowance for retrogression is taken in d.s bed level then, HL = afflux + retrogression, usually, 0.5 m retrogression will be sufficient in most cases.
Page 36
For known values of q and HL find Ef2 from blench curve (from Blench curves (Next slide)). With known values of Ef2 read corresponding values of D2. Cistern Level = D.S.T.E.L Ef2
Page 37
Page 38
Ef1 = Ef2 + HL Knowing Ef1 , Ef2 & q read values of D1 and D2 from Fig. 10 (next slide), energy of flow curves. Provide minimum cistern length = 5(D2D1). = 6(D2D1).
Page 39
Page 40
2 1 3
Page 41
G.E.
GE =h/d.
=[(21)1] b=
Page 42
Page 43
Find u.s pile and d.s pile % pressure; the pressure distribution assumed to be linear; used Khoslas method; correct due to floor thickness, interference of sheet pile and slope.
Page 44
Page 45
Plotting water profile before and after the jump formation (Fr=
The intercept between the profile of hydraulic jump and the gradient gives the unbalance dynamic head. The floor thickness is, however, designed for the max. unbalance head in jump through.
Page 46
The protection works are now designed in respect to the scour depth.
Page 47
Page 48
A barrage is to be constructed on Tigris River having high flood discharge 8500 cumecs. The relevant data are as follows: Average bed level of river High flood level 100 m 105.75 m
103.5 m
1m 1m 1/6 20 0.5 0.1 m
Design a suitable regulator with reference of the barrage with the following data: 1. Full supply discharge of off-take canal 2. full supply level of canal 3. water depth in canal 4. bed level of canal =220 cumecs =102 m =3.5m =98.5 m
=115
=1/6 =2H:1V
Page 50
-Crest level of other barrage is to be (1.25)m higher than under sluice crest = 100+1.25=101.25 m
-Minimum water way = 4.83 . from Lacey new edition using factor (4.75) instead of (4.83) but the factor (4.83) is used for more safe. = 4.83 = 4.83 8500 = 445.3
Page 51
Page 52
=3m
= 75+358+3=436m
Page 53
D.S.H.F.L =105.75 m
= 1.35
= 9.78
1.99 m/sec
Page 54
OK
Page 55
Page 56
II. For high flood with 20% concentration and 0.5 m bed retrogression q =1.231.24 = 37.488 cumec/m q =C H3/2
37.488 2/3 ) 1.705
H=( )2/3 =(
=7.848 m
Page 57
=5.68 m/sec/m
Page 58
Page 59
1/3 R=1.35( )
= 4.297 m
V= =1.32 m/sec
hv = 2
=0.089 m
U.S.T.E.L =103.5+ 0.089 = 103.59 m D.S water level when flood discharge of 2476.369 m/sec is passing = 102.7 m
Page 60
=3.9523 m
Page 62
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Discharge q D.S.W.L U.S.W.L D.S.T.E.L U.S.T.E.L HL Ef2 Ef1=Ef2+HL Level at which jump occurs D1 D2 Length of floor 5(D2-D1)
13 F= Page 63
2.117
2.70
2.55
3.06
Page 64
Ef1=U.S.T.E.LR.L of glacis
3.00 4.23 6.00 6.15 8.34 9.00 12.00 12.90
Page 65
Ef1=U.S.T.E.LR.L of glacis
4.952 5.363 5.952 6.002 6.733 6.952 7.952 8.252
D1
Page 66
1
1 2 4 6 8 10 11.88 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 25.6 26.4
X
2.7 5.4 10.8 16.2 21.6 27 32
Y
3.51 4.6 6.48 7.28 7.83 8.34 8.66
X
1.25 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 14.8 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25 27.5 30 32 33
Y
1.625 2.125 3.00 3.44 3.875 4.25 4.50 4.56 4.81 4.88 4.94 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Page 67 16
Page 68
. Depth of scour
Total discharge passing through under sluice =1856.87 cumec Under sluice over all water way = 75 m q =average discharge =
1856.87 75
=24.758 m/sec
Page 69
R.L of bottom of scour hole =106.75-12.615 = 94.135 m Provide sheet pile line at elevation 94 m Depth of U.S sheet pile = 100-94 = 6 m
Page 70
Page 71
1 6
Maximum static head =103.5 95.65 =7.85 m Depth of D.S sheet pile = 95.65 90.0 = 5.65 m 1 1 7.85 1 = , =
6 5.65 2
=7.704, = [ 2 1
1]=13.0437
Page 72
b =
Page 73
Page 74
Assume U.S floor thickness 1.0 m and D.S floor thickness 1.5 m
=0.084
Page 75
Correction of Thickness:
Ct = (1 1 )
= (82%-73%) = 1.5%
1 6
Page 76
= 1.465
= =
6 69
=0.08695~ 0.087
27 18 ) = - 2.25
Page 78
Correction of interference:
- 0.06
Page 79
condition D.S water level datum (m) 1 No flow maximu m static head High Flood 2 95.65
G line
above
datum
4 7.85
103.5 1.5 105.25 106.75 1.5 106.75 1.211 102.289 103.5 1.211 103.5
102.087 1.23
97.063 0.27
95.65 0
106.48 0.9930
106.39 0.9199
105.620 0.2990
105.52 0.2180
105.25 0
103.282
103.210 102.588
102.507 102.289
Page 80
1.70 1.90 2.00 2.2 2.40 2.5 2.70 2.80 3.3 4.0 4.2
Page 81
Provide 4.0 m of floor thickness extend by 3 m inside beyond the toe of glacis. 2.U.S floor thickness: The floor thickness is required however minimum thickness of shall be provided. 1m
Page 82
. Upstream protection
a) Block protection
R = 11.467 m Provide 1.5 R = 1.511.467 =17.20 m R.L of bottom of scour hole =106.75 17.2 =89.55 m Scour depth below U.S floor = 100 89.55 = 10.45 m say 11 m Volume of block = D m/m = 11m/m Provide 1.6m 1.6m 1.0m c/c block over 0.4 m thick graded filter.
11 = 1:0.4
Length
Page 83
= 7.857 m
b) Launching apron
provide 2.25 D m/m = 2.25 * 11 =24.75 m/m Length =
24.75 1.4
= 17.67857 m
Page 84
Page 85
a) Block protection
Length = 1.0 D = 1.0 13.4 = 13.4 m Provide 1.6 1.6 1.0 c/c block with 10 cm gaps filled with bajri over 1.0 m thick graded filter . No. of rows required =13.4/(1+1) = 6.7 m Provide 7 rows of blocks in a length of 11.9 m
Page 86
b) Launching apron
Thickness of launching apron = 2.0 m Length of launching apron =
2.2513.4 2
=15.0075 m
Page 87
Page 88
Page 89
Page 90
D.S.T.E.L
HL = 107.687 105.45 =2.237 m
Page 91
Page 92
R= 1.35
V
=
5.68 1/3 ( ) 1
= 4.297
5.68 = 4.297
=1.32 m/sec
hv
= 2
=0.089 m
Page 93
Page 94
=2.54 m
Page 95
Flood
With concentration and retrogression
Pond
Without concentration and retrogression
Flow
With concentration and retrogression
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
25.04 105.75 106.75 105.95 106.95 1 7.0 8.0 98.95 2.25 6.06 19.05 2.369
30.048 105.25 106.75 105.45 107.687 2.237 8.43 10.667 97.02 2.28 7.45 25.85 2.786
6.21 102.7 103.5 102.789 103.589 0.80 3.0 3.8 99.778 0.81 2.66 9.237 2.72
7.54 102.2 103.5 102.289 103.79 1.501 3.506 5.007 98.78 0.81 3.18 11.85 3.302
Page 96
U.S.T.E.L=107.687 q =30.048 U.S.T.E.L= 103.79 cumecs/m q =7.54 cumecs / m High flood Pond flow Ef1 =U.S.T.E.L Ef1=U.S.T.E.L R.L of glacis R.L of glacis D1 D1 7.437 7.687 8.437 8.687 9.437 9.687 10.437 10.667 3.4375 3.218 2.844 2.75 2.560 2.50 2.344 2.281 2.79 3.54 3.79 4.54 4.79 5.54 1.5625 1.125 1.06 0.906 0.84375 0.78125
Page 97
Page 98
Sl No.
High Fr=2.78 1 1 1 1.3 2 2 1.67 3 4 2.286 4 6 2.71 5 8 3.0 6 10 3.19 7 12 3.286 8 12.28 3.3 9 14 10 16 11 18 12 20
flood Condition Pond Fr=7.76 D1=2.28m Fr=3.302 X Y 1 2.28 2.964 1.3 4.56 3.8070 2.714 9.12 5.212 2.38 13.68 6.179 2.86 18.24 6.84 3.143 22.8 7.27 3.524 27.36 7.49 3.62 28 7.524 3.64 3.86 4.0 4.095 4.19
Flow Condition Fr=10.9 D1=0.81m X Y 0.81 1.62 3.24 4.86 6.48 8.1 9.72 9.947 11.34 12.96 14.58 16.2 1.053 1.39 1.93 2.316 2.546 2.85 2.93 2.95 3.126 3.24 3.317 3.4
Page 99
Page 100
. Depth of scour
= 18.6706 cumecs/m
Page 101
Page 102
Page 103
Safe exit gradient = max. static head = 103.5 96.8 = 6.8 m Depth of D.S cut off = 96.8 92 = 4.8 m GE =
1 6 1
1 6
6.8 1 4.8
, = 7.32
2
2 1
1 = 13.6
Page 104
Page 105
Assume up stream floor thickness 1.0 m and down stream floor thickness 1.5 m . Upstream pile line d = 100 96 = 4 m
1 4 66
= =
= 0.0606
= 15
1 = 100 ,
= 100 15 = 85
1 = 100 , = 22 = 100 22 = 78
Page 106
Correction of thickness :
Ct = (1 1)
= (85 78 ) = 1.75
1 4
Correction of interference :
Cp =
: 19 ( ) ` 7 3:7 ( ) 65 66
= 19
= 0.945
Page 107
= =
4.8 66
= 0.0727
, = 24
= 16
Correction of thickness :
Ct = - ( ) =1.5 4.8
Condition
Height/Elevation of sub soil H.G. line above datum H 100 4 5 U.S Pile Line 85 6 5.695 80.695 7 5.4065 102.2065 1.21 106.46 1.049 103.249 21.5 8 1.4405 98.2405 0.3225 105.5725 0.2795 102.4795 D.S Pile Line 16 9 1.072 97.872 0.24 105.49 0.208 102.408 0 10 0 96.8 0 105.25 0 102.2
96.8
103.5
6.7
6.7
102.495 1.275
105.25
106.75
1.5
1.5
102.2
103.5
1.3
1.3
Page 109