Int. J. Vehicle Noise and Vibration, Vol. 4, No.

1, 2008

35

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc with various orthotropic properties under thermal environment Boorle Rajesh Kumar, N. Ganesan* and Raju Sethuraman
Machine Design Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India Fax: +91 44 2350509 E-mail: rajesh_mechanical@smail.iitm.ac.in E-mail: nganesan@iitm.ac.in E-mail: sethu@iitm.ac.in *Corresponding author
Abstract: Composite circular discs with polar orthotropic and rectangular orthotropic fibres of different composite materials are modelled and their vibration response due to harmonic point load under thermal environment was computed by Finite Element Method (FEM) using ANSYS. Acoustic response of composite circular disc was computed by coupling the vibration data from FEM to the Boundary Element Method (BEM) using LMS SYSNOISE. Keywords: finite element method; FEM; boundary element method; BEM; critical buckling temperature; commercial CAE packages ANSYS and LMS VIRTUAL LAB with LMS SYSNOISE as solver. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Rajesh Kumar, B., Ganesan, N. and Sethuraman, R. (2008) Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc with various orthotropic properties under thermal environment, Int. J. Vehicle Noise and Vibration, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp.3569. Biographical notes: Boorle Rajesh Kumar is currently research scholar in Indian Institute of Technology Madras, doing research in the area of vibro-acoustic analysis of Composite and FGM structures under thermal environment. He received undergraduate degree in mechanical engineering from Nagarjuna university and yet to receive post graduate degree from Indian Institute of Technology at Madras. N. Ganesan is currently Professor in Indian Institute of Technology Madras. His on going research is in the areas of vibro-acoustic analysis of Composite and FGM structures, under thermal environment and Active vibration control using smart materials. He is the author of more than 200 papers in the open literature. He received his PhD Degree in 1975 from Indian Institute of Technology at Madras. Raju Sethuraman is currently Professor in Indian Institute of Technology Madras. His on going research is in the areas of fracture and fatigue analysis of engineering structures. He received his PhD Degree in 1990 from Indian Institute of Technology at Bombay.

Copyright 2008 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

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Introduction

Circular discs are widely used in mechanical components like rotors, fly wheels, clutches, brakes mounted on power transmission shafts, transducers in defense applications and hydrophones in sensing applications. Now a days in designing components for applications like aerospace, light vehicles and automobiles weight is the primary concern. Composite materials which are of high stiffness to mass ratio with polar orthotropic composites of fibre angle = 0, = 90 and rectangular orthotropic composites are used in many of above applications. These composite circular discs vibrate and radiate sound when subjected to several types of loadings during their application. They behave peculiar when subjected to thermal environment. There is a substantial amount of literature available on buckling and modal analysis of circular disc. Vogel and Skinner (1965) investigated natural frequencies of a uniform annular disc; Thompson (1971) computed self and mutual radiation impedances of a uniformly vibrating annular or circular piston by integration of the far-field directivity function. Wang and Thevendran (1993) used the Raleigh-Ritz method, based on the thin plate theory, Lee and Singh (1994) presented analytical formulations for annular disc sound radiation using structural modes. Raveendra et al. (1998) and Vlahopoulos and Raveendra (1998) used indirect Boundary Element Method (BEM) for structural acoustics, von Estorff and Zaleski (2003) and Wu (2005) also used Boundary Element Method (BEM) for prediction of structural acoustics. Qatu (2004) also conducted studies on vibrations of laminated shells and plates. Lee and Singh (2005a, 2005b) proposed a polynomial approximation for modal acoustic power radiation from a thin annular disc. From the literature it is found that the studies on vibro-acoustic behaviour of composite circular disc under thermal environment have not been attempted. This work is an extension of our previous work without thermal effect (accepted for publication) and here we concentrated our study on vibration and acoustic analysis of composite circular disc subjected to harmonic point load under thermal environment i.e., by considering prestress effect and thermal loading is expected from the fluid domain surrounding the vibrating structure of temperature independent material properties. In general vibration response of the structure is computed by Finite Element Method (FEM) and acoustic response is computed by BEM while using FEM for acoustic analysis infinite domain has to be meshed which demands high computation time. Generally for computing vibro-acoustic response FEM and BEM are coupled to take advantage of both the methods. In the present work, commercial CAE tools ANSYS is used to compute vibration response and LMS SYSNOISE is used to compute sound radiation from the vibrating composite circular disc.

Methodology used

In the present section the methodology of the approach is presented. The geometrical characteristic of circular disc, details of FE and BE meshes for both the vibration and acoustic analysis cases are explained.

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc under thermal environment 37

2.1 Dimensions of circular disc used for vibro-acoustic analysis

The circular disc shown in Figure 1 used for vibro-acoustic analysis whose outer radius R = 0.5 m, inner radius R0 = 0.25 m and thickness H = 0.01 m. The disc is fixed at both the inner and outer radii and subjected to harmonic loading with unit amplitude at different radial positions given in Figure 2 (0.0, 0.30, 0.0), (0.0, 0.375, 0.0) and (0.0, 0.45, 0.0) the field points are created exactly 0.5 m above the application of harmonic point load (0.0, 0.30, 0.50), (0.0, 0.375, 0.50) and (0.0, 0.45, 0.50) to measure pressure level at that particular location and acceleration response is measured at point of application of harmonic load.
Figure 1 Dimensions of circular disc

Figure 2

Circular disc subjected to harmonic loading at different radial positions and with field points in space exactly 0.5 m above the point of application of load

2.2 Finite Element Method (FEM) for vibration analysis

The mesh used in ANSYS for vibration analysis of all cases of circular disc is shown in Figure 3 and shell181 is the assigned element type. In the applications like clutches, brakes, fly wheels and rotors, thin plate theory is not valid hence in such cases elements like shell181, shell91, shell93, and shell99 are to be used. These shell elements are based on first order shear deformation theory (usually referred as Mindlin-Reissner plate theory). So they are compatible for modelling composite structures with different fibre orientations and different types of orthotropic by changing elemental coordinate system. Structural damping can also be assigned, generally for composite structures damping is more compared to structures made up of isotropic material. In current vibro-acoustic analysis for all cases of composite circular discs it is assumed as 1%.

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Figure 3

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Details of shell element and FE mesh used for vibration analysis: (a) ANSYS element shell181 and (b) mesh used for vibration analysis (see online version for colours)

(a)

(b)

2.3 Different types of orthotropic properties

In ANSYS while modelling orthotropic materials elemental coordinate system is modified to global coordinate system. For the case of rectangular orthotropic (Figure 4(a)) fibre orientation is along Cartesian coordinates so elemental coordinate system is aligned with global Cartesian coordinate system. For polar orthotropic = 90 (Figure 4(b)) fibre orientation is along circumferential direction so elemental coordinate system is aligned with global cylindrical coordinate system in circumferential direction. For polar orthotropic = 0 (Figure 4(c)) fibre orientation along radial direction so elemental coordinate system is aligned with global cylindrical coordinate system in radial direction.
Figure 4 Different types of orthotropic properties used for vibro-acoustic analysis: (a) rectangular orthotropic; (b) circumferential orthotropic and (c) radial orthotropic

(a)

(b)

(c)

Construction of rectangular orthotropic circular disc is easy among all cases due to its simplicity; generally it is prepared by cutting rectangular composite plate. In the case of circumferential and radial orthotropic circular disc orienting fibre along circumferential and radial directions is a difficult task. In general orthotropic circular disc for different boundary conditions has peculiar behaviour in strength point of view. In current study, vibro-acoustic analysis of orthotropic circular disc is carried out for the fixed-fixed boundary condition.

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc under thermal environment 39

2.4 Prediction of thermal loading by conducting thermal buckling analysis

In general, instability of structures under thermal environment is considered as serious effect because thermal load required for thermal buckling is much less than the mechanical load required for mechanical buckling and mechanical forces induced on structures during application are much less than the mechanical buckling load. In ANSYS buckling analysis is conducted by two ways linear and non linear eigen-value buckling. For the current study, linear eigen-value buckling analysis is conducted to find bifurcation point where structures are supposed to buckle. Initial stress stiffening effect induced on structure due to buckling load is calculated by conducting static analysis with pre-stress effect on. After conducting thermal buckling analysis thermal loads to be applied on the structure is decisive as fractions of thermal buckling load so 0.0 (no thermal effect) 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 0.95 (near to thermal buckling load) are considered as thermal loads.
([ K ] + i [ S ]){ i } = {0}

[K] is the stiffness matrix, [S] is the stress stiffening and i is the eigen vector. The critical buckling temperature of composite circular discs with various orthotropic for the fixed-fixed boundary condition given in Table 1, among all cases radial orthotropic has more critical buckling temperature.
Table 1 Critical buckling temperatures (C) when different materials used Rectangular 293 172 252 Circumferential 235 166 240 Radial 967 431 501

Composite material Graphite-epoxy Boron-epoxy Glass-epoxy

2.5 Prediction of vibration response under thermal environment

When structures subjected to thermal loading then stress stiffening effect takes place which leads to change in natural frequencies and shift of frequency response curves, this effect is induced by conducting initial static analysis with pre-stress effect on. The block diagram for vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc under thermal environment is given in Figure 5.
Figure 5 Block diagram of vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular subjected to point excitation under thermal loads

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Boundary Element Method (BEM) for acoustic analysis

BEM involves creation of boundary element mesh along surface of the structure and field points in interior and exterior domains. Computing frequency dependant BEM influence matrices, specifying solvers like Direct BEM or In Direct BEM. Incorporate boundary conditions like mentioning interior or exterior in the case of Direct BEM, free edges where jump across surface is zero in the case of IBEM. Generally for computing acoustic response, In Direct BEM is used because sound radiation is computed on both sides of boundary element mesh i.e., interior and exterior domains of boundary. The boundary element mesh is created along the surface of the structure by using finite element mesh used for vibration analysis but in general FE meshes are highly dense and consist of interior nodes and elements, in such cases FE mesh is converted to BE mesh by coarsening and skinning the structural FE mesh using LMS VIRTUAL LAB pre acoustics. But in present case the skinning operation is not required because the FE mesh does not have any interior nodes or elements, so directly the FE mesh file employed for vibration analysis in ANSYS is employed for acoustic analysis in LMS SYSNOISE and displacements from ANSYS are imported on BE mesh (Figure 6(a)) without any interpolation by using .rst1 which consists of FE results like displacements, stresses and strain. The boundary conditions of free edges are imposed for circular disc at inner and outer periphery given in Figure 6(b). After importing displacements on BE mesh primary variables like velocities and pressures are calculated for BE mesh and secondary results at field points are processed.
Figure 6 Details of BE mesh and free edges specified on composite circular disc used for acoustic analysis in LMS SYSNOISE: (a) BE-mesh used for acoustic analysis in LMS SYSNOISE and (b) free edges specified on the inner and outer edges of circular disc (see online version for colours)

(a)

(b)

Vibro-acoustic response of graphite epoxy circular disc with various orthotropic subjected to point excitation at different radial positions

4.1 Rectangular orthotropic

The driven point admittance for composite circular disc with rectangular orthotropic is calculated at different radial positions to predict position where point excitation has more influence on vibration and sound radiation of structure. From Figure 7 it is observed it is more for radial position 0.375m, also the same for acceleration response (Figure 8).

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc under thermal environment 41 For rectangular orthotropic both radial and circumferential modes are coupled so point excitation leads to excitation of both radial and circumferential modes. From the vibro-acoustic response of graphite-epoxy circular disc with rectangular orthotropic, subjected to point excitation at different radial positions it is evident, point excitation at radial position 0.375 m has more influence on vibro-acoustic behaviour also radiated sound pressure and power level are more, from Figures 9 and 10 respectively.
Figure 7 Driven point admittance from circular disc with rectangular orthotropic (see online version for colours)

Figure 8

Acceleration response from composite circular disc with rectangular orthotropic subjected to point excitation at different radial positions (see online version for colours)

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Figure 9

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Radiated sound pressure from composite circular disc with rectangular orthotropic subjected to point excitation at different radial positions (see online version for colours)

Figure 10

Radiated sound power level from composite circular disc with rectangular orthotropic subjected to point excitation at different radial positions (see online version for colours)

4.2 Circumferential orthotropic

The vibro-acoustic response of graphite-epoxy circular disc with circumferential orthotropic and excited with point excitation at different radial positions is given in Figures 1114, at the position of 0.375 m maximum number of modes for a circular disc

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc under thermal environment 43 are excited and radiate sound, from driven point admittance (Figure 11) point excitation at that radial position has more influence on vibration and sound radiation of structure. Also the radiated sound power level from Figure 13 was greater for the radial position of 0.375 m. So further study is carried out with point excitation at this radial position.
Figure 11 Driven point admittance from circular disc with circumferential orthotropic (see online version for colours)

Figure 12

Acceleration response from composite circular disc with circumferential orthotropic subjected to point excitation at different radial positions (see online version for colours)

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Radiated sound pressure from composite circular disc with circumferential orthotropic subjected to point excitation at different radial positions (see online version for colours)

Figure 13

Figure 14

Radiated sound power level from composite circular disc with circumferential orthotropic subjected to point excitation at different radial positions (see online version for colours)

4.3 Radial orthotropic

The vibro-acoustic response of graphite-epoxy circular disc with radial orthotropic and excited with point excitation at different radial positions is given in Figures 1518. In the case of radial orthotropic all modes of circular disc are excited and radiate sound at

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc under thermal environment 45 all positions of point excitation, but at the position of 0.375 m all modes of a circular disc are excited. Driven point admittance, radiated sound pressure and power level (Figures 1618) shows point excitation at that radial position has more influence on vibration and sound radiation of structure.
Figure 15 Driven point admittance from circular disc with radial orthotropic (see online version for colours)

Figure 16

Acceleration response from composite circular disc with radial orthotropic subjected to point excitation at different radial positions (see online version for colours)

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Radiated sound pressure from composite circular disc with radial orthotropic subjected to mechanical excitation at different radial positions (see online version for colours)

Figure 17

Figure 18

Radiated sound power level from composite circular disc with radial orthotropic subjected to mechanical excitation at different radial positions (see online version for colours)

4.4 Analysis of mode shapes of graphite epoxy circular disc with various orthotropic
Mode shapes of rectangular, circumferential and radial orthotropic circular disc are given in Figure 19(a)(c) respectively. In the case of circumferential, radial orthotropic antinodes exist at the position (0, 0.375 m, 0) so that maximum number of modes are

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc under thermal environment 47 excited and radiate sound when the point excitation is at that location and for rectangular orthotropic anti nodes are near to that location. Further study on different materials is carried out with point excitation at that position.
Figure 19 Mode shapes of graphite epoxy circular disc with various orthotropic: (a) rectangular orthotropic circular disc; (b) circumferential orthotropic circular disc and (c) radial orthotropic circular disc (see online version for colours)

(a)

(b)

(c)

Vibro-acoustic analysis of graphite epoxy circular disc with various orthotropic subjected to point excitation under thermal environment

5.1 Rectangular orthotropic

The displacement, velocity and acceleration plots for rectangular orthotropic circular disc for different thermal loadings are given in Figures 2022 respectively, as temperature increases huge shift in frequencies occurs at last fundamental mode reaches to zero when temperature is increased to critical buckling temperature i.e., zone of instability of a structure.

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There is an increase in displacements and velocities as thermal load increases but decrease in acceleration because of low operating frequency range. Radiated sound pressure level (Figure 23) at the field point 0.50 m above of point of application of load is decreasing as thermal load increases because it is dependant on velocity, acceleration and operating frequency range of the vibrating structure.
Figure 20 Normal displacements of circular disc with rectangular orthotropic under increasing thermal load (see online version for colours)

Figure 21

Normal velocities of circular disc with rectangular orthotropic under increasing thermal load (see online version for colours)

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc under thermal environment 49

Figure 22 Acceleration response from circular disc with rectangular orthotropic under increasing thermal load (see online version for colours)

Figure 23

Radiated sound pressure from circular disc with rectangular orthotropic under increasing thermal load (see online version for colours)

Radiated sound power level (Figure 24) which signifies sound power generated by vibrating structure transmitted to surrounding environment, remains same at all thermal loadings for circular disc with rectangular orthotropic. Radiation efficiency Figure 25

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which is the ratio of radiated sound power to vibrational energy of the structure, is more than one i.e. radiated sound power is more than the vibrational energy, and it is decreasing as thermal loading increases.
Figure 24 Radiated sound power level from circular disc with rectangular orthotropic under increasing thermal load (see online version for colours)

Figure 25

Radiation efficiency of circular disc with rectangular orthotropic under increasing thermal load (see online version for colours)

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc under thermal environment 51 Directivity pattern of radius 0.375 m at 0.50 m above the vibrating circular disc for three modes are given in Figure 26 they indicate the occurrence of maximum pressure at any other point in dir. For the fixed-fixed boundary condition more number of ripples observed in the dir for second and third modes.
Figure 26 Directivity pattern for three modes of circular disc with rectangular orthotropic under increasing thermal load: (a) position at which directivity pattern is measured; (b) Mode 1; (c) Mode 2 and (d) Mode 3 (see online version for colours)

(a)

(b)

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Figure 26 Directivity pattern for three modes of circular disc with rectangular orthotropic under increasing thermal load: (a) position at which directivity pattern is measured; (b) Mode 1; (c) Mode 2 and (d) Mode 3 (see online version for colours) (continued)

(c)

(d)

5.2 Circumferential orthotropic

The displacement, velocity and acceleration plots for circumferential orthotropic circular disc for different thermal loadings are given in Figures 2729 respectively, as temperature increases huge shift in frequencies occurs at last fundamental mode

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc under thermal environment 53 reaches to zero when temperature is increased to critical buckling temperature i.e., zone of instability of a structure.
Figure 27 Normal displacements of circular disc with circumferential orthotropic under increasing thermal load (see online version for colours)

Figure 28

Normal velocities of circular disc with circumferential orthotropic under increasing thermal load (see online version for colours)

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Acceleration response from circular disc with circumferential orthotropic under increasing thermal load (see online version for colours)

Figure 29

There is an increase in displacements and velocities as thermal load increases but decrease in acceleration from 0.50 times critical buckling temperature to critical buckling temperature because of low operating frequency range. Radiated sound pressure level (Figure 30) at the field point 0.50 m above of point of application of load is decreasing as thermal load increases because it is dependant on the velocity, acceleration and operating frequency range of the vibrating structure.
Figure 30 Acoustic response from circular disc with circumferential orthotropic under increasing thermal load (see online version for colours)

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc under thermal environment 55 Radiated sound power level (Figure 31) which signifies sound power generated by vibrating structure transmitted to surrounding environment, increases as thermal loading increases for circular disc with circumferential orthotropic. Radiation efficiency (Figure 32) which is the ratio of radiated sound power to vibrational energy of the structure, is more than one i.e., radiated sound power is more than the vibrational energy, and it is decreasing as thermal loading increases.
Figure 31 Radiated sound power level from circular disc with circumferential orthotropic under increasing thermal load (see online version for colours)

Figure 32

Radiation efficiency of circular disc with circumferential orthotropic under increasing thermal load (see online version for colours)

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Directivity pattern of radius 0.375 m at 0.50 m above the vibrating circular disc for three modes are given in Figure 33 they indicate the occurrence of maximum pressure at any other point in dir. For the fixed-fixed boundary condition more number of ripples observed in the dir for second and third modes.
Figure 33 Directivity pattern for three modes of circular disc with circumferential orthotropic under increasing thermal load: (a) position at which directivity pattern is measured; (b) Mode 1; (c) Mode 2 and Mode 3 (see online version for colours)

(a)

(b)

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc under thermal environment 57

Figure 33 Directivity pattern for three modes of circular disc with circumferential orthotropic under increasing thermal load: (a) position at which directivity pattern is measured; (b) Mode 1; (c) Mode 2 and Mode 3 (see online version for colours) (continued)

(c)

(d)

5.3 Radial orthotropic

Generally composites can not sustain temperatures above 250C because epoxy resins burn at those temperatures. In current case of radial orthotropic thermal loadings on the circular disc are restricted up to 250C, vibration response is found at 0, 100, 200 and 250C. The displacement, velocity and acceleration plots for radial orthotropic circular

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disc for different thermal loadings are given in Figures 3436 respectively, as temperature increases there is a considerable shift in frequencies.
Figure 34 Normal displacements of a circular disc with radial orthotropic under increasing thermal load (see online version for colours)

Figure 35

Normal velocities of a circular disc with radial orthotropic under increasing thermal load (see online version for colours)

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc under thermal environment 59

Figure 36 Acceleration response from circular disc with radial orthotropic under increasing thermal load (see online version for colours)

Figure 37

Radiated sound pressure level from circular disc with radial orthotropic under increasing (see online version for colours)

There is an increase in displacements and velocities as thermal load increases but decrease in acceleration from 250C, because of low operating frequency range as thermal load increases. Similar trend is observed in the case of acceleration and radiated sound pressure levels (Figure 37). Radiated sound power level (Figure 38) which signifies sound power generated by vibrating structure transmitted to surrounding environment, increases as thermal loading increases for circular disc with radial orthotropic. Radiation efficiency (Figure 39) which

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is the ratio of radiated sound power to vibrational energy of the structure, is more than one i.e., radiated sound power is more than the vibrational energy and it is increasing as thermal loading increases up to 200C with a sudden decrease at 250C.
Figure 38 Radiated power level from circular disc with radial orthotropic under increasing thermal load (see online version for colours)

Figure 39

Radiation efficiency of circular disc with radial orthotropic under increasing thermal load (see online version for colours)

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc under thermal environment 61 Directivity pattern of radius 0.375 m at 0.50 m above the vibrating circular disc for three modes under increasing thermal loading up to critical buckling temperature given in Figure 40 for the sake of finding the sound wave generated from the circular disc with radial orthotropic though existence of disc is difficult at those high temperatures, they indicate the occurrence of maximum pressure at any other point in dir. For the fixed-fixed boundary condition more number of ripples observed in the dir for second and third modes. Peculiar observation was made by directivity pattern (Figure 40) for the circular disc with radial orthotropic, when thermal loading is near to critical buckling temperature the directivity pattern got squeezed for all modes.
Figure 40 Directivity pattern for three modes of circular disc with radial orthotropic under increasing thermal load: (a) position at which directivity pattern is measured; (b) Mode 1; (b) Mode 2 and (c) Mode 3 (see online version for colours)

(a)

(b)

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Directivity pattern for three modes of circular disc with radial orthotropic under increasing thermal load: (a) position at which directivity pattern is measured; (b) Mode 1; (c) Mode 2 and (d) Mode 3 (see online version for colours) (continued)

Figure 40

(c)

(d)

Inferences from displacements and velocities on radiated sound pressure

Natural frequencies, displacements and velocities of graphite epoxy circular disc with all cases of orthotropic with out thermal effect are tabulated in Table 2 and acceleration, sound pressure level are tabulated in Table 3. It is evident from Tables 2 and 3 when

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc under thermal environment 63 vibrating structures displacements and velocities are high then sound radiated from the vibrating structure will also be high. For the case of rectangular orthotropic displacements and velocities are high at first and second modes hence sound radiation is also more among other orthotropic properties, from third mode sound radiation is more for circumferential orthotropic because displacements are high among other orthotropic.
Table 2 Natural frequency, displacement and velocity of circular disc with various orthotropic Displacements (m) Rect. 10.6e6 1.14e6 0.28e6 Circum. 4.01E6 2.58E6 2.24E6 Radial 1.54e6 0.69e6 0.72e6 Rect. 0.03331 0.00775 0.00218 Velocity (m/s) Circum. 0.01084 0.00754 0.00781 Radial 0.01404 0.00655 0.00683

Natural frequency (Hz) Rect. 500 950 1240 Table 3 Circum. 430 465 555 Radial 1450 1500 1555

Natural frequency, acceleration and radiated sound pressure levels of circular disc with various orthotropic Acceleration (dB re 20e6 m/s2) Rect. 135.3 127.2 118.0 Circum. 123.3 123.3 122.7 Radial 136.5 130.1 128.1 Radiated sound pressure (dB re 20e6 Pa) Rect. 101.8 94.2 84.5 Circum. 93.6 87.9 85.5 Radial 97.6 90.6 85.3

Natural frequency (Hz) Rect. 500 950 1240 Circum. 430 465 555 Radial 1450 1500 1555

Under thermal environment even though displacements and velocities (Table 4) are increasing as thermal load increases to critical buckling temperature, acceleration level (Table 5) is decreasing in the case of rectangular orthotropic but for circumferential and radial orthotropic it is increasing up to 0.250.50 times critical buckling temperature and decreasing for further increase, for all cases radiated sound pressure level is decreasing due to huge shift in frequencies.
Table 4 Natural frequency, displacement and velocity for first mode of circular disc with various orthotropic under increasing thermal load Natural frequency (Hz) Rect. 500 430 360 250 110 Circum. 430 380 310 220 108 Displacements (m) Rect. 1.1E5 1.3E5 1.7E5 2.7E5 1.0E4 Circum. 4.0E6 5.3E6 9.3E6 1.2E5 6.8E5 Velocity (m/s) Rect. 0.0370 0.0362 0.0400 0.0426 0.0735 Circum. 0.01082 0.01267 0.01825 0.01779 0.04669

Thermal loading ref to Tcr (C) 0.0 Tcr 0.25 Tcr 0.50 Tcr 0.75 Tcr 0.95 Tcr

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Natural frequency, acceleration and radiated sound pressure for first mode of circular disc with various orthotropic under increasing thermal load Acceleration (dB re 20e6 m/s2) Rect. 135.3 133.8 133.2 130.50 128.1 Circum 123.3 123.6 125.0 121.8 124.0 Radiated sound pressure (dB re 20e6 Pa) Rect. 101.8 99.0 97.0 91.2 81.3 Circum 93.6 93.8 90.4 84.1 82.3

Thermal loading Natural frequency (Hz) ref to Tcr (C) Rect. Circum 0.0 Tcr 0.25 Tcr 0.50 Tcr 0.75 Tcr 0.95 Tcr 500 430 360 250 110 430 380 310 220 108

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc with various orthotropic and different materials

Vibro-acoustic behaviour of different composite circular discs with temperature independent material properties given in Table 6, for various orthotropic properties under increasing thermal load up to critical thermal buckling temperature are tabulated in Tables 712. Among all cases of orthotropic radial orthotropic has more strength and circumferential orthotropic is having less strength, but in all cases of orthotropic as thermal load increases shift of frequency is observed and finally reaches to zero when thermal load is equal to critical buckling temperature i.e., zone of instability of a structure.
Table 6 Material properties of composite for analysis E1 (GPa) 137.0 204.0 38.6 E2 (GPa) 8.9 18.3 8.3 v12 0.28 0.23 0.26

Composite material Graphite-epoxy Boron-epoxy Glass-epoxy

(kg/m3)
1600 2000 1810

(106/C)
0.50 6.1 6.3

2(106/C)
27.4 30.3 20.50

Boron-epoxy
Table 7 Vibro-acoustic response of boron-epoxy circular disc with rectangular orthotropic
Acceleration (dB re 20e6 m/s2) 0.95 0.0 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.95 0.0 Radiated sound pressure (dB re 20e6 Pa) 0.25 99.3 92.1 85.6 0.50 97.6 92.3 86.0 0.75 92.0 92.6 86.7 0.95 88.2 90.8 86.7

Natural frequency (Hz) 0.0 575 1000 0.25 500 940 0.50 410 850 0.75 290 760 1090

125 133.7 132.4 131.6 130.2 133.7 101.7 680 124.5 124.4 123.2 123.8 122.7 1020 120.0 120.0 119.5 120.0 118.0 93.1 84.8

1325 1250 1180

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc under thermal environment 65

Table 8 Vibro-acoustic response of boron-epoxy circular disc with circumferential orthotropic
Acceleration (dB re 20e6 m/s2) 0.95 120 160 190 0.0 0.25 0.50 126.0 124.8 0.75 122.0 122.0 0.95 121.2 121.3 121.4 Radiated sound pressure (dB re 20e6 Pa) 0.0 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.95

Natural frequency (Hz) 0.0 530 555 630 0.25 470 485 545 0.50 390 410 450 0.75 280 300 330

123.4 125.8 122.7 124.0 121.4 122.2

94.0 96.7 96.3 81.2 58.8 90.9 88.8 94.8 90.7 59.7 86.2 81.8 75.6 77.3 82.9

120.50 121.6

Glass-epoxy
Table 9 Vibro-acoustic response of glass-epoxy circular disc with rectangular orthotropic
Acceleration (dB re 20e6 m/s2) 0.0 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.95 0.0 Radiated sound pressure (dB re 20e6 Pa) 0.25 0.50 96.3 92.2 0.75 90.7 90.6 0.95 82.3 88.0 89.0

Natural frequency (Hz) 0.0 0.25 0.50 0.75 400 345 590 535 740 690 285 475 640 205 410 585 0.95 95 340 530

132.7 134.5 125.7 126.0 117.8 120.0

135.0 133.3 131.1 124.8 125.0 124.5 118.4 117.4 117.7

97.6 98.5 92.3 93.0 84.9 88.9

90.50 89.7

Table 10

Vibro-acoustic response of glass-epoxy circular disc with circumferential orthotropic

Acceleration (dB re 20e6 m/s2) 0.95 90 97 0.0 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.95 122.7 122.4 122.8 0.0 92.3 83.2 70.1 Radiated sound pressure (dB re 20e6 Pa) 0.25 91.9 82.3 70.4 0.50 92.7 86.5 71.4 0.75 82.8 88.4 76.8 0.95 66.3 58.4 78.5

Natural frequency (Hz) 0.0 0.25 0.50 370 325 390 340 430 370 270 276 305 0.75 197 201 215

124.2 125.5 123.4 123.3

127.2 125.0 125.8 122.5 123.5 124.5

117 122.5 122.8

RMS values of radiated sound pressure (dB re 20e6 Pa) for all materials

In general by root mean square value of sound pressure we can predict whether sound radiated from structure has adverse effect on the surrounding environment. From current study RMS value of radiated sound pressure for different thermal loads and composite materials is made of use for better estimation of vibro-acoustic behaviour of composite material for a range of temperatures. The RMS plot of sound pressure radiated by the vibrating composite circular disc with various orthotropic made up of different materials; at specified field point location up to the range of buckling temperatures of respective material given in Figures 4143.

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B. Rajesh Kumar et al.

RMS value of radiated sound pressure from circular disc with rectangular orthotropic under increasing thermal loads (see online version for colours)

Figure 41

Figure 42

RMS value of radiated sound pressure from circular disc with circumferential orthotropic under increasing thermal loads (see online version for colours)

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc under thermal environment 67

Figure 43 RMS value of radiated sound pressure from circular disc with radial orthotropic under increasing thermal loads (see online version for colours)

As temperature increases the RMS value is decreasing for the composite circular disc with rectangular and circumferential orthotropic but in the case of radial orthotropic circular disc it increases up to 0.50 times of critical buckling temperature and then after it decreases. Among all materials boron epoxy is having low RMS value in all cases of orthotropic and thermal loadings.

Conclusions

Critical observations from vibro-acoustic response of various orthotropic properties and materials under thermal environment for fixed-fixed boundary condition With out thermal loading 1 Driven point admittance is more for the point of excitation at radial position 0.375 m and also radiated sound power, among remaining radial positions. So the point excitation at radial position 0.375 has much influence on vibro-acoustic behaviour of circular disc. Among all cases of orthotropic circular discs, circular disc with circumferential orthotropic is having low natural frequency and radial orthotropic is having high natural frequency from Tables 2 and 3. It is evident when displacements and velocities are high then sound radiated from the vibrating structure will also be high without thermal effect (Tables 2 and 3). For the case of rectangular orthotropic velocities are high at first and second modes hence sound radiation is also high among other orthotropic properties at third mode sound radiation is more for circumferential orthotropic because displacements are high among other orthotropic properties. Similar observations are made from other materials also.

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B. Rajesh Kumar et al. For radial orthotropic circular disc displacements at all modes are very less and acceleration response at the point of force application is high due to high operating frequency range and in the case of other orthotropic circular disc displacements are very high and acceleration response at the point of force application is low due to low operating frequency range. Among all configurations radial orthotropic is stiffer and similar trend is observed for other materials from Table 3. Fundamental mode of circular disc with circumferential orthotropic is having low pressure level and radial orthotropic is having high pressure level at mentioned field point from Table 3 and similar trend is observed for other materials. In the remaining modes circular disc with circumferential orthotropic is having high pressure level at selected field point though there is low acceleration response from Table 3 at the point of force application and radial orthotropic is having low pressure level at mentioned field point though high acceleration response at the point of force application Among all cases of orthotropic circumferential orthotropic is having low critical buckling temperature and radial orthotropic is having high critical buckling temperature from Table 1 and similar trend is observed for other materials. Under thermal environment even though displacements and velocities are increasing as thermal load increases to critical buckling temperature acceleration and radiated sound pressure level are decreasing because of huge shift in frequencies. The radiation efficiency from the vibrating and sound radiating circular disc with clamped-clamped boundary conditions is more than one for all cases of orthotropic properties under different thermal loadings i.e., radiated sound power in all cases of circular disc is higher than vibrational energy. As thermal load increases radiation efficiency is decreasing. Directivity pattern of radius 0.375 m at 0.50 m above the circular disc for all modes of graphite epoxy circular disc with various orthotropic under increasing thermal load is given, more number of ripples are observed in dir for fixed-fixed boundary conditions. Peculiar observation was made by directivity pattern (Figure 40) for the circular disc with radial orthotropic, when thermal loading is near to critical buckling temperature the directivity pattern got squeezed at all modes. As temperature increases the RMS value is decreasing for the composite circular disc with rectangular and circumferential orthotropic but in the case of radial orthotropic circular disc it increases up to 0.50 times of critical buckling temperature and then after it decreases. Among all materials boron epoxy is having low RMS value in all cases of orthotropic and thermal loadings.

With thermal loading 6

References
Lee, M. and Singh, R. (1994) Analytical formulations for annular disk sound radiation using structural modes, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 95, pp.33113323. Lee, H. and Singh, R. (2005a) Acoustic radiation from out-of-plane modes of an annular disk based on thick plate theory, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 282, pp.313339.

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc under thermal environment 69

Lee, H. and Singh, R. (2005b) Acoustic radiation from radial modes of a thick annular disk, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 285, pp.12101216. Qatu, M.S. (2004) Vibration of Laminated Shells and Plates, Elsevier Publications. Raveendra, S.T., Vlahopoulos, N. and Glaves, A. (1998) An indirect boundary element formulation for multi-valued impedance simulation in structural acoustics, Applied Mathematical Modeling, Vol. 22, pp.379393. Thompson Jr., W. (1971) The computation of self- and mutual-radiation impedances for annular and elliptical Pistons using Bouwkamp integral, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 17, pp.221233. Vlahopoulos, N. and Raveendra, S.T. (1998) Formulation, implementation, and validation of multiple connection and free edge constraints in an indirect boundary element formulation, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 210, pp.137152. Vogel, S.M. and Skinner, D.W. (1965) Natural frequencies of transversely vibrating uniform annular disk, Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 32, pp.926931. von Estorff, O. and Zaleski, O. (2003) Efficient acoustic calculations by the BEM and frequency interpolated transfer functions, Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, Vol. 27, pp.683694. Wang, C.M. and Thevendran, V. (1993) Vibration analysis of annular plates with concentric support using a Variant of Raleigh-Ritz method, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 163, pp.137149. Wu, T.W. (2000) University of Kentucky, USA, Boundary Element Acoustics, WIT Press, Southampton, Boston. Rajesh Kumar, B., Ganesan, N. and Sethuraman, R. (Accepted for publication) Vibro-Acoustic analysis of composite circular disc with various orthotropic properties, Journal of Computational Acoustics

Note
1

Output file from ANSYS.