UNIT 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I. INTRODUCTION A. DEFINITIONS: 1.

ANATOMY = the study of the structure (morphology, form) of body parts. a. b. Microscopic Anatomy [histology] = the microscopic study of tissues. Gross anatomy = study of structures without the use of microscope

2. B.

PHYSIOLOGY = the study of the function of body parts.

Life Processes distinguish living from non-living things. 1. Ten processes: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. 2. Movement Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Respiration Digestion Absorption Circulation Assimilation Excretion

Environmental Needs: a. b. c. d. e. nutrients for energy oxygen for cellular respiration water for most metabolic reactions, lubrication, etc. heat to maintain 37oC body temp, enzyme action pressure for breathing and filtering blood through kidneys.

CHAPTER 1: I.

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY

INTRODUCTION E. HOMEOSTASIS 1. Definition = the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment. All life processes and metabolic reactions work to maintain homeostasis. Most homeostatic mechanisms feedback (see example below). are regulated by negative

2.

3.

4.

Example = maintenance of body temperature at 98.6 oF/37oC.

Sweating; Dilation of superficial blood vessels; Increase in heart rate; Increase in breathing rate.

Stress: body temp

Normal body Temperature 37oC

Stress temp

Shivering (involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles; Inactivation of sweat glands; 2

Constriction of superficial blood vessels.

CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY II. STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION:

A.

The atom (i.e. C, H, O) is the least complex level; the smallest particle of an element. Atoms combine with another to form...

B.

molecules (i.e. CO2, H20); Molecules combine with another to form...

C.

macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids); Macromolecules combine to form...

D.

organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes); small organs of a cell each with a particular function;

E.

cells (i.e. skin cell, muscle cell, neuron); the cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things! Similar cells are arranged into...

F.

tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous); Two or more tissues combine to form...

G.

organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain); Two or more organs combine to form...

H.

organ systems (i.e. integumentary, cardiovascular); The eleven organ systems collectively form the... The human organism; the most complex level of organization.

I.

CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY III. Organization of the Human Body A. Body Cavities HUMAN BODY

AXIAL PORTION

APPENDICULAR PORTION arms legs

head neck trunk

MAJOR CAVITIES DORSAL CAVITY

CRANIAL CAVITY VERTEBRAL CANAL

VENTRAL CAVITY
THORACIC CAVITY ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

brain

spinal cord

lungs mediastinum heart esophagus trachea thymus ABDOMINAL PELVIC CAVITY CAVITY stomach liver spleen anus urinary bladder internal reprod. organs

gallbladder intestine kidneys adrenals pancreas * Note that the diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic from abdominopelvic cavities.

CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY III. Organization of the Human Body B. Serous Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavity 1. Membrane = a soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue that either: a. covers a vital (visceral organ) = VISCERAL MEMBRANE. b. lines a body cavity = PARIETAL MEMBRANE.

2.

There is a space between a visceral and parietal membrane into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for lubrication. There are specific names for the membranes around the heart, lungs, and abdominal organs: a. Serous Membranes of the HEART: The membrane on the surface of the heart is called visceral pericardium. The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart is located is called parietal pericardium. The space between these two membranes is called the pericardial cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid. b. Serous Membranes of the LUNGS: The membrane on the surface of the lung is called visceral pleura. The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are located is called parietal pleura. The space between these two membranes is called the pleural cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid. c. Serous Membranes of the ABDOMINAL ORGANS

3.

The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. is called visceral peritoneum. The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called parietal peritoneum. The space between these two membranes is called the peritoneal cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.

CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY IV. C. Organ Systems Overview: ORGANS IN SYSTEM FUNCTION(S)

SYSTEM NAME

CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY V. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY A. Definition = a language used to describe the relative position of body parts; needed for communication. Anatomical Position = standing erect, face forward, palms forward. Terms Referring to Direction/Relative Position 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Superior = above; Inferior = below; Anterior = front; Posterior = back; Medial = center; Lateral = side; Cephalad = head; Caudal = tail; Ventral = front; Dorsal = back; Proximal = closer to trunk; Distal = farther from trunk; Superficial = surface; Deep = internal.

B. C.

D.

Terms Referring to Body Sections (cuts, planes) 1. Sagittal cut: divides the body into right and left portions. a. midsagittal = equal right and left portions.

2. 3.

Frontal Cut: divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. Transverse Cut: divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY V. Anatomical Terminology E. Terms Referring to Abdominopelvic Areas: 1. Nine regions

2.

Four Quadrants:

CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY V. Anatomical Terminology F. Terms Referring to Surface Anatomy (Landmarks):

1. a. c. e. g. I. k. m. o. q. s. u. w. y. bb.

Anterior Landmarks: cranial= skull cephalic=head d. axillary=armpit f. antecubital=anterior elbow carpal=wrist j. digital=finger l. patellar=knee cap n. Frontal=forehead p. otic=ear r. nasal=nose t. mental=chin v. umbilical=naval x. inguinal=groin aa. Tarsal=ankle b. Facial=face Cervical=neck Brachial=upper arm h. Antebrachial=forearm Metacarpal=hand Femoral=thigh Crural=leg Orbital=eye Buccal=cheek Oral=mouth Mammary=breast Coxal=hip Pubic=pelvic

Others:

2.

Posterior Landmarks a. c. e. g. I. acromial=shoulder gluteal=buttocks pedal=foot dorsal=back calcaneal=heel b. d. f. h. Olecranial=elbow Popliteal=back of knee Plantar=sole Lumbar=loin

Others:

CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Organ Systems Overview SYSTEM NAME INTEGUMENTARY ORGANS IN SYSTEM Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands FUNCTION(S) protection, regulation of body temperature, synthesis of Vitamin D, etc. support, protection, movement, Ca++ store, hematopoiesis movement, heat production coordination of body parts; control maintenance of homeostasis transport of nutrients, wastes, O2 and CO2 to fight infection exchange of gases (O2 and CO2), maintenance of blood pH and electrolytes removal of metabolic wastes from blood, maintenance of blood pH and electrolytes breakdown of food into substances that can be absorbed (for energy)

SKELETAL

Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilages Skeletal Muscles Brain, spinal cord, nerves Endocrine Glands that secrete hormones Heart, blood vessels Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen oral cavity, nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes within lungs, alveoli kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

MUSCULAR NERVOUS ENDOCRINE

CARDIOVASCULAR LYMPHATIC RESPIRATORY

URINARY

DIGESTIVE

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gall bladder male: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate,

REPRODUCTIVE

production, maintenance and transport of gametes; 10

seminal vesicle, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis, scrotum female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, labia, clitoris

production of sex hormones

CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY E. Terms Referring to Abdominopelvic Areas 1. Nine regions EPIGASTRIC REGION UMBILICAL REGION HYPOGASTRIC REGION LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION LEFT LUMBAR REGION LEFT ILIAC REGION

RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION RIGHT LUMBAR REGION RIGHT ILIAC REGION

2.

Four Quadrants: LEFT UPPER QUADRANT LEFT LOWER QUADRANT

RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT

11